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Chromosome 19
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<h2 id="genes">Genes</h2> <h3>Number of genes</h3> <p>The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to <a href="/facts/Genome_annotation/HY6IuzMT">genome annotation</a>, their predictions of the <a href="/facts/Number_of_genes/e1swwPY6">number of genes</a> on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see <a href="/facts/Gene_prediction/QFdMeIN2">gene prediction</a>). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (<a href="/facts/Consensus_CDS_Project/ugLWT7fR">CCDS</a>) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Estimated by</th><th><a href="/facts/Protein-coding_genes/VTV85pbn">Protein-coding genes</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Non-coding_RNA/aXqyV5so">Non-coding RNA genes</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Pseudogene/VfbL4L07">Pseudogenes</a></th><th>Source</th><th>Release date</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Consensus_CDS_Project/ugLWT7fR">CCDS</a></td><td>1,357</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td>2016-09-08</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee/c26pY9tE">HGNC</a></td><td>1,372</td><td>299</td><td>413</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td>2017-05-12</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ensembl_genome_database_project/dEhjvNaA">Ensembl</a></td><td>1,469</td><td>894</td><td>514</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td>2017-03-29</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/UniProt/lfDDHjAl">UniProt</a></td><td>1,435</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>2018-02-28</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information/6Xj5wCbu">NCBI</a></td><td>1,430</td><td>604</td><td>528</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td>2017-05-19</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Gene list</h3> <p class="note">See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 19</p> <p>The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 19. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alpha-1-B_glycoprotein/zFcHl2YJ">A1BG</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Alpha-1-B glycoprotein</li> <li><a href="/facts/AAVS1/52EQyaFw">AAVS1</a>, viral integration site</li> <li><a href="/facts/ACSBG2/4tC4crr9">ACSBG2</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase</li> <li><a href="/facts/ANKRD24/sFC7uLvt">ANKRD24</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 24</li> <li><a href="/facts/ARMC6/Xe25KfqW">ARMC6</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Armadillo repeat-containing protein 6</li> <li><a href="/facts/ATG4D/xtTGKUXs">ATG4D</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Autophagy related 4D, cysteine peptidase</li> <li><a href="/facts/ATP5SL/x5r7kEmH">ATP5SL</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> ATP synthase subunit s-like protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/ATPase_ASNA1/BvMJKlCp">ATPase ASNA1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> ATPase ASNA1 also known as arsenical pump-driving ATPase and arsenite-stimulated ATPase</li> <li><a href="/facts/BTBD14B/t69TDbK3">BTBD14B</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1</li> <li><a href="/facts/C19orf18/6JdqXbRs">C19orf18</a>: encoding protein Chromosome 19 open reading frame 18</li> <li><a href="/facts/C19orf44/H8kycuuj">C19orf44</a>: encoding protein Chromosome 19 open reading frame 44</li> <li><a href="/facts/C19orf70/hYlPItql">C19orf70</a>: encoding protein Chromosome 19 open reading frame 70</li> <li><a href="/facts/CACTIN/F62uIVGF">CACTIN</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Cactin</li> <li><a href="/facts/CCDC130/LUFWE2PS">CCDC130</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Coiled-coil domain containing 130</li> <li><a href="/facts/CCDC151/JrpvmhUl">CCDC151</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Coiled-coil domain containing 151</li> <li><a href="/facts/CCDC8/Sy2YkjAd">CCDC8</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Coiled-coil domain containing 8</li> <li><a href="/facts/CCDC94/q3ekIKU2">CCDC94</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Coiled-coil domain containing 94 (CCDC94),</li> <li><a href="/facts/CXB3S/1nPTHUfg">CXB3S</a>: encoding protein Coxsackie virus B3 sensitivity</li> <li><a href="/facts/DHX34/V916kBk7">DHX34</a>: encoding protein Dexh-box helicase 34</li> <li><a href="/facts/Deoxyribonuclease_ii,_lysosomal/y5hGyuRz">DNASE2</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Deoxyribonuclease II, lysosomal</li> <li><a href="/facts/DPF1/47j15glq">DPF1</a>: encoding protein D4, zinc and double PHD fingers family 1</li> <li><a href="/facts/EID2/Vk2KN7Vn">EID2</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ets_variant_2/2tQoM9Cu">ETV2</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Ets variant 2</li> <li><a href="/facts/FIZ1/wGj1Mh6v">FIZ1</a>: encoding protein FLT3 interacting zinc finger 1</li> <li><a href="/facts/HCST_(gene)/wBAgTRDI">HCST</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Hematopoietic cell signal transducer</li> <li><a href="/facts/HRC_(gene)/6ekQ4HXN">HRC</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Sarcoplasmic reticulum histidine-rich calcium-binding protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/IFI30/2Qh5txpT">IFI30</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase</li> <li><a href="/facts/Igf_like_family_member_3/buXj0323">IGFL3</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> IGF