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Methanogenium frigidum
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<h2 id="description-and-metabolism">Description and metabolism</h2> <p>Cells are psychrophilic, irregular, slightly <a href="/facts/Halophilic/UKBTAPls">halophilic</a> and non-<a href="/facts/Motile/Df5BECHL">motile</a> <a href="/facts/Coccus/51QVlEDC">coccoids</a> (diameter 1.2 to 2.5 <a href="/facts/Micrometre/7eDFxD2L">μm</a>). They require salt to grow. They prefer <a href="/facts/Psychrophile/8fESUsxP">low temperatures</a>: their optimal temperature is 15 °C, and they cannot grow at 18 °C–20 °C. They reduce <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> with <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a> to produce <a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">methane</a>, but it may be possible that they use other substrates as well. One experiment showed that these cells grow best in the presence of <a href="/facts/Yeast_extract/q0ILhM2r">yeast extract</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="genome">Genome</h2> <p>The genome of this species differs from those of archaea that prefer higher temperatures. It contains more polar amino acids, particularly Gln and Thr, and fewer non-polar ones, particularly Leu. Unlike <a href="/facts/Hyperthermophile/UBmwC64t">hyperthermophiles</a>, in psychrophiles, the <a href="/facts/GC_content/nRoVl7gw">GC content</a> is the most important factor to the stability of the <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Saunders, N. F.W. (2003). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403754">"Mechanisms of Thermal Adaptation Revealed From the Genomes of the Antarctic Archaea Methanogenium frigidum and Methanococcoides burtonii"</a>. <i>Genome Research</i>. 13 (7): 1580–1588. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.1180903">10.1101/gr.1180903</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1088-9051">1088-9051</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403754">403754</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805271">12805271</a>.</li> <li>Falkow, Stanley; Dworkin, Martin (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/The_Prokaryotes_Vol._1_Symbiotic_Associations_Biotechnology_Applied_Microbiology"><i>The prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-387-25493-5.</li> <li>Garrett, Roger A., and Hans-Peter Klenk, eds. Archaea: evolution, physiology, and molecular biology. Wiley. com, 2008.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/973390">"<i>Methanogenium frigidum</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_of_Life/E5Fz0Wrd">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>. </li> <li><a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/methanogenium">LPSN</a></li> <li><a href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=7037&submit=Search">Type strain of <i>Methanogenium frigidum</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Franzmann, P. D.; Liu, Y.; Balkwill, D. L.; Aldrich, H. C.; Conway De Macario, E.; Boone, D. R. (1997). "Methanogenium frigidum sp. nov., a Psychrophilic, H2-Using Methanogen from Ace Lake, Antarctica". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (4): 1068–1072. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-1068. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9336907. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-47-4-1068" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-47-4-1068</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Asim K. Bej; Jackie Aislabie; Ronald M. Atlas (2009). Polar Microbiology: The Ecology, Biodiversity and Bioremediation Potential of Microorganisms in Extremely Cold Environments. CRC Press. pp. 52–53, 103, 121. ISBN 978-1420083880. Retrieved 2016-09-05. <a href="978-1420083880" target="_blank">978-1420083880</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Saunders, N.F.W.; Thomas, T.; Curmi, P.M.G.; Mattick, J.S.; et al. (2003). "Mechanisms of thermal adaptation revealed from the genomes of the Antarctic Archaea Methanogenium frigidum and Methanococcoides burtonii". Genome Research. 13 (7): 1580–1588. doi:10.1101/Gr.1180903. PMC 403754. PMID 12805271. Retrieved 2016-08-03. <a href="http://jgi.doe.gov/publication/mechanisms-of-thermal-adaptation-revealed-from-the-genomes-of-the-antarctic-archaea-methanogenium-frigidum-and-methanococcoides-burtonii/" target="_blank">http://jgi.doe.gov/publication/mechanisms-of-thermal-adaptation-revealed-from-the-genomes-of-the-antarctic-archaea-methanogenium-frigidum-and-methanococcoides-burtonii/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Asim K. Bej; Jackie Aislabie; Ronald M. Atlas (2009). Polar Microbiology: The Ecology, Biodiversity and Bioremediation Potential of Microorganisms in Extremely Cold Environments. CRC Press. pp. 52–53, 103, 121. ISBN 978-1420083880. Retrieved 2016-09-05. <a href="978-1420083880" target="_blank">978-1420083880</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>