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Columbia (personification)
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Early</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Personification_of_the_Americas/fUFaheLT">Personification of the Americas</a></p> <p>The earliest type of personification of the Americas, seen in European art from the 16th century onwards, reflected the tropical regions in South and Central America from which the earliest European travelers reported back. Such images were most often used in sets of female <a href="/facts/Personification/p5dM3JUc">personifications</a> of the <a href="/facts/Four_continents/sTHjfReM">four continents</a>. America was depicted as a woman who, like Africa, was only partly dressed, typically in bright feathers, which invariably formed her headdress. She often held a parrot, was seated on a <a href="/facts/Caiman/Wl5dW8M1">caiman</a> or alligator, with a <a href="/facts/Cornucopia/5bua01TH">cornucopia</a>. Sometimes a severed head was a further attribute, or in prints scenes of cannibalism appeared in the background.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h3>18th century</h3> <p>Though versions of this depiction, tending as time went on to soften the rather savage image into an "Indian princess" type, and in churches emphasizing conversion to Christianity, served European artists well enough, by the 18th century they were becoming rejected by settlers in North America, who wanted figures representing themselves rather than the <a href="/facts/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas/LG2r6wXm">Native Americans</a> they were often in conflict with.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Massachusetts Chief Justice <a href="/facts/Samuel_Sewall/aLYymB8A">Samuel Sewall</a> used the name "Columbina" for the New World in 1697.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The name "Columbia" for America first appeared in 1738<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> in the weekly publication of the debates of Parliament in <a href="/facts/Edward_Cave/4F87MHTl">Edward Cave</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/The_Gentleman%2527s_Magazine/Lf5sWA1n">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i>. Publication of parliamentary debates was technically illegal, so the debates were issued under the thin disguise of <i>Reports of the Debates of the Senate of Lilliput</i> and fictitious names were used for most individuals and place names found in the record. Most of these were transparent anagrams or similar distortions of the real names and some few were taken directly from <a href="/facts/Jonathan_Swift/000AjJvj">Jonathan Swift</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Gulliver%2527s_Travels/G2T65SUH">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> while a few others were classical or neoclassical in style. Such were Ierne for Ireland, Iberia for Spain, Noveborac for New York (from <a href="/facts/Eboracum/C8VFPRlT">Eboracum</a>, the Roman name for <a href="/facts/York/yzCEPtHz">York</a>) and Columbia for America—at the time used in the sense of "European colonies in the New World".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <p>By the time of the <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">Revolution</a>, the name Columbia had lost the comic overtone of its Lilliputian origins and had become established as an alternative, or poetic, name for America. While the name America is necessarily scanned with four syllables, according to 18th-century rules of English versification Columbia was normally scanned with three, which is often more metrically convenient. For instance, the name appears in a collection of complimentary poems written by Harvard graduates in 1761 on the occasion of the marriage and coronation of King George III.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p>Behold, Britannia! in thy favour'd Isle; At distance, thou, Columbia! view thy Prince, For ancestors renowned, for virtues more;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> <p>The name Columbia rapidly came to be applied to a variety of items reflecting American identity. A ship built in Massachusetts in 1773 received the name <i><a href="/facts/Columbia_Rediviva/XFv4s9Y1">Columbia Rediviva</a></i> and it later became famous as an exploring ship and lent its name to new Columbias. </p> <h3>After independence</h3> <p>With independence, the name became popular and was given to many <a href="/facts/Columbia_County_(disambiguation)/ce0NWULS">counties</a>, <a href="/facts/Columbia_Township_(disambiguation)/mt1hhXET">townships</a>, and towns as well as other institutions. </p> <ul><li>In 1784, the former King's College in New York City had its name changed to <a href="/facts/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University/up2EKu9B">Columbia College</a>, which became the nucleus of the present-day Ivy League <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a>.</li> <li>In 1786, the name Columbia was given to the <a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_South_Carolina/KaG0e4KW">new capital city</a> of <a href="/facts/South_Carolina/lQQX84IS">South Carolina</a>. Columbia is also the name of at least 19 other towns in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tammany_Hall/jgMccJsu">Tammany Hall</a>, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was a political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society.