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Open back rounded vowel
open-in-new
<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Vowel_height/BNhCeFtH">vowel height</a> is <a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">open</a>, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Vowel_backness/BNhCeFtH">vowel backness</a> is <a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">back</a>, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a <a href="/facts/Consonant/81X2SGS6">consonant</a>.</li> <li>It is <a href="/facts/Roundedness/2NImak2G">rounded</a>, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a></td><td>Standard[2]</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Afrikaans_alphabet/jYqEPHmA">daar</a></i></td><td>[dɒːr]</td><td>'there'</td><td>Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑː</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ̟ː</a>].[2] See <a href="/facts/Afrikaans_phonology/Pyw01kjo">Afrikaans phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Assamese_language/rS7BqK0P">Assamese</a></td><td>কৰ / <i>kor</i></td><td>[kɒ̹ɹ]</td><td>'to do'</td><td>An "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> May also be transcribed [ɔ].</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a></td><td>Some <a href="/facts/Rup_dialects/UPqFMpdD">Rhodopean dialects</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_alphabet/L6bXeRPS">мъж</a>/<i>măž</i></td><td>[ˈmɒʃʲ]</td><td>'man'</td><td>Found as the unification of the <a href="/facts/Proto-Slavic_language/XwCspQ3n">Proto-Slavic</a> *ǫ, *ę, *ъ and *ь. Standard Bulgarian has /<a href="/facts/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel/duT3cBMC">ɤ̞</a>/ for *ǫ and *ъ and /<a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛ</a>/ for *ę and *ь.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mallorca/3mAERwSU">Majorcan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_alphabet/EuUUrU6u">dones</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[ˈd̪ɔ̞nəs]</td><td rowspan="3">'women'</td><td rowspan="3">Main realization of /ɔ/ (also represented as /ɒ/). May be unrounded [<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ</a>] in Majorcan and some Southern Valencian dialects. See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Menorca/qoaphuvL">Menorcan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Valencia/D9L6z2HB">Valencian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>[ˈd̪ɔ̞nes]</td></tr><tr><td>Some <a href="/facts/Valencian_language/lG6lE8po">Valencian</a> speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_alphabet/EuUUrU6u">taula</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫɔ̞̈]</td><td>'table'</td><td>Can be realized as unrounded ([ʌ̞̈]).</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Leiden/rs70mHlG">Leiden</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">bad</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[bɒ̝t]</td><td rowspan="2">'bath'</td><td rowspan="2">Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ̝</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> It corresponds to [<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ</a>] in standard Dutch.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rotterdam/p8LbhGmE">Rotterdam</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Some dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_alphabet/BHW9KxMr">bot</a></i></td><td>[bɒt]</td><td>'bone'</td><td>Some non-<a href="/facts/Randstad/Jh10XaQz">Randstad</a> dialects,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> for example those of <a href="/facts/Den_Bosch/52Ppnr0o">Den Bosch</a> and <a href="/facts/Groningen_(province)/NW0N1er0">Groningen</a>. It is open-mid [<a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a>] in standard Dutch.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="9"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">South African</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">not</a></td><td>[nɒ̜̈t]</td><td rowspan="4">'not'</td><td>Near-back and weakly rounded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [<a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel/n58uKNA8">ʌ̈</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/South_African_English_phonology/New3WE4X">South African English phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Conservative <a href="/facts/Received_Pronunciation/YRBWev67">Received Pronunciation</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3">[nɒt]</td><td>Somewhat raised. Contemporary RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [<a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a>]. It is proposed that the /ɒ/ vowel of Conservative RP, which is normally described as a <a href="/facts/Roundedness/2NImak2G">rounded vowel</a>, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of <a href="/facts/Sulcalization/ljJ4LzzE">sulcality</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/English_phonology/awcxPhHL">English phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Northern_England_English/1zJAIaQX">Northern English</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>May be somewhat raised and fronted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Canadian_English/H6Kz0B0T">Canadian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><i>Lot</i> and <i>thought</i> have the same vowel in Canadian English; see <a href="/facts/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger/YLc50BRh">cot–caught merger</a>.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5"><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">thought</a></td><td rowspan="3">[θɒt]ⓘ</td><td rowspan="5">'thought'</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/General_American/gmHBob3k">General American</a></td><td>Vowel /ɔ(:)/ is lowered (phonetic realization of /ɔ(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP). However, <a href="/facts/Mergers_of_/%C9%92r-/_and_/%C9%94%CB%90r-//K5UpaB0T">"Short <i>o</i>" before <i>r</i> before a vowel</a> (a short <i>o</i> sound followed by <i>r</i> and then another vowel, as in <i>orange</i>, <i>forest</i>, <i>moral</i>, and <i>warrant</i>) is realized as [oɹ~ɔɹ].</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Inland_Northern_American_English/2hPvJBQ7">Inland Northern American</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>See <a href="/facts/Northern_cities_vowel_shift/2hPvJBQ7">Northern cities vowel shift</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Indian_English/LW2DcJGE">Indian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>[t̪ʰɒʈ]</td><td>/ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Welsh_English/78zM2R0f">Welsh</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>[θɒːt]</td><td>Open-mid in <a href="/facts/Cardiff_dialect/XIafd4UI">Cardiff</a>; may merge with /<a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">oː</a>/ in northern dialects.