Killing of Nahel Merzouk

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Crime_in_France/gRF63cB4">Crime in France</a> and <a href="/facts/Law_enforcement_in_France/IAPV93bI">Law enforcement in France</a>

France saw a rise in <a href="/facts/Police_violence_in_France/Efeu38vC">police violence in France</a> in the years before the killing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> In 2017, a law was passed permitting police to shoot at a vehicle fleeing a traffic stop, if the driver was putting the passengers or passersby at risk. This shooting was the third fatal shooting that occurred during a traffic stop in France in 2023. In 2020, there were three deaths, followed by two in 2021, and 13 in 2022,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> leading to the indictment of five police officers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The victims were often people of <a href="/facts/Black_People/khyfdI6h">black</a> or <a href="/facts/Maghreb/oIcU24Mz">Maghrebi</a> origin, leading to allegations of <a href="/facts/Systemic_racism/k8pjbfYq">systemic racism</a> within the French police.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> In May 2023, national representatives at the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council/JRGJgtSc">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> criticized the country's police force and urged the implementation of significant measures to address excessive use of force in demonstrations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> The French government has frequently downplayed instances of <a href="/facts/Police_violence/e5UIk1eG">police violence</a>, sometimes even avoiding the use of the term itself, while <a href="/facts/Police_union/zLf9SlcS">police unions</a> opposed repealing or revising the 2017 law.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
On 19 July 2016, <a href="/facts/Death_of_Adama_Traor%25C3%25A9/rezhI5gc">Adama Traoré</a>, a 24-year-old black man, died while in custody after being restrained and apprehended by the police.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> This incident sparked widespread public outcry and protests, which reignited in May 2020 when the officers involved were cleared of any wrongdoing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> On 14 June 2023, Alhoussein Camara, a 19-year-old, was killed during a road check in <a href="/facts/Angoul%25C3%25AAme/JbrXhaxV">Angoulême</a>. His body was <a href="/facts/Repatriation/qCbTlgeY">repatriated</a> to <a href="/facts/Conakry/6HgCdvgl">Conakry</a>, <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a>, by his family and the Guinean authorities. While there, they appealed to France for justice to be served.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="victim">Victim</h2>
Nahel Merzouk (French pronunciation: [naɛl mɛʁzuk]; <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: نايل مرزوق) was a 17-year-old enrolled at the Lycée Louis-Blériot in <a href="/facts/Suresnes/88N9olHl">Suresnes</a>, where he attended classes for six months before dropping out and working as a pizza delivery driver in Nanterre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> He did not have a driving license allowing him to drive the rented Mercedes he died in.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> According to a paramedic who knew him, his father left his mother before he was born.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
According to his family's lawyers, Merzouk had no criminal record but the prosecutor confirmed he was "known to police",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> particularly for resisting arrest, and had been charged with resisting arrest the previous weekend and five times since 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> According to information leaked to <a href="/facts/Europe_1/8NQd7cxU">Europe 1</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> his police file (TAJ) included 15 recorded incidents, including the use of false license plates and driving without insurance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="shooting">Shooting</h2>
<h3>Prosecution version</h3>

According to the public prosecutor of <a href="/facts/Nanterre/woQ1dLdf">Nanterre</a>, two <a href="/facts/Paris_Police_Prefecture/H5DbkeYN">Paris Police Prefecture</a> motorcycle officers noticed a <a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class_(W177)/0vfRqnyP">Mercedes-Benz A Class</a> AMG with a Polish license plate driving at high speed in a bus lane, driven by a young-looking person at around 7:55 am. The officers activated their warning signals (audible and visual) and indicated to the driver of the car, then stationary at a red traffic light, to stop. The vehicle started moving and ran the red light. The officers followed the car and alerted their superiors via radio. The car committed multiple traffic violations, endangering a pedestrian and a cyclist.
Due to traffic congestion, the vehicle was eventually forced to stop. The police officers got off their motorcycles, pointed their guns at the driver, and ordered him to turn off the engine. Instead, the vehicle started to pull away, and one of the police officers, 38-year-old Florian M., working his ninth consecutive day without a day off, fired a shot at the driver at point-blank range. The vehicle continued forward before crashing into the street sign marking the Nelson Mandela Square<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> at 8:19 am. The rear passenger was arrested when he exited the vehicle. The front right passenger fled. Florian M. provided first aid to the driver, who was pronounced dead at 9:15 am.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
Police records indicate that Merzouk was known for previous incidents in which he failed to comply with <a href="/facts/Traffic_stop/J5BfnuoC">traffic stops</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> On the day of his death, it is alleged that he "disobeyed and committed several traffic offences, endangering the lives of a pedestrian and a cyclist", and refused to turn off the ignition. Police shot Merzouk when the Mercedes began moving forward after it had been stopped.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
The use of firearms by the police, during traffic controls in the event of failure to comply, is currently regulated by a law adopted in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
Authorities arrested Florian M. on suspicion of "voluntary homicide by a person in authority".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Police unions complained against the arrest. <a href="/facts/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)/Frym8DAV">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25A9rald_Darmanin/4VHVtmwn">Gérald Darmanin</a> said he would seek the dissolution of a small far-right union, Syndicat France Police, which welcomed the shooting of Merzouk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