</li> <li>In 1791, three commissioners appointed by President <a href="/facts/George_Washington/ucb7mE4Q">George Washington</a> named the area destined for the seat of the United States government the territory of Columbia. In 1801, it was organized as the <a href="/facts/District_of_Columbia/enXPK156">District of Columbia</a>.</li> <li>In 1792, the <i><a href="/facts/Columbia_Rediviva/XFv4s9Y1">Columbia Rediviva</a></i> sailing ship gave its name to the <a href="/facts/Columbia_River/XTEInQB8">Columbia River</a> in the American Northwest (much later, the <i>Rediviva</i> gave its name to the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Columbia/uF51RXWM">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a>).</li> <li>In 1798, <a href="/facts/Joseph_Hopkinson/Wt795vHf">Joseph Hopkinson</a> wrote lyrics for <a href="/facts/Philip_Phile/D06QkQNR">Philip Phile</a>'s 1789 <a href="/facts/The_President%2527s_March/1n7xG8Q8">inaugural president's march</a> under the new title of "<a href="/facts/Hail%2c_Columbia/1n7xG8Q8">Hail, Columbia</a>". Once used as <i>de facto</i> national anthem of the United States, it is now used as the entrance march of the <a href="/facts/Vice_President_of_the_United_States/tYWUGv0A">Vice President of the United States</a>.</li> <li>In 1819, The name of the country <a href="/facts/Gran_Colombia/vJHTFPv0">Gran Colombia</a>.</li> <li>In 1821, citizens of <a href="/facts/Boone_County%2c_Missouri/PYTNLpL6">Boone County, Missouri</a>, chose the name for their new city <a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Missouri/oF76f5AF">Columbia, Missouri</a>,</li> <li>In 1865 <a href="/facts/Jules_Verne/lLA0B0EF">Jules Verne</a>'s novel <i><a href="/facts/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon/AFj0vbtT">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i>, the spacecraft to the Moon was fired from a giant <a href="/facts/Columbiad/mWR08pz2">Columbiad</a> cannon.</li></ul> <p>In part, the more frequent usage of the name "Columbia" reflected a rising American <a href="/facts/Neoclassicism/uWYVqQMj">neoclassicism</a>, exemplified in the tendency to use Roman terms and symbols. The selection of the <a href="/facts/Bald_eagle/sPc1AQCj">eagle</a> as the <a href="/facts/National_bird/XSnMQjSv">national bird</a>, the <a href="/facts/Eagle_(heraldry)/UQWjJP15">heraldric use of the eagle</a>, the use of the term <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate/VyzXHE01">Senate</a> to describe the <a href="/facts/Upper_house/c1en2HMa">upper house</a> of <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">Congress</a> and the naming of <a href="/facts/Capitol_Hill%2c_Washington%2c_D.C./mUXlCGsn">Capitol Hill</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Capitol/UFAR0zx8">Capitol building</a> were all conscious evocations of Roman precedents. </p> <h3>During Civil War</h3> <p>During the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">Civil War</a>, the Union faced a coin shortage and issued <a href="/facts/Fractional_currency/p73txJ4t">Fractional currency</a> depicting busts of <a href="/facts/George_Washington/ucb7mE4Q">George Washington</a> and others, as well as allegorical figures such as Columbia and <a href="/facts/Liberty_(personification)/M83CJr5S">Liberty</a>. The <a href="/facts/Confederate_States_of_America/jMSDM4q3">Confederacy</a> also issued currency depicting allegorical figures such as Columbia and Liberty. However, Columbia depicted on these is very similar to the <a href="/facts/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment/BXVFzLkF">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a> on the <a href="/facts/United_States_Capitol/UFAR0zx8">United States Capitol</a> building. </p> <p>Those on the <a href="/facts/Union_(American_Civil_War)/KW6wJt7J">Union</a> side drew Columbia and the flag on envelopes to show their allegiance to the <a href="/facts/Union_(American_Civil_War)/KW6wJt7J">Union</a>. </p> <p>"<a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean/4mLF4Uxv">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>" became popular during the Civil War. The song has lyrics praising the Union in the third verse. (Today, this part is usually not sung.) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <blockquote> <p>The Union, the Union forever, Our glorious nation's sweet hymn, May the wreaths it has won never wither, Nor the stars of its glory grow dim, May the service united ne'er sever, But they to their colors prove true. The Army and Navy forever, When borne by the red, white, and blue. 𝄆 When borne by the red, white, and blue. 