PSLV Orbital Experiment Module

<h2 id="objective">Objective</h2>
POEM or PS4-OP was conceived by <a href="/facts/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre/JgTQyToP">VSSC</a>/<a href="/facts/ISRO/CdAoFQTL">ISRO</a> to help Indian academia and start-ups by providing a low cost platform with essential subsystems to support their payloads hence lowering the barriers of reaching orbit. POEM off-loads the burden of designing, qualifying, procuring a satellite bus, setting up a ground station etc. which reduces the development time and costs associated with using space-grade components thus allowing entities to just focus on payload.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
PSLV fourth stage or PS4 has often been used to carry non-separable payloads like AAM on PSLV-C8,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> <a href="/facts/Luxspace/jaK3sryn">Rubin 9.1</a>/<a href="/facts/Rubin_9.2/SbxUuyLa">Rubin 9.2</a> on PSLV-C14<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> and mRESINS on PSLV-C21<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> etc. but such payloads could be supported only for a very short duration as PS4 lacked the capacity to generate power and maintain attitude stability. So it was proposed to augment PS4 with modular subsystems to convert it into a long duration orbital platform after completion of primary mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
In 2017 as an early demonstration on <a href="/facts/PSLV-C37/ypBVHQ9o">PSLV-C37/Cartosat-2D</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> and <a href="/facts/PSLV-C38/3sTIWxyr">PSLV-C38/Cartosat-2E</a> campaigns,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> PS4 was kept operational and monitored for over ten orbits after completion of its primary mission of deploying spacecraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Fourth stage on PSLV-C38 hosted IDEA (Ionization Density and Electric field Analyzer) as a non-separable payload by Space Physics Laboratory of VSSC,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> two other non-separable payloads were mAMP and 'Earth Pointing Platform'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

In January 2019, <a href="/facts/PSLV-C44/nEjB6NS1">PSLV-C44/Microsat-R</a> became the first campaign where PS4 functioned as an independent orbital platform for short duration as the provisions for on-board power generation capacity were not yet made.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> It hosted a 1U cubesat called KalamSAT-V2 as a non-separable payload by Space Kidz India based on <a href="/facts/Interorbital_Systems/NaqeRAut">Interorbital Systems</a> kit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Later in April, the fourth stage on <a href="/facts/PSLV-C45/1wYRzbQG">PSLV-C45/EMISAT</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> had its own power generation capacity as it was augmented with an array of fixed <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a> wrapped around the propellant tank of PS4 generating about 200 watts of power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Three payloads hosted on PS4-OP were, Advanced Retarding Potential Analyzer for Ionospheric Studies (ARIS 101F) by IIST,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> experimental <a href="/facts/Automatic_identification_system/9yyPSH9p">AIS</a> payload by ISRO and AISAT by <a href="/facts/Satellize/9C1TzDxJ">Satellize</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> To function as an orbital platform, fourth stage was put in <a href="/facts/Spin-stabilisation/UaqG0BqR">spin-stabilized</a> mode using its RCS thrusters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> PS4-OP on this campaign had mission life of 3 months and AISAT payload onboard was operational for almost a year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> According to ISRO, the PS4-OP can transmit commands and data to sustain the payloads and regulate its location in three different orientations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
After these initial testing campaigns, ISRO issued an Announcement of Opportunity in June 2019 to carry out in-orbit scientific experiments on PS4 orbital platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> And in following years POEM-1 aboard <a href="/facts/PSLV-C53/RjE5Npvp">PSLV-C53</a>/DS-EO campaign in June 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> and POEM-2 aboard <a href="/facts/PSLV-C55/Gq2oYWz4">PSLV-C55</a>/TeLEOS-2 campaign in April 2023 were launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Both of these orbital platforms had mature configurations utilizing 3-axis stabilization and on-board power generation capacity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
In July 2023, <a href="/facts/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre/LWJ3PB0L">Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre</a> (IN-SPACe) issued an announcement of opportunity inviting payloads to be hosted aboard upcoming POEM campaigns tentatively scheduled between November 2023 and June 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
On 1 January 2024, POEM-3 was launched along with <a href="/facts/XPoSat/3IuddRxe">XpoSat</a> on <a href="/facts/PSLV-C58/oK95py5W">PSLV-C58</a> hosting ten payloads. The stage was lowered from a 650 km (circular) injection orbit of XpoSAT to a 350 km circular orbit for POEM-3 operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> POEM-3 re-entered atmosphere on 21 March 2024 over the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a> after having accomplished its objectives by February and thus leaving behind no <a href="/facts/Space_debris/X7YSKlXl">space-debris</a> from the launch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> 