<h3>Police version challenged by a video</h3>
According to the police, Florian M. fired his weapon as the young driver was about to run him over.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> This version, citing self-defense, was challenged after the publication of a video showing that the car was not in a position to harm the police officers and was not heading towards them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> According to <a href="/facts/Le_Monde/MrP78sIH">Le Monde</a>, "the 50-second sequence, which has gone viral on social media, has literally swept away the language elements initially disseminated by police sources and repeated by some media." The video shows that the two police officers were on the driver's side of the Mercedes. The car was moving off when the officer fired the shot at point-blank range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>

<h3>Version from the third passenger</h3>
On 30 June 2023, a third passenger aboard the Mercedes testified that Merzouk received several <a href="/facts/Buttstroke/zC9BlfPf">buttstrokes</a>. According to them, the third buttstroke made Merzouk release the brake pedal, causing the car to move forward, given that the gearbox was automatic. According to <a href="/facts/BFM_TV/9TUwQ8uL">BFM TV</a>, this version differs from that put forward by the police, as according to the <a href="/facts/Prefect_of_Police_of_Paris/H5DbkeYN">Prefect of Police of Paris</a> <a href="/facts/Laurent_Nu%25C3%25B1ez/tjygMNt0">Laurent Nuñez</a>: "the driver had first turned off the engine, restarted the vehicle, then left. It was in this context that the police officer used his firearm."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

<h2 id="investigation">Investigation</h2>
Florian M. is under investigation for <a href="/facts/Manslaughter/NGPBCB66">manslaughter</a> and was placed in custody for the charge of "voluntary homicide by a person in authority".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> The police have maintained that the shooting was an act of self-defense, as they argue that Merzouk was driving towards the officer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> However, since the video was released, this claim has faced significant criticism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Yassine Bouzrou, a lawyer representing Merzouk, has stated that the video completely disproves this assertion and alleges that the brigadier<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> had an "intention to kill".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Other lawyers representing Merzouk have made similar remarks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
Two investigations have been initiated: "refusal to comply" against Merzouk, and "voluntary homicide by a person in authority" against Florian M. The latter investigation has been assigned to the General Inspectorate of the National Police (<a href="/facts/IGPN/nWKoluKW">IGPN</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>