𝄇 The Army and Navy for ever, Three cheers for the red, white and blue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> </blockquote> <p>Her statue is used on many of the Civil War monuments. Some of them are listed in this page. </p> <h3>Early 20th century</h3> <p>In the early 20th century, women dressed up as Columbia in parades to appeal for <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_suffrage/4sRR3ad7">women's suffrage</a>. </p> <p>Early in <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> (1914–1918), the image of Columbia standing over a kneeling "doughboy" was issued in lieu of the <a href="/facts/Purple_Heart/4JbJgLc6">Purple Heart</a> medal. She gave "to her son the accolade of the new chivalry of humanity" for injuries sustained in the World War. </p><p>In World War I, the name <a href="/facts/Liberty_Bond/zotWWQyK">Liberty Bond</a> for savings bonds was heavily publicized, often with images from the <a href="/facts/Statue_of_Liberty/TlymQ7JI">Statue of Liberty</a> (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>). The personification of Columbia fell out of use and was largely replaced by the Statue of Liberty as a feminine symbol of the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>After <a href="/facts/Columbia_Pictures/J35aASat">Columbia Pictures</a> adopted Columbia as its <a href="/facts/Columbia_Pictures/J35aASat">logo</a> in 1924, she has since appeared as bearing a torch similar to that of the <a href="/facts/Statue_of_Liberty/TlymQ7JI">Statue of Liberty</a>, unlike 19th-century depictions of Columbia. The Columbia Pictures logo is the most famous and prominent display of Columbia to many current Americans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>21st century</h3> <p>In 2023, on the <a href="/facts/Commemorative_medal/02tcfXrr">commemorative medal</a> issued by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Mint/fEWkxmTP">U.S.Mint</a>, Columbia does not wear a <a href="/facts/Phrygian_cap/H6ej4n8p">Phrygian cap</a> and does not carry a weapon or shield as in the World War I poster. Instead, Columbia is holding an <a href="/facts/American_flag/HNXzSR4J">American flag</a> and shaking hands with an <a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">American Indian</a>. Between them sits a bust of Washington and the inscription "PEACE." Around them are elements symbolic of American life, both native and industrial. This medal is a reproduction of one issued in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> On a <a href="/facts/Commemorative_coin/bl6pcz66">commemorative coin</a> issued in 2024 depicting <a href="/facts/Liberty_(personification)/M83CJr5S">Liberty</a>, the designers studied not only the liberty but also the portrayal of Columbia to depict liberty. The race of Liberty depicted on this coin is ambiguous.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Like other national symbols such as <a href="/facts/Marianne/IdwhBqAr">Marianne</a>, <a href="/facts/Britannia/5f2b1rFl">Britannia</a>, and Liberty, Columbia's appearance and depiction has changed over time as a <a href="/facts/National_symbol/atuzCyIM">national symbol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="columbian">Columbian</h2> <p>The adjective <i>Columbian</i> has been used to mean "of or from the United States of America" such as in the 1893 <a href="/facts/World%2527s_Columbian_Exposition/L2EMHI1z">World's Columbian Exposition</a> held in <a href="/facts/Chicago%2c_Illinois/yPMokrXH">Chicago, Illinois</a>. It has occasionally been proposed as an <a href="/facts/Alternative_words_for_American/ofy0e8ow">alternative word for American</a>. </p><p>Columbian should not be confused with the adjective <a href="/facts/Pre-Columbian/0Ntjleee">pre-Columbian</a>, which refers to a time period before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. </p> <h2 id="personification">Personification</h2> <p>As a quasi-mythical figure, Columbia first appears in the poetry of the African-American <a href="/facts/Phillis_Wheatley/YceIvtbs">Phillis Wheatley</a> in October 1775, during the Revolutionary War:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <blockquote> <p>One century scarce perform'd its destined round, When Gallic powers Columbia's fury found; And so may you, whoever dares disgrace The land of freedom's heaven-defended race! Fix'd are the eyes of nations on the scales, For in their hopes Columbia's arm prevails.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> </blockquote> <h3>Appearance</h3> <p>Especially in the 19th century, Columbia was visualized as a <a href="/facts/Liberty_(goddess)/M83CJr5S">goddess-like</a> female <a href="/facts/National_personification/DJp0w5lv">national personification</a> of the United States and of liberty itself, comparable to the British <a href="/facts/Britannia/5f2b1rFl">Britannia</a>, the Italian <a href="/facts/Italia_Turrita/ozI2nMeL">Italia Turrita</a> and the French <a href="/facts/Marianne/IdwhBqAr">Marianne</a>, often seen in <a href="/facts/Political_cartoon/1hjDjQFU">political cartoons</a> of the 19th and early 20th century. The personification was sometimes called Lady Columbia or Miss Columbia. Such an iconography usually personified America in the form of an Indian queen or Native American princess.