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a></td><td>Many speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/German_alphabet/wRfTdcfG">Gourmand</a></i></td><td>[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː]</td><td>'gourmand'</td><td><a href="/facts/Nasalization/XpzfohCT">Nasalized</a>; common phonetic realization of /<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ̃ː</a>/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Standard_German_phonology/mxAMM3la">Standard German phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Many <a href="/facts/Swiss_German/a90wuKPb">Swiss dialects</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td><i>maane</i></td><td>[ˈmɒːnə]</td><td>'remind'</td><td>The example word is from the <a href="/facts/Zurich_dialect/glaI6Wm5">Zurich dialect</a>, in which [ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded [<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑː</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Hungarian_orthography/o5VY2Eck">magyar</a></i></td><td>[ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r]</td><td>'Hungarian'</td><td>Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded [<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ</a>] in some dialects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Hungarian_phonology/TXf5qlfU">Hungarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibibio_language/DMwz2rNt">Ibibio</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td><i>dọ</i></td><td>[dɒ̝́]</td><td>'marry'</td><td>Near-open;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Irish_language/Kw97s2l4">Irish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ulster_Irish/joJ2Gmf1">Ulster</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Irish_orthography/tk5sPGW3">ólann</a></i></td><td>[ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ]</td><td>'(he) drinks'</td><td>Near-open;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Istro-Romanian_language/tlHylDYq">Istro-Romanian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td><i>cåp</i></td><td>[kɒp]</td><td>'head'</td><td>See Istro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jeju_language/n4cx6afg">Jeju</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td></td><td>ᄒᆞ나 haona</td><td>[hɒna]</td><td>'one'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Jeju_phonology/n4cx6afg">Jeju phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lehali_language/l69p9BKt">Lehali</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td><i>dön̄</i></td><td>[ⁿdɒ̝ŋ]</td><td>'yam'</td><td>Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /<a href="/facts/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel/YFxhvcEV">æ</a>/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lemerig_language/T8cucYVS">Lemerig</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td><i>‘ān̄sār</i></td><td>[ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r]</td><td>'person'</td><td>Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /<a href="/facts/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel/YFxhvcEV">æ</a>/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Limburgish/5mS23Txg">Limburgish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Maastrichtian_dialect/s8alvrPR">Maastrichtian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td><i>plaots</i></td><td>[plɒ̝ːts]</td><td>'place'</td><td>Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Corresponds to [<a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔː</a>] in other dialects.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kedah_Malay/qyPGmRg0">Kedah</a></td><td><i>tua</i></td><td>[tu.ɒ]</td><td>'old'</td><td>Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of /a/ in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop /ʔ/ or a glottal fricative /h/.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mansi_languages/XnU9TV93">Mansi</a></td><td>Central/<a href="/facts/Northern_Mansi/XnU9TV93">Northern</a></td><td><i>ам</i></td><td>[ɒm]</td><td>'me'</td><td>The pronunciation of 'a' sometimes varies between /ɒ/ and /o/.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Neapolitan_language/Y941BtNT">Neapolitan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Vastese/7ecIgklQ">Vastese</a></td><td><i>uâʃtə</i></td><td>[uˈwɒʃtə]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Vasto/PlMYbepy">Vasto</a>'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_alphabet/ersy5Mfu">topp</a></i></td><td>[tʰɒ̝pː]</td><td>'top'</td><td>Near-open,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> also described as close-mid back [<a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Dialects along the Swedish border<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_alphabet/ersy5Mfu">hat</a></i></td><td>[hɒ̜ːt]</td><td>'hate'</td><td>Weakly rounded and fully back.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Persian_alphabet/4DvPdTDe">فارسی</a> <i>fârsi</i></td><td>[fɒːɾˈsiː]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a>'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brazilian_Portuguese/9wrGa38X">Brazilian Portuguese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Carioca_language/ClmbQvRo">Carioca</a></td><td><i>ova</i></td><td>[ˈɒːva]</td><td>'fish roe'</td><td>Allophone of /ɔ/. See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a></td><td>Some speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovak_orthography/NCxQPLa8">a</a></i></td><td>[ɒ]</td><td>'and'</td><td>Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Slovak_phonology/8Az5gDY9">Slovak phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Central Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_orthography/W1sPgWm8">jаg</a></i></td><td>[jɒ̝ːɡ]</td><td rowspan="2">'I'</td><td>Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gothenburg/oj5t3USI">Gothenburg</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>[jɒːɡ]</td><td>More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Uzbek_language/ovLJMy4J">Uzbek</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Uzbek_alphabet/Eq5cxE7B">choy</a></i></td><td>[t͡ʃɒj]</td><td>'tea'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Yoruba_language/q5osdFqR">Yoruba</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Yoruba_alphabet/uIxbPcln">itọju</a></i></td><td>[itɒ̝ju]</td><td>'care'</td><td>Near-open; most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Turned_a/eQDLGDNp">Turned <i>a</i></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), <i>A Grammar of Yoruba</i>, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721">"New Zealand English"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 37 (1): 97–102, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002830">10.1017/S0025100306002830</a></li> <li>Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], <i>The Phonetics of English and Dutch</i> (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9004103405</li> <li>Connolly, John H. (1990), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C">"Port Talbot English"</a>, in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85359-032-0</li> <li>Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs3DwAAQBAJ"><i>Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription</i></a> (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-316-63926-9</li> <li>Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ"><i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i></a> (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-411-04067-4</li> <li>Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-63751-0</li> <li>Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 36 (2): 243–253, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002441">10.1017/S0025100306002441</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois_(linguist)/1ggqHuPe">François, Alexandre</a> (2011), <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2011_JHL1-2_Social-ecology_Vanuatu.pdf">"Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of Historical Linguistics</i>, 1 (2): 175–246, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjhl.1.2.03fra">10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra</a>, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F29283">1885/29283</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42217419">42217419</a></li> <li>Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), <a href="http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf">"The dialect of Maastricht"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 29 (2): 