<h2 id="initial-reactions">Initial reactions</h2>
French President Emmanuel Macron declared the incident "inexcusable and unforgivable", adding that it "moved the entire nation". Macron's statements were a rare critique of French law enforcement from government officials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> The <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a>'s <a href="/facts/Hugh_Schofield/1wodhNll">Hugh Schofield</a> attributed this to the effects of social media, allowing for the dissemination of such videos with ease, as well as fear stemming from the ensuing riots. <a href="/facts/Alliance_Police_nationale/rCgs1sJl">Alliance Police nationale</a>, the largest French police union, criticized Macron for "condemn[ing] our colleagues before justice has had the chance to speak".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> Far-right politician <a href="/facts/Marine_Le_Pen/KUBjEx2D">Marine Le Pen</a>, leader of the <a href="/facts/National_Rally/vlwwL3PB">National Rally</a> party, dubbed Macron's statements as "excessive" and "irresponsible", adding that "the president is prepared to ignore constitutional principles in a bid to put out a potential fire."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Left-wing politician and former <a href="/facts/La_France_Insoumise/ly33MAaL">La France Insoumise</a> party leader <a href="/facts/Jean-Luc_M%25C3%25A9lenchon/lumdu61N">Jean-Luc Mélenchon</a> called for police reform. <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589ric_Ciotti/RAantHX7">Éric Ciotti</a>, party leader of the conservative party <a href="/facts/The_Republicans_(France)/IWPnTQr6">LR</a>, expressed his support for the police, dubbing them defenders of collective security and denouncing the ensuing unrest as unjustified.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
French football player <a href="/facts/Kylian_Mbapp%25C3%25A9/oxXXQlso">Kylian Mbappé</a> took to <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a> to denounce the incident as "unacceptable" and sent condolences to Merzouk's family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> <a href="/facts/Mike_Maignan/xpUktd2X">Mike Maignan</a>, a footballer for <a href="/facts/AC_Milan/yDRPqvJI">AC Milan</a>, stated on Twitter that "It's always for the same people that being in the wrong leads to death."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
<a href="/facts/FC_Barcelona/x2H1EFug">FC Barcelona</a> footballer <a href="/facts/Jules_Kound%25C3%25A9/2sN0R2sq">Jules Koundé</a> criticized the coverage of the incident, stating that news media were capitalizing on it to "distort the truth" and find excuses to criminalize Merzouk. French actor and comedian <a href="/facts/Omar_Sy/oNFKFNYk">Omar Sy</a> sent condolences to the family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
Merzouk's mother called for a "a revolt for my son" on <a href="/facts/TikTok/LC3FaCbX">TikTok</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> Merzouk's grandmother stated that she lacked forgiveness for the police and government, stating "They killed my grandson, now I don't care about anyone, they took my grandson from me, I will never forgive them in my life, never, never, never."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>
<a href="/facts/Le_Parisien/SLrwSGll">Le Parisien</a> and <a href="/facts/BFM_TV/9TUwQ8uL">BFM TV</a> have been criticized for relaying the police's account without any caution in the early hours of the event, before changing their narrative in response to the video evidence and pressure from other media outlets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
The <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Algeria)/cH1KSDKf">Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> expressed its "shock and consternation the brutal and tragic disappearance of the young Nahel", adding that it trusted the <a href="/facts/Government_of_France/FTgt9l9r">French government</a> to assume its duty of protection and security for Algerian nationals on French territory. The Moroccan press was critical of what it called Algerian interference in internal French domestic affairs and use of the crisis to political advantage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
The <a href="/facts/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights/s43BaRNL">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> asked France to address systemic racism within its police forces, and called for the protests to be peaceful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>
A fundraiser on <a href="/facts/GoFundMe/Qsrod9CX">GoFundMe</a> for the officer's family was set up by the <a href="/facts/French_far-right/lpRq6KMH">far-right</a> politician <a href="/facts/Jean_Messiha/kSzPM1jM">Jean Messiha</a>. When it closed on 4 July, it had raised €1,636,200, far greater than the €200,000 raised in support of Merzouk's family. the officer's family will receive €625,000 after taxation and platform fees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
An article signed by more than one hundred personalities, including <a href="/facts/Angela_Davis/tY3xdYnl">Angela Davis</a>, <a href="/facts/Achille_Mbembe/83nfhCe9">Achille Mbembe</a>, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Piketty/LoNpFsXG">Thomas Piketty</a>, <a href="/facts/Annie_Ernaux/JDLJn78z">Annie Ernaux</a>, <a href="/facts/Eric_Cantona/CcnLpwll">Eric Cantona</a>, <a href="/facts/Judith_Butler/stbGjgkf">Judith Butler</a>, <a href="/facts/Ken_Loach/GVesc7rJ">Ken Loach</a>, <a href="/facts/Ad%25C3%25A8le_Haenel/eFRSLN9M">Adèle Haenel</a>, <a href="/facts/Peter_Gabriel/IYQ3DoTx">Peter Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anne_Teresa_De_Keersmaeker/Ln23SloC">Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker</a> was published in <a href="/facts/L%2527Humanit%25C3%25A9/G0msbsJm">L'Humanité</a>, entitled "This time, everyone has seen" and calling for participation in the united march against police violence on July 15, 2023. They endorsed the demands of groups of families of victims and activist organizations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

<h3>Polemics on immigration</h3>
Céline Pina [fr], in an op-ed in <a href="/facts/Atlantico/bdnHdL0c">Atlantico</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> and Ivan Rioufol [fr], in an op-ed in <a href="/facts/Causeur_(magazine)/nu9PQCvW">Causeur</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> and during an appearance on <a href="/facts/CNews/rJ6x14H1">CNews</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> opined that the violence was related to immigration and Islam. The <a href="/facts/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)/Frym8DAV">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25A9rald_Darmanin/4VHVtmwn">Gérald Darmanin</a>, when asked by a senator from <a href="/facts/The_Republicans_(France)/IWPnTQr6">The Republicans</a> to describe "in what way" the rioters were French, replied that "there were many Kevins and Mattéos among those arrested" and said that he thought any <a href="/facts/Identity_politics/VrWYN0SD">identity-based</a> reading of the events would be a mistake. Darmanin repeated that the policeman who shot Merzouk during a traffic check "obviously did not respect the law".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> The emphasis on immigration by <a href="/facts/The_Republicans_(France)/IWPnTQr6">LR</a> was described by the magazine <a href="/facts/Marianne_(magazine)/PIdwDk43">Marianne</a> as part of a campaign strategy to attract <a href="/facts/Eric_Zemmour/LlHTqSpt">Eric Zemmour</a> and <a href="/facts/Marine_Le_Pen/KUBjEx2D">Marine Le Pen</a> voters in upcoming elections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>