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The image of the personified Columbia was never fixed, but she was most often presented as a woman between youth and middle age, wearing classically draped garments decorated with stars and stripes. A popular version gave her a red-and-white-striped dress and a blue blouse, shawl, or sash, spangled with white stars. Her headdress varied and sometimes it included feathers reminiscent of a Native American headdress while other times it was a <a href="/facts/Laurel_wreath/lwmGFtoc">laurel wreath</a>, but most often, it was a <a href="/facts/Cap_of_liberty/H6ej4n8p">cap of liberty</a>. </p> <h3>Sculptures and Statues of Columbia</h3> <p>Statues of the personified Columbia may be found among others in the following places: </p> <ul><li>The 1863 <a href="/facts/Statue_of_Freedom/DS4YKKvG">Statue of Freedom</a> atop the <a href="/facts/United_States_Capitol/UFAR0zx8">United States Capitol</a> building, though not actually called Columbia, shares many of her iconic characteristics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>The replica <a href="/facts/Statue_of_the_Republic/wkTQGvf8">Statue of the Republic</a> (Golden Lady) in Chicago's <a href="/facts/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)/opoStkJQ">Jackson Park</a> is often understood to be Columbia. It is one of the remaining icons of the 1893 <a href="/facts/World%2527s_Columbian_Exposition/L2EMHI1z">World's Columbian Exposition</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment/BXVFzLkF">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a> on the <a href="/facts/United_States_Capitol/UFAR0zx8">United States Capitol</a> building.</li> <li>The Genius of America Pediment on the <a href="/facts/United_States_Capitol/UFAR0zx8">United States Capitol</a> building.</li> <li>Above the main entrance on the north side of the <a href="/facts/Arts_and_Industries_Building/qw8NF5zE">Arts and Industries Building</a>.(<a href="/facts/Smithsonian_Museum/pqC74ta9">Smithsonian Museum</a>) in Washington D.C.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Pediment/cUwQ9tbj">pediment</a> on the <a href="/facts/Andrew_W._Mellon_Auditorium/0h4VPtSm">Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li>Atop the <a href="/facts/USS_Maine_National_Monument/dYwypw9u">USS Maine National Monument</a> in <a href="/facts/Central_Park/QgR0k7Hl">Central Park</a>, in Manhattan, New York City</li> <li>Atop Philadelphia's <a href="/facts/Memorial_Hall_(Philadelphia)/bLU91Tfs">Memorial Hall</a>, built 1876</li> <li>Atop the <a href="/facts/Salt_Lake_City_and_County_Building/3NXc0pbX">Salt Lake City and County Building</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Pediment/cUwQ9tbj">pediment</a> on the <a href="/facts/Colorado_State_Capitol_Building/JQtu2EAe">Colorado State Capitol Building</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Above the <a href="/facts/Statue_of_Francis_Scott_Key_(San_Francisco)/JSzaohjR">Statue of Francis Scott Key</a> in San Francisco, California. The Statue of Francis Scott Key was removed, but the Statue of Columbia remains in place.</li> <li>Above the <a href="/facts/Francis_Scott_Key_Monument/gB1TWzkD">Francis Scott Key Monument</a> in Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li>In the <a href="/facts/Mount_Olivet_Cemetery_(Frederick%2c_Maryland)/GkfkvdHg">Mount Olivet Cemetery</a> in <a href="/facts/Frederick%2c_Maryland/9SrWUyBP">Frederick</a>, Maryland.</li> <li>In the Bountiful Veteran's Park in <a href="/facts/Bountiful%2c_Utah/fpjVysnr">Bountiful</a>, <a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Civil War Monuments</h3> <ul><li>Atop the <a href="/facts/Soldiers%2527_and_Sailors%2527_Arch/KIcas8kg">Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch</a> in Brooklyn, New York.</li> <li>Atop the <a href="/facts/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_(Troy%2c_New_York)/XGUwjuEY">Soldiers and Sailors Monument</a> in <a href="/facts/Troy%2c_New_York/n0UNNjWY">Troy, New York</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>The Illinois monument in the <a href="/facts/Andersonville_National_Cemetery/SuEm5AFa">Andersonville National Cemetery</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>The Civil War Monument at Central Park in Jacksonville, Illinois.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>Atop the Steuben County Soldiers' Monument in <a href="/facts/Angola%2c_Indiana/EG01Gx6H">Angola, Indiana</a>.</li> <li>Salisbury Soldiers' Monument. in Civil War Memorial Park ,<a href="/facts/Salisbury/NJoAdBsG">Salisbury</a>, Connecticut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>In the Columbia Triumphant Park in <a href="/facts/Monmouth_County/upLg4UNc">Monmouth County</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>WWI Monuments</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Victory_Monument_(Chicago)/tpLTjnX6">Victory Monument (Chicago)</a>. It was built to honor the African-American unit that served with distinction in France during WWI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Littlefield_Fountain/m2NXG8FS">Littlefield Fountain</a> in <a href="/facts/Austin%2c_Texas/xpVP4t98">Austin</a>, Texas.</li> <li>Outside the <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama_Academy_of_International_Studies_6%25E2%2580%259312/XgX394U5">Barack Obama Academy of International Studies</a> in <a href="/facts/Pittsburgh/42yPHyS0">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania. It was restored in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>The hospers Memorial Statues in <a href="/facts/Hospers/v4cDPL9w">Hospers</a>, Iowa. This statue is colored and the model for Columbia is a local young woman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>The Oak Park River Forest War Memorial in <a href="/facts/Oak_Park%2c_Illinois/1RIfxYlb">Oak Park</a> ,Illinois.