155–166, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300006526">10.1017/S0025100300006526</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145782045">145782045</a></li> <li>Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008), <i>New Zealand English</i>, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7486-2529-1</li> <li>Horvath, Barbara M. (2004), "Australian English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 625–644, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-017532-5</li> <li>Kráľ, Ábel (1988), <i>Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti</i>, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo</li> <li>Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.10 Norwegisch", <i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i>, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-018202-6</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gjert_Kristoffersen/tVzTJkX5">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000), <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823765-5</li> <li>Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], <i>Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache</i> (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-926972-54-5</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6.</li> <li>Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), <i>Language in South Africa</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521791052</li> <li>Lodge, Ken (2009), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC"><i>A Critical Introduction to Phonetics</i></a>, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8264-8873-2</li> <li>Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012), <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/889362">"Assamese"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 42 (2): 217–224, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000096">10.1017/S0025100312000096</a></li> <li>Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-63751-0</li> <li>Pop, Sever (1938), <i>Micul Atlas Linguistic Român</i>, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj</li> <li>Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKOt3rL7K7kC"><i>Pronunciation of Norwegian</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-15742-1</li> <li>Rafel, Joaquim (1999), <a href="http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf"><i>Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional</i></a> (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-84-7283-446-0</li> <li>Recasens, Daniel (1996), <i>Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX</i> (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-84-7283-312-8</li> <li>Riad, Tomas (2014), <i>The Phonology of Swedish</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-954357-1</li> <li>Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (2): 239–245, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001768">10.1017/S0025100304001768</a></li> <li>Saborit, Josep (2009), <i>Millorem la pronúncia</i> (in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</li> <li>Sailaja, Pingali (2009), <i>Indian English</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17–38, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7486-2594-9</li> <li>Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), <i>Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview</i>, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers</li> <li>Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 24 (2): 91–94, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005090">10.1017/S0025100300005090</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242632087">242632087</a></li> <li>Tench, Paul (1990), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C">"The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave"</a>, in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85359-032-0</li> <li>Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (1): 105–109, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001550">10.1017/S0025100304001550</a></li> <li>Vago, Robert M. (1980), <i>The Sound Pattern of Hungarian</i>, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press</li> <li>Vanvik, Arne (1979), <i>Norsk fonetikk</i>, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-82-990584-0-7</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_C._Wells/1FpNz4VN">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <i>Accents of English</i>. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>. <a href="/facts/International_Standard_Book_Number/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-52128540-2 .</li> <li>Wissing, Daan (2016). <a href="http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">"Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory"</a>. <i>Taalportaal</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Boberg/g5vmStU2">Boberg, Charles</a> (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, p. 359, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-017532-5</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%92">List of languages with [ɒ]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low". <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" target="_blank">/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294. - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Recasens (1996), pp. 81, 130–131. - Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Rafel (1999), p. 14. - Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0 <a href="http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf" target="_blank">http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Recasens (1996), pp. 81, 130–131. - Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Rafel (1999), p. 14. - Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0 <a href="http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf" target="_blank">http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Recasens (1996), pp. 81, 130–131. - Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rafel (1999), p. 14. - Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0 <a href="http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf" target="_blank">http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26. - Saborit, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia (in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Lass (2002), p. 115. - Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Lass (2002), p. 115. - Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Lass (2002), p. 115. - Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Roach (2004), p. 242. - Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001768" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001768</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. p. 124. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Lodge (2009), p. 163. - Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Lodge (2009), p. 163. - Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Boberg (2004), p. 359. - Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, p. 359, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013 <a href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html" target="_blank">http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25. - Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17–38, ISBN 978-0-7486-2594-9 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Connolly (1990), p. 125. - Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Tench (1990), p. 135. - Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38. - Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38. - Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Krech et al. 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