like family member 3</li> <li><a href="/facts/KRTDAP/NkusaxS8">KRTDAP</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Keratinocyte differentiation-associated protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/LENG9/Jv7jy7C6">LENG9</a>: encoding protein Leukocyte Receptor Cluster Member 9 (LENG 9)</li> <li><a href="/facts/LIM2/5tszkvdl">LIM2</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Lens fiber membrane intrinsic protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/LRG1/DhrPqsnL">LRG1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1</li> <li><a href="/facts/LRRC25/n78BcV4u">LRRC25</a>: encoding protein Leucine rich repeat containing 25</li> <li><a href="/facts/LSM4/VBJFn0Vp">LSM4</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm4</li> <li><a href="/facts/LSR_(gene)/TG14LSNy">LSR</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ly6/plaur_domain_containing_5/IezTQE1L"> LYPD5</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> LY6/PLAUR domain containing 5</li> <li><a href="/facts/MBOAT7/GQubecnd">MBOAT7</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7</li> <li><a href="/facts/MOBKL2A/PmEjmqzF">MOBKL2A</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Mps one binder kinase activator-like 2A</li> <li><a href="/facts/MZF1-AS1/qjnsJqkB">MZF1-AS1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> MZF1 antisense RNA 1</li> <li><a href="/facts/NCLN/aGn6VEP8">NCLN</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Nicalin</li> <li><a href="/facts/NFKBID/z5EnhAYD">NFKBID</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor</li> <li><a href="/facts/NOSIP/KuHUG2yQ">NOSIP</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/NWD1/eVHHHz7m">NWD1</a>: NACHT and WD repeat domain containing 1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Olfactomedin_2/9HfE882z">OLFM2</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Olfactomedin 2</li> <li><a href="/facts/OSCAR_(gene)/9THLx1DQ">OSCAR</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor</li> <li><a href="/facts/PALM/CdGnC7JV">PALM</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Paralemmin</li> <li><a href="/facts/PDCD5/AfFdkgla">PDCD5</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Programmed cell death protein 5</li> <li><a href="/facts/PEX11G/yqw5embp">PEX11G</a>: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 gamma</li> <li><a href="/facts/PGK1P2/unurq14m">PGK1P2</a>: encoding Phosphoglycerate kinase 1, pseudogene 2 protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/Perilipin-4/gomCJgWS">PLIN4</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Perilipin 4</li> <li><a href="/facts/PLVAP/BcmqDyKI">PLVAP</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/Proline-rich_12/J8WYbSBL">PRR12</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Proline-rich 12</li> <li><a href="/facts/PRP36/RTxTUWgy">PRR36 (Proline Rich Region 36)</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> PRP36 (Proline Rich Protein 36)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Prostate-specific_antigen/HaylgTdR">KLK3</a>: The Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/PRX_(gene)/cLMGn0pC">PRX</a>: Periaxin</li> <li><a href="/facts/PTOV1/yU8v9EpS">PTOV1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Prostate tumor overexpressed gene 1 protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/RFPL4A/MqhhbBla">RFPL4A</a>: encoding protein Ret finger protein like 4a</li> <li><a href="/facts/SBNO2/vomFexMD">SBNO2</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Strawberry notch homolog 2 (Drosophila)</li> <li><a href="/facts/SEPW1/zazoAVsr">SEPW1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Selenoprotein W</li> <li><a href="/facts/SFRS14/kuJ3kswI">SFRS14</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Putative splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 14</li> <li><a href="/facts/SFRS16/JuAq1hdc">SFRS16</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 16</li> <li><a href="/facts/SLC5A5/djoG6SI9">SLC5A5</a>: Solute carrier family 5 (sodium iodide symporter), member 5</li> <li><a href="/facts/STK11/rBs9anHx">STK11</a>: Serine/threonine kinase 11 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)</li> <li><a href="/facts/TBCB/zjhP91Xc">TBCB</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Tubulin-folding cofactor B</li> <li><a href="/facts/TECR/d0sWVn0l">TECR</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase</li> <li><a href="/facts/THOP1/6PnRLY3l">THOP1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Thimet oligopeptidase</li> <li><a href="/facts/TIMM50/Bw3hrN6c">TIMM50</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM50</li> <li><a href="/facts/TIP39/U64UeafV">TIP39</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues</li> <li><a href="/facts/TMED1/shFJuh1V">TMED1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1</li> <li><a href="/facts/TMEM160/7pQge8Mw">TMEM160</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Transmembrane protein 160</li> <li><a href="/facts/Transmembrane_Protein_205/hjVVnnpe">TMEM205</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Transmembrane Protein 205</li> <li><a href="/facts/UBXN6/71R365CY">UBXN6</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> UBX domain protein 6</li> <li><a href="/facts/UCA1/scGMJeTS">UCA1</a>: a <a href="/facts/Long_non-coding_RNA/FHyAb6hP">long non-coding RNA</a> Urothelial cancer associated 1</li> <li><a href="/facts/UPK1A/NGyqwzSS">UPK1A</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Uroplakin-1a</li> <li><a