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>The World War I memorial in Edgemont Park ,<a href="/facts/Montclair%2c_New_Jersey/t9FY0EkG">Montclair</a>, New Jersey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>The Victory Monument in The <a href="/facts/Victory_Park_Historic_District/3YtscSeQ">Victory Park Historic District</a> of <a href="/facts/Manchester/2Do01QHs">Manchester</a>, New Hampshire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>WWII Monuments</h3> <ul><li>In the <a href="/facts/National_Memorial_Cemetery_of_the_Pacific/CWClT3lF">National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific</a> in Hawaii</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/West_Coast_Memorial_to_the_Missing_of_World_War_II/ulemGICp">West Coast Memorial to the Missing of World War II</a> in San Francisco, California.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Outside the United States</h3> <ul><li>On the wall of the New York Palace building in <a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>.</li> <li>On the wall of the Atlantic Chambers building in <a href="/facts/Liverpool/kTqATlxg">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/facts/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial/WfXC1dbx">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a> in <a href="/facts/Colleville-sur-Mer/eq4AxDxw">Colleville-sur-Mer</a>, <a href="/facts/Normandy/0NfFuSct">Normandy</a>, France</li> <li>On the <a href="/facts/Ch%25C3%25A2teau-Thierry_American_Monument/xJIJzbmb">Château-Thierry American Monument</a> in <a href="/facts/Aisne/zMmU63Ff">Aisne</a>, France<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="modern-appearances">Modern appearances</h2> <p>Since 1800, the name Columbia has been used for <a href="/facts/Columbia_(disambiguation)/QHC7SAuH">a wide variety of items and places</a>: </p> <ul><li>The naming of the <a href="/facts/New_World/dzUuo3Xl">New World</a> and of the newly independent country of <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a> after Christopher Columbus in the early 19th century is discussed at <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia § Etymology</a>.</li> <li>In the 1840s, <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a>, which is now a province of Canada, was named by <a href="/facts/Queen_Victoria/CgxSlQ4g">Queen Victoria</a>. The details of the naming of the <a href="/facts/Columbia_River/XTEInQB8">Columbia River</a> and the Columbia provinces around it are discussed at <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia § Origin of the Name</a>.</li> <li>The element <a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">niobium</a> was first called columbium, a name which some people still use today. The name columbium, coined by the chemist <a href="/facts/Charles_Hatchett/ShhsahJz">Charles Hatchett</a> upon his discovery of the metal in 1801,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> reflected that the type specimen of the <a href="/facts/Ore/kgc9DssX">ore</a> came from America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Street/cCpWWXtB">Avenues and streets</a> in various cities and towns throughout the United States named Columbia Avenue or Columbia Street, such as the <a href="/facts/Columbia_Avenue_Historic_District/FPuj1Bjr">Columbia Avenue Historic District</a> in <a href="/facts/Davenport%2c_Iowa/Yu3wpuKW">Davenport, Iowa</a>, and various Columbia Avenues in <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a> cities.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia_County%2c_Wisconsin/8e2WtqAb">Columbia County, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia_County%2c_Pennsylvania/RHwr2FT9">Columbia County, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Kentucky/zxGXh5mP">Columbia, Kentucky</a> in <a href="/facts/Adair_County%2c_Kentucky/B6SVhTgK">Adair County</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Pennsylvania/DxIDmfXb">Columbia, Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/facts/Lancaster_County%2c_Pennsylvania/7r0Iy4QV">Lancaster County</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Maryland/kvYeS4q2">Columbia, Maryland</a> in <a href="/facts/Howard_County%2c_Maryland/h3hKo4XA">Howard County</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Connecticut/ruzqmd9w">Columbia, Connecticut</a> in <a href="/facts/Tolland_County%2c_Connecticut/4gV0yt5G">Tolland County</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/South_Carolina/lQQX84IS">South Carolina</a> state capital of <a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_South_Carolina/KaG0e4KW">Columbia</a>, located in <a href="/facts/Richland_County%2c_South_Carolina/o7RQATdF">Richland County</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Missouri/oF76f5AF">Columbia, Missouri</a> in <a href="/facts/Boone_County%2c_Missouri/PYTNLpL6">Boone County</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Tennessee/lRYYIESm">Columbia, Tennessee</a> in <a href="/facts/Maury_County%2c_Tennessee/yUHX6Py6">Maury