Manganese(II,III) oxide

<h2 id="preparation">Preparation</h2>
Mn3O4 formed when any manganese oxide is heated in air above 1000 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Considerable research has centred on producing nanocrystalline Mn3O4 and various syntheses that involve oxidation of MnII or reduction of MnVI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>

<h2 id="reactions">Reactions</h2>
Mn3O4 has been found to act as a catalyst for a range of reactions e.g. the oxidation of methane and carbon monoxide;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> the decomposition of NO,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> the reduction of nitrobenzene<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> and the <a href="/facts/Catalytic_combustion/lnyWCcpC">catalytic combustion</a> of organic compounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2>
Mn3O4 has the <a href="/facts/Spinel/Nb7K5ctV">spinel</a> structure, where the oxide ions are cubic close packed and the MnII occupy tetrahedral sites and the MnIII octahedral sites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The structure is distorted due to the <a href="/facts/Jahn%E2%80%93Teller_effect/9M5WFCsA">Jahn–Teller effect</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> At room temperature Mn3O4 is <a href="/facts/Paramagnetic/vj1SMbbp">paramagnetic</a>, below 41-43 K, it is <a href="/facts/Ferrimagnetic/sMcg7RYt">ferrimagnetic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> although this has been reported as reducing in nanocrystalline samples to around 39 K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="uses">Uses</h2>
Mn3O4 is sometimes used as a starting material in the production of soft <a href="/facts/Ferrite_(magnet)/kBTM7Dqk">ferrites</a> e.g. manganese zinc ferrite,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> and lithium manganese oxide, used in lithium batteries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Manganese tetroxide can also be used as a weighting agent while drilling reservoir sections in oil and gas wells.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Hausmannite Mn3O4 nanorods: synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties Jin Du et al. Nanotechnology, (2006),17 4923-4928, doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/19/024 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">One-step synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles: Structural and magnetic study Vázquez-Olmos A., Redón R, Rodríguez-Gattorno G., Mata-Zamora M.E., Morales-Leal F, Fernández-Osorio A.L, Saniger J.M. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 291, 1, (2005), 175-180 doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.005 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Use of Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres as Templates for Fabricating Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres Xiaoming Sun, Junfeng Liu, Yadong Li, Chemistry - A European Journal,(2005), 12, 7, 2039 – 2047, doi:10.1002/chem.200500660 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">The reduction and oxidation behaviour of manganese oxides Stobhe E.R, de Boer A.D., Geus J.W., Catalysis Today. (1999), 47, 161–167. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00296-X <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">An in situ XRD investigation of singly and doubly promoted manganese oxide methane coupling catalysts.Moggridge G.D, Rayment T, Lambert R.M. Journal of Catalysis, (1992), 134, 242–252, doi:10.1016/0021-9517(92)90225-7 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">NO Decomposition over Mn2O3 and Mn3O4. Yamashita T, Vannice A., Journal of Catalysis (1996),163, 158–168, doi:10.1006/jcat.1996.0315 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Selective reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene over different kinds of trimanganese tetroxide catalysts.Wang W.M., Yang Y.N., Zhang J.Y., Applied Catalysis A. (1995), 133, 1, 81–93 doi:10.1016/0926-860X(95)00186-7 <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" target="_blank">/wiki/Nitrobenzene</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Catalytic combustion of C3 hydrocarbons and oxygenates over Mn3O4. Baldi M, Finocchio E, Milella F, Busca G., Applied Catalysis B. (1998), 16, 1, 43–51, doi:10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00061-1 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Magnetic Structure of Mn3O4 by Neutron Diffraction Boucher B., Buhl R., Perrin M., J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1615 (1971); doi:10.1063/1.1660364 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Synthesis of superparamagnetic Mn3O4 nanocrystallites by ultrasonic irradiation I.K. Gopalakrishnan, N. Bagkar, R. Ganguly and S.K. Kulshreshtha Journal of Crystal Growth 280, 3-4, (2005), 436-441, doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.03.060 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Method of making manganese-zinc ferrite U.S Patent number: 4093688 (1978)
Arthur Withop, Roger Emil Travagli <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Process for preparing lithium manganese oxides, U.S Patent number: 6706443,(2004), Horst Krampitz, Gerhard Wohner <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Manganese(II,III) oxide open-in-new

Manganese(II,III) oxide