href="/facts/USE1/VHXtrc7v">USE1</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Uncharacterized hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells protein MDS032</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZFP82/jNkGP61b">ZFP82</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> ZFP82 zinc finger protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZSCAN4/CflUPLwu">ZSCAN4</a>: Zinc finger and scan domain containing 4</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_and_scan_domain_containing_18/Bnul2bFg">ZSCAN18</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 18</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_112/QhFbRDLB">ZNF112</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 112</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_134/EvbtMByM">ZNF134</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 134</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF160/YNF1GuwJ">ZNF160</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 160</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_180/F9cj88Kf">ZNF180</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 180</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_208/6RFvk9x1">ZNF208</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 208</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF224/MzxTbgCG">ZNF224</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 224</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF225/IYHtapkQ">ZNF225</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 225</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_226/esAstIM7">ZNF226</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 226</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_229/hsCP24lX">ZNF229</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 229</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_257/DVLKN0jM">ZNF257</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 257</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF264/2yfkhDG1">ZNF264</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 264</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_266/KA9aMWpG">ZNF266</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 266</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF274/XpJSfSar">ZNF274</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 274</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF320/1A28URuS">ZNF320</a>: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 320</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF331/arALn1fT">ZNF331</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 331</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_347/qe4egfnp">ZNF347</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 347</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_426/G9halE5w">ZNF426</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 426</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF444/5AmcdMjE">ZNF444</a>: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 444</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_665/Cz9y5HrU">ZNF665</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 665</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF473/jTt1X2v8">ZNF473</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 473</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_506/rQcpfcaa">ZNF506</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 506</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_507/21AlcWUF">ZNF507</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 507</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_536/szMEtS2V">ZNF536</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 536</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_541/PuuvVpyX">ZNF541</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 541</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_557/gUEC8eyo">ZNF557</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 557</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF571/GzxApNge">ZNF571</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 571</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_576/2KmbXVN7">ZNF576</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 576</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_613/grGIU3xG">Zinc finger protein 613</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 613</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF649/aosMqK1g">ZNF649</a>: Transcriptional suppressor</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF71/B8cfo4rR">ZNF71</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Endothelial zinc finger protein induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_737/gtFyv9Pw">ZNF737</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 737</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_749/spv4NBU4">ZNF749</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 749</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF676/xe14IpWA">ZNF676</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 676</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_772/75tUverE">ZNF772</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 772</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_784/cFbTU9wA">ZNF784</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 784</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF8/dH2IWuh8">ZNF8</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 8</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF83/9Ndnxvth">ZNF83</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 