County</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia_Square%2c_Savannah/jBfPj7SY">Columbia Square, Savannah</a></li> <li>The name Columbia has been used as the name of many ships. For example <a href="/facts/USS_Columbia_(SSN-771)/j7g7l1Jp">USS <i>Columbia</i> (SSN-771)</a> is named for three cities: <a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Illinois/1kqxQ9Pb">Columbia, Illinois</a>, <a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Missouri/oF76f5AF">Columbia, Missouri</a> and <a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_South_Carolina/KaG0e4KW">Columbia, South Carolina</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a>, an <a href="/facts/Ivy_League/BJchlDEN">Ivy League</a> university in <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a> that first adopted the name Columbia College in 1784 to replace King's College</li> <li>The song "<a href="/facts/Hail%2c_Columbia/1n7xG8Q8">Hail, Columbia</a>," an <a href="/facts/American_patriotic_music/vBbKfzAb">American patriotic song</a>. It was considered with several other songs one of the unofficial <a href="/facts/National_anthems/2ga6za4W">national anthems</a> of the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> until 1931, when "<a href="/facts/The_Star-Spangled_Banner/GrMnRnSd">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>" was officially named the national anthem.</li> <li>The song "<a href="/facts/Columbia%2c_Gem_of_the_Ocean/4mLF4Uxv">Columbia, Gem of the Ocean</a>" (1843) commemorates the United States under the name Columbia.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia_Records/yV1YYE69">Columbia Records</a>, founded in 1888, took its name from its headquarters in the District of Columbia.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia_Pictures/J35aASat">Columbia Pictures</a>, named in 1924, uses a version of the personified Columbia as its logo after a great deal of experimentation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CBS/BhMsVoej">CBS</a>'s former legal name was the Columbia Broadcasting System, first used in 1928. The name derived from an investor, the Columbia Phonograph Manufacturing Company, which owned Columbia Records.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Apollo_command_and_service_module/rfoTgzFx">Command Module</a> of the <a href="/facts/Apollo_11/BdUKVnQP">Apollo 11</a> spacecraft, the first crewed mission to land on the Moon, was named <i><a href="/facts/Command_module_Columbia/1xL090h3">Columbia</a></i> (1969).</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Columbia/uF51RXWM">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a>, built in 1975 to 1979, was named for the exploring ship <i><a href="/facts/Columbia_Rediviva/XFv4s9Y1">Columbia</a></i>.</li> <li>A personified Columbia appears in <i><a href="/facts/Uncle_Sam_(Vertigo)/Nf0FHAWb">Uncle Sam</a></i>, a graphic novel about American history (1997).</li> <li>The setting of the steampunk video game <i><a href="/facts/BioShock_Infinite/Mc9qGyGN">BioShock Infinite</a></i> is the alternate reality city of Columbia, which makes frequent use of Columbia's image. Columbia herself is believed to be an archangel by the citizens.</li> <li>In the mobile game <a href="/facts/Arknights/R70wkexe">Arknights</a>, Columbia is used as the name of an in-game country that is based on the United States.</li> <li>Columbia, played by <a href="/facts/Laura_Bell_Bundy/pUB8XNdz">Laura Bell Bundy</a>, appears in season two of the <a href="/facts/Starz/3jHC7DkP">Starz</a> series <i><a href="/facts/American_Gods_(TV_series)/b7ysg6GS">American Gods</a></i>, based on the 2001 <a href="/facts/American_Gods/QrKYzMCM">novel of the same name</a> by <a href="/facts/Neil_Gaiman/wbt3y5h1">Neil Gaiman</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/International_Typographical_Union/wC4NpoUo">Columbia Typographical Union/CWA No. 101</a> is the oldest existing local union in the United States.</li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Statue_of_Liberty/TlymQ7JI">Statue of Liberty</a> (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>), the more common female personification of the United States beginning in the 20th century</li> <li><a href="/facts/National_personification/DJp0w5lv">List of national personifications</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Britannia/5f2b1rFl">Britannia</a>, a similar symbol for Britain</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marianne/IdwhBqAr">Marianne</a>, a similar symbol for France</li> <li><a href="/facts/Personification_of_Russia/KbussoFr">Mother Russia</a>, a medieval feminine personification of Russia</li> <li><a href="/facts/Germania_(personification)/V7o3CzwU">Germania</a>, a female personification of Germany</li> <li><a href="/facts/Italia_turrita/ozI2nMeL">Italia turrita</a>, a similar symbol for Italy</li> <li><a href="/facts/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe/tKnq9aUz">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, a similar symbol for Mexico, albeit of religious nature</li> <li><a href="/facts/Goddess_of_Democracy/kcobGQJm">Goddess of Democracy</a>, a destroyed statue in Tiananmen Square</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lady_Justice/mR6I0Kgh">Lady Justice</a>, the personification of law and justice</li> <li><a href="/facts/Liberty_(personification)/M83CJr5S">Liberty</a>, a goddess personification of Liberty</li></ul> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America", <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i>. 