On 30 December 2024, POEM-4 was launched with 24 non-separable payloads as part of the PSLV-C60/<a href="/facts/SPADEX/6v61e0HQ">SpaDeX</a> mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> The PS4 stage was restarted twice to lower the orbit from 470 km to 350 km circular orbit for POEM-4 operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> 

<h2 id="platform-capabilities">Platform capabilities</h2>
Specifications and capabilities of PSLV fourth stage based orbital platform which may improve over time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<ul><li>Mission life: Up to six months depending on left-over Helium pressurant in fourth stage.</li>
<li>Maximum mass of payload: 30 kg</li>
<li>Maximum size: About 3U, depends on spare area available for a particular mission and mounting location.</li>
<li>Maximum power of payload: 200 to 500 watts</li>
<li>Power bus: 28 Volts</li>
<li>Maximum data rate: 1 Mbps</li>
<li>Pointing accuracy:
<ul><li>During sunlit period: within ±1°</li>
<li>During eclipse: ±5°</li>
<li>Slew rate within 0.5° per second during stabilized regime.</li></ul></li>
<li>Data storage: 1GB</li>
<li>TT&C: S-band</li>
<li>Downlink at ISRO ground station</li>
<li>Suitable for experiments requiring large Inertia and structure.</li></ul>
<h2 id="missions">Missions</h2>
Further information: List of PSLV Orbital Experiment Module Flights
As of February 2025, the POEM module has been used on Four missions;

<ol><li><a href="/facts/PSLV-C53/RjE5Npvp">PSLV-C53</a>/POEM-1</li>
<li><a href="/facts/PSLV-C55/Gq2oYWz4">PSLV-C55</a>/POEM-2</li>
<li><a href="/facts/PSLV-C58/oK95py5W">PSLV-C58</a>/<a href="/facts/Poem_of_Sidi_Boushaki/czgcMWuU">POEM-3</a></li>
<li>PSLV-C60/POEM-4</li></ol>
<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/RM-81_Agena/mRvYKtC1">RM-81 Agena</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rocket_Lab_Photon/98mNG4qF">Rocket Lab Photon</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_satellite_buses/Dz1rg0Ql">Comparison of satellite buses</a></li></ul>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to PSLV Orbital Experiment Module.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Payloads". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/Payloads.html" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/Payloads.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Opportunities for science experiments in the fourth stage of India's PSLV" (PDF). 21 February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <a href="http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Orbital platform: an avenue for in-orbit scientific experiments" (PDF). 15 June 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Opportunities for science experiments in the fourth stage of India's PSLV" (PDF). 21 February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <a href="http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Orbital platform: an avenue for in-orbit scientific experiments" (PDF). 15 June 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"IN-SPACe Announcement of Opportunity for hosting of payloads on POEM Page - IN-SPACe". www.inspace.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.inspace.gov.in/inspace?id=inspace_hosting_payloads_on_poem_page" target="_blank">https://www.inspace.gov.in/inspace?id=inspace_hosting_payloads_on_poem_page</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"PSLV C8 / AGILE brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223011646/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C8/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200223011646/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C8/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"PSLV C14/Oceansat-2 brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806094152/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C14/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200806094152/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C14/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Space-India July 2012 to August 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152719/https://www.dos.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013/files/assets/common/downloads/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152719/https://www.dos.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013/files/assets/common/downloads/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Opportunities for science experiments in the fourth stage of India's PSLV" (PDF). 21 February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <a href="http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Orbital platform: an avenue for in-orbit scientific experiments" (PDF). 15 June 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Kumar, Chethan. "2 days after Space Station news, Isro calls for "docking experiments" on PSLV stage-4". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-days-after-space-station-news-isro-calls-for-docking-experiments-on-pslv-stage-4/articleshow/69800354.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-days-after-space-station-news-isro-calls-for-docking-experiments-on-pslv-stage-4/articleshow/69800354.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">The launch of PSLV–C37/CARTOSAT – 2 Series Satellite - Live. 15 February 2017. Event occurs at 1 hour 08 minutes 14 seconds. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fujsQ5teHJI&t=4094s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fujsQ5teHJI&t=4094s</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"In-situ observations of rocket burn induced modulations of the top side ionosphere using the IDEA payload on-board the unique orbiting experimental platform (PS4) of the Indian Polar Orbiting Satellite Launch Vehicle mission - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/situ-observations-of-rocket-burn-induced-modulations-of-top-side-ionosphere-using-idea-payload-board" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/situ-observations-of-rocket-burn-induced-modulations-of-top-side-ionosphere-using-idea-payload-board</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Department of Space Annual Report 2017-18" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2018. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">rajasekhar, pathri (20 June 2017). "Isro to lower rocket's altitude". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/200617/isro-to-lower-rockets-altitude.html" target="_blank">https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/200617/isro-to-lower-rockets-altitude.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Department of Space Annual Report 2017-18" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2018. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"In-situ observations of rocket burn induced modulations of the top side ionosphere using the IDEA payload on-board the unique orbiting experimental platform (PS4) of the Indian Polar Orbiting Satellite Launch Vehicle mission - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/situ-observations-of-rocket-burn-induced-modulations-of-top-side-ionosphere-using-idea-payload-board" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/situ-observations-of-rocket-burn-induced-modulations-of-top-side-ionosphere-using-idea-payload-board</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">5th Manohar Parrikar Vidnyan Mahotsav: Talk By ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath. 13 December 2023. Event occurs at 50 min. 36 sec. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwV0S7uEPMg&t=3036s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwV0S7uEPMg&t=3036s</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Rajwi, Tiki (12 January 2019). "PSLV lift-off with added features". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece" target="_blank">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"PSLV-C44 - ISRO". isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013408/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c44" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013408/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c44</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Interorbital Systems [@interorbital] (25 January 2019). "Congratulations to ISRO and SpaceKidzIndia on getting their CubeSat into orbit! The students modified their IOS CubeSat kit, complete w/ their own experiments!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/interorbital/status/1088526772109422592" target="_blank">https://x.com/interorbital/status/1088526772109422592</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Singh, Surendra (16 December 2018). "In a first, ISRO will make dead rocket stage "alive" in space for experiments". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-first-isro-will-make-dead-rocket-stage-alive-in-space-for-experiments/articleshow/67067817.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-first-isro-will-make-dead-rocket-stage-alive-in-space-for-experiments/articleshow/67067817.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"PSLV-C45/EMISAT Mission Press-kit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093804/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pslv-c45_launch_kitv5.0_fn_23.03.19.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093804/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pslv-c45_launch_kitv5.0_fn_23.03.19.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Clark, Stephen. "Indian military satellite, 20 more Planet imaging CubeSats launched by PSLV". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/01/indian-military-satellite-20-more-planet-imaging-cubesats-aboard-successful-pslv-launch/" target="_blank">https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/01/indian-military-satellite-20-more-planet-imaging-cubesats-aboard-successful-pslv-launch/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Press briefing by S Somanath (Chairman, ISRO). 22 April 2023. Event occurs at 1 minutes 22 seconds. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGyCpYFS90o&t=81s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGyCpYFS90o&t=81s</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"PSLV-C45/EMISAT Mission Curtain Raiser video (English)". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_PSLV_C45_CameraView.html" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_PSLV_C45_CameraView.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Department of Avionics, R. Sudharshan Kaarthik, Ph.D (Assistant Professor)". Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://www.iist.ac.in/avionics/sudharshan.kaarthik" target="_blank">https://www.iist.ac.in/avionics/sudharshan.kaarthik</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Exseed Sat-2". Satellize. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://satellize.com/index.php/exseed-sat-2/" target="_blank">https://satellize.com/index.php/exseed-sat-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Opportunity for Scientific Experiments on PSLV Upper Stage Orbital Platform" (PDF). 16 June 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Opportunity for Scientific Experiments on PSLV Upper Stage Orbital Platform" (PDF). 16 June 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Press briefing by S Somanath (Chairman, ISRO). 22 April 2023. Event occurs at 1 minutes 22 seconds. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGyCpYFS90o&t=81s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGyCpYFS90o&t=81s</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Linganna, Girish (3 January 2025). "While POEM-4 Experiments Run, SPADEX Prepares for Docking Day". india.com. Retrieved 3 January 2025. <a href="https://www.india.com/news/india/while-poem-4-experiments-run-spadex-prepares-for-docking-day-7510978/" target="_blank">https://www.india.com/news/india/while-poem-4-experiments-run-spadex-prepares-for-docking-day-7510978/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Orbital platform: an avenue for in-orbit scientific experiments" (PDF). 15 June 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"NSIL's Second Dedicated commercial launch "PSLV-C53/ DS-EO Mission" successfully accomplished on 30th June 2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518082810/https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/Press%20Release%20-%20PSLV%20C-53%20DS-EO%20Mission.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230518082810/https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/Press%20Release%20-%20PSLV%20C-53%20DS-EO%20Mission.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"India's PSLV launches with two Singaporean satellites – Spaceflight Now". Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. <a href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/04/22/indias-pslv-launches-with-two-singaporean-satellites/" target="_blank">https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/04/22/indias-pslv-launches-with-two-singaporean-satellites/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"PSLV-C53/DS-EO mission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162540/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission-brochure-english/brochure_pslv_c53-ds-eo_mission_english.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162540/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission-brochure-english/brochure_pslv_c53-ds-eo_mission_english.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"PSLV-C55/TeLEOS-2 mission press kit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528023203/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLVC55/PSLVC55TeLEOS.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230528023203/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLVC55/PSLVC55TeLEOS.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"IN-SPACe Announcement of Opportunity for hosting of payloads on POEM Page - IN-SPACe". www.inspace.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.inspace.gov.in/inspace?id=inspace_hosting_payloads_on_poem_page" target="_blank">https://www.inspace.gov.in/inspace?id=inspace_hosting_payloads_on_poem_page</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">PTI (1 January 2024). "ISRO Fires Fourth Stage Of PSLV-C58 Twice To Hold Scientific Experiments". NDTV Profit. Retrieved 1 January 2024. <a href="https://www.ndtvprofit.com/technology/isro-fires-fourth-stage-of-pslv-c58-twice-to-hold-scientific-experiments" target="_blank">https://www.ndtvprofit.com/technology/isro-fires-fourth-stage-of-pslv-c58-twice-to-hold-scientific-experiments</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"PSLV accomplishes zero orbital debris mission". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325150554/https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLVC58_POEM3_accomplish_zero_orbital_debris_mission.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240325150554/https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLVC58_POEM3_accomplish_zero_orbital_debris_mission.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"POEM-3 Mission achieves all its Payload objectives". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 26 March 2024. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/POEM-3_Mission_achieves_Payload_objectives.html" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/POEM-3_Mission_achieves_Payload_objectives.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"PSLV-C60 SPADEX Mission Press-kit" (PDF). <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLVC60/PSLVC60-mission-brochure-english.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLVC60/PSLVC60-mission-brochure-english.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"POEM-4 in PSLV-C60 / SpaDeX Mission". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 9 February 2025. <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/POEM_4_Payloads_spadex.html" target="_blank">https://www.isro.gov.in/POEM_4_Payloads_spadex.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">C.S, Hemanth (31 December 2024). "ISRO's PSLV-C60 Mission: 10 payload from non-government entities successfully deployed on POEM-4". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 February 2025. <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c60-mission-10-payload-from-non-government-entities-successfully-deployed-of-on-poem-4/article69046002.ece" target="_blank">https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c60-mission-10-payload-from-non-government-entities-successfully-deployed-of-on-poem-4/article69046002.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"Opportunity for Scientific Experiments on PSLV Upper Stage Orbital Platform" (PDF). 16 June 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">DAY 1 | PS 5 | SESSION A. 31 January 2022. Event occurs at 8 minutes. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7XKKZMrkB4&t=475s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7XKKZMrkB4&t=475s</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">"IN-SPACe Announcement of Opportunity for hosting of payloads on POEM Page - IN-SPACe". www.inspace.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.inspace.gov.in/inspace?id=inspace_hosting_payloads_on_poem_page" target="_blank">https://www.inspace.gov.in/inspace?id=inspace_hosting_payloads_on_poem_page</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

PSLV Orbital Experiment Module open-in-new

PSLV Orbital Experiment Module