83</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_878/hjCl0lf8">ZNF878</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 878</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_finger_protein_880/DpteCwzL">ZNF880</a>: encoding <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 880</li></ul> <h4>Short arm</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/CACNA1A/vEATL0K4">CACNA1A</a>: Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit (<a href="/facts/Familial_hemiplegic_migraine/G811VwF3">Familial hemiplegic migraine</a> Type I). Gene map locus 19p13</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cartilage_oligomeric_matrix_protein/bqpBWl85">COMP</a>: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Gene map locus 19p13.1</li> <li><a href="/facts/NOTCH3/kYqCjyBK">NOTCH3</a>: Notch homolog 3 (Drosophila): Gene map locus 19p13.1-p13.2</li> <li><a href="/facts/GCDH/SvXLSm8k">GCDH</a>: Glutaryl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. Gene map locus 19p13.2</li> <li><a href="/facts/ZNF121/nI9Kcm3v">ZNF121</a>: Zinc finger protein 121. Gene map locus 19p13.2</li> <li><a href="/facts/BSG_(gene)/llDxetuk">BSG</a>: Basigin (Ok blood group)/Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer/CD147. Gene map locus 19p13.3</li> <li><a href="/facts/ICAM4/Yl0IFb1V">ICAM4</a>: Landsteiner and Weiner glycoprotein. Gene map locus 19p13.3</li> <li><a href="/facts/NRTN/eSHat5oz">NRTN</a>: Neurturin, associated with <a href="/facts/Hirschsprung%27s_disease/a4ep01yF">Hirschsprung's disease</a>: Gene locus map 19p13.3</li> <li><a href="/facts/GTPBP3/v2rhfomD">GTPBP3</a>: GTP binding protein 3 19p13.11</li> <li><a href="/facts/KLF2/dW1pD1eY">KLF2</a>: Krüppel-like factor 2, also known as Lung Krüppel-like factor. Gene map locus 19p13.11 OMIM: <a href="https://omim.org/entry/602016">602016</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FAM32A/dVXJNl4P">FAM32A</a>: family with sequence similarity 32 member A 19q13.11</li> <li><a href="/facts/DDX39/v4rJwGWC">DDX39</a>: DExD-box helicase 39. Gene map locus 19p13.12</li></ul> <h4>Long arm</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/GAPDHS/ECtvmlk3">GAPDHS</a>: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic 19q13.12</li> <li><a href="/facts/HAMP/VyFxxtGx">HAMP</a>: Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide. Gene map locus 19q13.12</li> <li><a href="/facts/BCKDHA/EP2p1bGC">BCKDHA</a>: Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (<a href="/facts/Maple_syrup_urine_disease/5IoCS3hu">maple syrup urine disease</a>). Gene map location 19q13.1-q13.2</li> <li><a href="/facts/Apolipoprotein_E/x3a7VME2">APOE</a>: Apolipoprotein E, gene associated with <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a>. Gene map locus 19q13.2</li> <li><a href="/facts/CIC_(gene)/xJpwut9L">CIC</a>: Capicua transcriptional repressor. Gene map locus 19q13.2</li> <li><a href="/facts/FCGBP/otYK008E">FCGBP</a>: Fc fragment of IgG binding protein</li> <li><a href="/facts/SARS2/750k45BK">SARS2</a>: seryl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial. Gene map locus 19q13.2</li> <li><a href="/facts/ATP1A3/USnITXl3">ATP1A3</a>: ATPase. Gene map locus 19q13.31</li> <li><a href="/facts/DMWD_(gene)/kLeY32HU">DMWD</a>: DM1 locus, WD repeat containing. Gene map locus 19q13.32</li> <li><a href="/facts/PNMA8A/Ysy5Uc5X">PNMA8A</a>: paraneoplastic Ma antigen family member 8A 19q13.32</li> <li><a href="/facts/Myotonin-protein_kinase/qB6JINa3">DMPK</a>: Dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase. Gene map locus 19q13.32</li> <li><a href="/facts/GLTSCR2/r0FGgEm3">GLTSCR2</a>: Glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 2 protein 19q13.33</li> <li><a href="/facts/A1BG/zFcHl2YJ">A1BG</a>: Plasma glycoprotein, unknown function. Gene map locus 19q13.43</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leukocyte_receptor_complex/LnllnMNc">LRC</a>: The Leukocyte Receptor Complex is a family of immunoreceptors expressed predominantly on monocytes and B cells and at lower levels on dendritic cells and natural killer (<a href="/facts/Natural_killer_cell/A3THWxrJ">NK</a>) cells. The <a href="/facts/Leukocyte_receptor_complex/LnllnMNc">LRC</a> also includes the <a href="/facts/Killer-cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor/pTEygp94">KIR</a> locus. Gene map locus 19q13.4 OMIM: <a href="https://omim.org/entry/604812">604812</a></li> <li>KPTN: <a href="/facts/Kaptin_(actin_binding_protein)/nxaGW3TP">Kaptin (actin binding protein)</a> at the tips of stereocilia. Gene map locus 19q13.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FUT1/dy4Wdwdo">FUT1</a>: The H locus is located on chromosome 19 at 19q13.3. It contains three exons that span more than 5 kb of genomic DNA, and it encodes a fucosyltransferase that produces the H antigen on RBCs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FUT2/fuljlrvB">FUT2</a>: The Se locus is located on chromosome 19 at 19q13.3. It contains two exons that span about 25 kb of genomic DNA. The Se locus encodes a specific fucosyltransferase that is expressed in the epithelia of secretory tissues, such as salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. The enzyme it encodes catalyzes the production of H antigen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MORT_(long_non-coding_RNA)/vbQg74dv">MORT</a> (Mortal Obligate RNA Transcript, lincRNA): Gene map locus 19q13.43</li></ul> <h2 id="diseases-and-disorders">Diseases and