100: 50–51, JSTOR or <a href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517731.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li>Le Corbeiller, Clare (1961), "Miss America and Her Sisters: Personifications of the Four Parts of the World", <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>, vol. 19, pp. 210–223, <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257853.pdf.bannered.pdf">PDF</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805162053/https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257853.pdf.bannered.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-05 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/George_R._Stewart/mLgDMIUz">George R. Stewart</a> (1967). <i>Names on the Land</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston.</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columbia. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Donald Dewey (2007). The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons. New York University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780814719855. Retrieved February 1, 2020. (Minus the torch and the book, Columbia herself had been called 'Liberty' long before F. S. Bartholdi's sculpture was dedicated in New York harbor in 1886.) <a href="9780814719855" target="_blank">9780814719855</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Le Corbellier, 210–218 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 100: 48. Retrieved July 3, 2022. America alone was a savage. An early predilection for exhibiting her as a naked cannibal, toying with a severed head or a half-roasted human arm, gave way in the seventeenth century to less threatening but still muscular images. She became, for example, a barbaric queen, borne aloft in a giant conch shell, scattering baubles from her cornucopia to the European adventurers crowding below [...]. <a href="/wiki/John_Higham_(historian)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Higham_(historian)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Higham, 55–57 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Thomas J. Schlereth, "Columbia, Columbus, and Columbianism" in The Journal of American History, v. 79, no. 3 (1992), 939 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 8, June 1738, p. 285 <a href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ilej/image1.pl?item=page&seq=5&size=1&id=gm.1738.6.x.8.x.x.285a" target="_blank">http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ilej/image1.pl?item=page&seq=5&size=1&id=gm.1738.6.x.8.x.x.285a</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Massachusetts Historical Society (December 1885). Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. University of Michigan. Boston : The Society. p. 159.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BaxpalYegj0C/page/n197" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BaxpalYegj0C/page/n197</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Johnson, Samuel (1787). Debates in Parliament: Nov. 19, 1740-April 16, 1741. J. Stockdale. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DoJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR13" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_DoJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR13</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>The New England Historical and Genealogical Register. New England Historic Genealogical Society. 1886. pp. 310–313. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_P1v1mqnsOYC&pg=PA310" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_P1v1mqnsOYC&pg=PA310</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Pietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos, no. xxix. Boston, Green and Russell, 1761. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Columbia the Gem of the Ocean". Liberty of Congress. Retrieved July 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000004/" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000004/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Deutsch-Englisches Liederbuch: für dt. Schulen in d. Vereinigten Staaten von America. Steiger. 1864. pp. 110–111. Retrieved July 10, 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h11cAAAAcAAJ&dq=The+Union,+the+Union+forever,+Our+glorious+nation&pg=PA111" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=h11cAAAAcAAJ&dq=The+Union,+the+Union+forever,+Our+glorious+nation&pg=PA111</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>David E. Nye (1996). American Technological Sublime. MIT Press. p. 266. ISBN 9780262640343. <a href="9780262640343" target="_blank">9780262640343</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Shane, Cari. "Before Lady Liberty, There Was Lady Columbia, America's First National Mascot". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/before-lady-liberty-lady-columbia-180982722/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/before-lady-liberty-lady-columbia-180982722/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Presidential Silver Medal Honoring Andrew Johnson Available August 14". United States Mint. Retrieved July 25, 2024. <a href="https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/presidential-silver-medal-honoring-andrew-johnson-available-august-14" target="_blank">https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/presidential-silver-medal-honoring-andrew-johnson-available-august-14</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Britannia and Liberty: Behind the Design". The Royal Mint. Retrieved July 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.royalmint.com/britannia/britannia-and-liberty/behind-the-design/." target="_blank">https://www.royalmint.com/britannia/britannia-and-liberty/behind-the-design/.</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"The UK's Royal Mint makes history with a new coin featuring Britannia as a woman of color". CNN Style. March 19, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/royal-mint-britannia-2021/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/royal-mint-britannia-2021/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Steele, Thomas J. (1981). "The Figure of Columbia: Phillis Wheatley plus George Washington". The New England Quarterly. 54 (2): 264–266. doi:10.2307/364975. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 364975. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364975" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/364975</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Enclosure: Poem by Phillis Wheatley, 26 October 1775". Retrieved December 7, 2023. <a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-02-02-0222-0002" target="_blank">https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-02-02-0222-0002</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Selections from Phillis Wheatley Poems and Letters Archived 2006-09-08 at archive.today <a href="http://www.comcol.umass.edu/academics/poetsofnewengland/wheatley.html" target="_blank">http://www.comcol.umass.edu/academics/poetsofnewengland/wheatley.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Origins: The Female Form as Allegory". Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023185114/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/LIBERTY/origins.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191023185114/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/LIBERTY/origins.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Hail Columbia". Hail Columbia. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118060321/http://hailcolumbia.us/about-us/about-columbia/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121118060321/http://hailcolumbia.us/about-us/about-columbia/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Literata (2011). "Columbia". The Order of the White Moon Goddess Gallery. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024080034/http://orderwhitemoon.org/goddess/Columbia%20Level%203%20Project.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121024080034/http://orderwhitemoon.org/goddess/Columbia%20Level%203%20Project.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Columbia Beckons from the Pediment, But How Did She Get There? Exploring Colorado Capitol Architecture". Colorado Ligesource. August 11, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2024. <a href="https://legisource.net/2016/08/11/columbia-beckons-from-the-pediment-but-how-did-she-get-there-exploring-colorado-capitol-architecture/" target="_blank">https://legisource.net/2016/08/11/columbia-beckons-from-the-pediment-but-how-did-she-get-there-exploring-colorado-capitol-architecture/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Bountiful Veteran's Park". Bountiful Veteran's Park. Retrieved July 22, 2024. <a href="https://bountifulveteranspark.org/columbia/" target="_blank">https://bountifulveteranspark.org/columbia/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"History in Bronze: Troy's Monument Square". News10. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024. The 17-tall bronze statue ... depicts the Goddess Columbia <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604014458/https://www.news10.com/news/history-in-bronze-troys-monument-square/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240604014458/https://www.news10.com/news/history-in-bronze-troys-monument-square/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Illinois monument". National Park Service. Retrieved July 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/illinois_monument.htm" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/illinois_monument.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Civil War Monument, Central Park, Jacksonville, Illinois". SAINT LOUIS PATIENTNA. April 9, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2024. <a href="https://stlouispatina.com/civil-war-monument-central-park-jacksonville-illinois/" target="_blank">https://stlouispatina.com/civil-war-monument-central-park-jacksonville-illinois/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Columbia, (sculpture)". Art Inventories Catalog Smithsonian American Art Museum Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS). 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