disorders</h2> <p>The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alternating_hemiplegia_of_childhood/6asA11TV">Alternating hemiplegia of childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CADASIL/VPkw5HDT">CADASIL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Centronuclear_myopathy/233N63Qa">Centronuclear myopathy</a> autosomal dominant form</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease/FUMGyvtI">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Congenital_hearing_loss/z6Lhd4br">Congenital hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Congenital_hypothyroidism/UkuayhN0">Congenital hypothyroidism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Donohue_syndrome/VlrkM3tx">Donohue syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Familial_hemiplegic_migraine/G811VwF3">Familial hemiplegic migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Glutaric_acidemia_type_1/dw9tNCGf">Glutaric acidemia type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hemochromatosis/b7jEdAGr">Hemochromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/HUPRA_syndrome/kgpwNJbE">HUPRA syndrome</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leber_congenital_amaurosis/Rf0UwPPW">Leber congenital amaurosis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maple_syrup_urine_disease/5IoCS3hu">Maple syrup urine disease</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Multiple_epiphyseal_dysplasia/e0rRxwQN">Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Myotonic_dystrophy/e08hsj08">Myotonic dystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Centronuclear_myopathy/233N63Qa">Myotubular myopathy</a> autosomal dominant form</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oligodendroglioma/pFVyIyhv">Oligodendroglioma</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome/use7I8ua">Peutz–Jeghers syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Prolidase_deficiency/7UPV5bQQ">Prolidase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pseudoachondroplasia/V5ydm1q9">Pseudoachondroplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spinocerebellar_ataxia_type_6/0a34yAHc">Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/X-linked_agammaglobulinemia/1YnxLEly">X-linked agammaglobulinemia</a> or Bruton's disease</li></ul> <h2 id="cytogenetic-band">Cytogenetic band</h2> <a href="/facts/G_banding/dEuKPThJ">G-bands</a> of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Chr.</th><th>Arm<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></th><th>Band<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></th><th>ISCNstart<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></th><th>ISCNstop<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></th><th>Basepairstart</th><th>Basepairstop</th><th>Stain<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></th><th>Density</th></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>p</td><td>13.3</td><td>0</td><td>578</td><td>1</td><td>6,900,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>p</td><td>13.2</td><td>578</td><td>870</td><td>6,900,001</td><td>12,600,000</td><td>gpos</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>p</td><td>13.13</td><td>870</td><td>1034</td><td>12,600,001</td><td>13,800,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>p</td><td>13.12</td><td>1034</td><td>1216</td><td>13,800,001</td><td>16,100,000</td><td>gpos</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>p</td><td>13.11</td><td>1216</td><td>1581</td><td>16,100,001</td><td>19,900,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>p</td><td>12</td><td>1581</td><td>1809</td><td>19,900,001</td><td>24,200,000</td><td>gvar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>p</td><td>11</td><td>1809</td><td>1992</td><td>24,200,001</td><td>26,200,000</td><td>acen</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>11</td><td>1992</td><td>2159</td><td>26,200,001</td><td>28,100,000</td><td>acen</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>12</td><td>2159</td><td>2372</td><td>28,100,001</td><td>31,900,000</td><td>gvar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.11</td><td>2372</td><td>2569</td><td>31,900,001</td><td>35,100,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.12</td><td>2569</td><td>2737</td><td>35,100,001</td><td>37,800,000</td><td>gpos</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.13</td><td>2737</td><td>2949</td><td>37,800,001</td><td>38,200,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.2</td><td>2949</td><td>3101</td><td>38,200,001</td><td>42,900,000</td><td>gpos</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.31</td><td>3101</td><td>3193</td><td>42,900,001</td><td>44,700,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.32</td><td>3193</td><td>3390</td><td>44,700,001</td><td>47,500,000</td><td>gpos</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.33</td><td>3390</td><td>3649</td><td>47,500,001</td><td>50,900,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.41</td><td>3649</td><td>3770</td><td>50,900,001</td><td>53,100,000</td><td>gpos</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.42</td><td>3770</td><td>3938</td><td>53,100,001</td><td>55,800,000</td><td>gneg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>q</td><td>13.43</td><td>3938</td><td>4120</td><td>55,800,001</td><td>58,617,616</td><td>gpos</td><td>25</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, Aerts A, Altherr M, Ashworth L, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caenepeel S, Carrano A, Caoile C, Chan YM, Christensen M, Cleland CA, Copeland A, Dalin E, Dehal P, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Georgescu AM, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Ho I, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Larionov V, Leem SH, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Malfatti S, Martinez D, McCready P, Medina C, Morgan J, Nelson K, Nolan M, Ovcharenko I, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Popkie AP, Predki P, Quan G, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, She X, Smith D, Slezak T, Solovyev V, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wagner M, Wheeler J, Wu K, Xie G, Yang J, Dubchak I, Furey TS, DeJong P, Dickson M, Gordon D, Eichler EE, <a href="/facts/Len_A._Pennacchio/hEeRpAj1">Pennacchio LA</a>, Richardson P, Stubbs L, Rokhsar DS, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Lucas SM (2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02399">"The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. 428 (6982): 529–35. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..529G">2004Natur.428..529G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02399">10.1038/nature02399</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15057824">15057824</a>.</li> <li>Human Proteome Project Launch website~ <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163128/http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/HPP_legrain_sep_2010.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163128/http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/HPP_legrain_sep_2010.pdf</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 19. <ul><li>National Institutes of Health. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803052656/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=19">"Chromosome 19"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. Archived from <a href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=19">the original</a> on August 3, 2004. Retrieved 2017-05-06.</li> <li><a href="http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chromo19.shtml">"Chromosome 19"</a>. <i>Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003</i>. Retrieved 2017-05-06.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ucciferri, Charles (2004-03-31). "Gene-Rich Human Chromosome 19 Sequence Completed". DOE Joint Genome Institute. Retrieved 2022-12-10. <a href="https://jgi.doe.gov/news_3_31_04/" target="_blank">https://jgi.doe.gov/news_3_31_04/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Sehgal, N.; Fritz, A. J.; Morris, K.; Torres, I.; Chen, Z.; Xu, J.; Berezney, R. (2014). "Gene Density and Chromosome Territory Shape". Chromosoma. 123 (5): 499–513. doi:10.1007/s00412-014-0480-y. PMC 5726871. 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Retrieved 2017-05-20. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bearer EL, Chen AF, Chen AH, Li Z, Mark HF, Smith RJ, Jackson CL (2000). "2E4/Kaptin (KPTN)—a candidate gene for the hearing loss locus, DFNA4". Ann Hum Genet. 64 (3): 189–196. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6430189.x. PMC 3376086. PMID 11409409. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376086" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376086</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Dean, L. (2005). "Ch. 5: The ABO blood group". Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Bethesda MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. NBK2261. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Dean, L. (2005). "Ch. 5: The ABO blood group". Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Bethesda MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. NBK2261. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gilbert F (1997). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 19". Genet Test. 1 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1089/gte.1997.1.145. PMID 10464639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"OMIM Entry - # 613845 - HYPERURICEMIA, PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, RENAL FAILURE, AND ALKALOSIS SYNDROME; HUPRAS". www.omim.org. Retrieved 20 January 2017. <a href="https://www.omim.org/entry/613845" target="_blank">https://www.omim.org/entry/613845</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Moss, K (Spring 2001). "Leber's Congenital Amaurosis". Texas Deafblind Outreach. Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Archived from the original on November 19, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131119084909/http://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/spring01/lebers.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131119084909/http://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/spring01/lebers.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26. <a href="http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1" target="_blank">http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"p": Short arm; "q": Long arm. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus. <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" target="_blank">/wiki/Locus_(genetics)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit. <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_unit" target="_blank">/wiki/Arbitrary_unit</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit. <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_unit" target="_blank">/wiki/Arbitrary_unit</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. <a href="/wiki/G_banding" target="_blank">/wiki/G_banding</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>