<h2 id="unrest">Unrest</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Nahel_Merzouk_riots/UfTsEySX">Nahel Merzouk riots</a>

Public outcry and outrage over the shooting of Merzouk evolved into protests and riots (with some preferring the term "revolt").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> In Nanterre, residents protested outside the police headquarters on 27 June, which escalated into rioting. Demonstrators set cars alight, trashed bus stops, and shot fireworks at police.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> In <a href="/facts/Viry-Ch%25C3%25A2tillon/cqfHzSBg">Viry-Châtillon</a>, just south of Paris, a group of youths reportedly set a bus ablaze.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>
In <a href="/facts/Mantes-la-Jolie/1HAQdx1x">Mantes-la-Jolie</a>, a town 40 km northwest of Paris,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> the <a href="/facts/Town_hall/y4XjQrg7">town hall</a> was set ablaze after being <a href="/facts/Firebombed/NeN74JUX">firebombed</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> on the night of 27 June, burning until 3:15 (CEST).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> Clashes continued throughout the night across France, including in <a href="/facts/Toulouse/VLBjLxD8">Toulouse</a> and <a href="/facts/Lille/Bu8rsIzA">Lille</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> Unrest was also reported in <a href="/facts/Asni%25C3%25A8res-sur-Seine/Nbqx73no">Asnières</a>, <a href="/facts/Colombes/jevRgLUc">Colombes</a>, <a href="/facts/Suresnes/88N9olHl">Suresnes</a>, <a href="/facts/Aubervilliers/Fht3tkcY">Aubervilliers</a>, <a href="/facts/Clichy-sous-Bois/tY10XsVm">Clichy-sous-Bois</a> and <a href="/facts/Mantes-la-Jolie/1HAQdx1x">Mantes-la-Jolie</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>
By 29 June, over 150 people had been arrested,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> 24 officers had been injured, and 40 cars had been torched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> Fearing greater unrest, Darmanin deployed 1,200 riot police and <a href="/facts/Gendarmes/IU7lsrLc">gendarmes</a> in and around Paris, later adding an additional 2,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> On 29 June, he announced that the government would deploy 40,000 troops nationwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> According to Darmanin, over 1,350 vehicles were set on fire, and over 1,300 arrests were made in connection with the riots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>
On the afternoon of June 29, thousands of people held a demonstration ("white march") led by mothers and activists in Nanterre demanding "justice for Nahel".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> A few hours later, the officer implicated in the killing, was indicted for intentional homicide and remanded in custody.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>France portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Paris_massacre_of_1961/Ky0eMxMd">Paris massacre of 1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Killing_of_Malik_Oussekine/BkgMSjeH">Killing of Malik Oussekine</a> and subsequent <a href="/facts/1986%25E2%2580%25931987_protests_in_France/HCKGkQYU">1986–1987 protests in France</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/2005_French_riots/E6Gm1cSU">2005 French riots</a> following the death of Zyed Benna, 17, and Bouna Traoré, 15</li>
<li><a href="/facts/2007_Villiers-le-Bel_riots/aPY0LlMP">2007 Villiers-le-Bel riots</a> following the deaths of Moushin S., 15, and Larami S., 16</li>
<li><a href="/facts/2009_French_riots/2zBjfQY0">2009 French riots</a> following the death of Mohamed Benmouna, 21</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629181852/https://twitter.com/Ohana_Fgn/status/1673608693265453056">Video of the killing</a> at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2023-06-29)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"matchID - Moteur de recherche des décès". deces.matchid.io. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023. <a href="https://deces.matchid.io/id/UvTdk72G0lTn" target="_blank">https://deces.matchid.io/id/UvTdk72G0lTn</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Porter, Catherine (29 June 2023). "Who is Nahel Merzouk?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701042042/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/world/europe/nahel-france-police-shooting-nanterre.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230701042042/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/world/europe/nahel-france-police-shooting-nanterre.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:5">Lough, Richard (29 June 2023). "Paris police shooting: why are there riots in France?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. He was known to police for previous incidents in which he failed to comply with traffic stops, the local prosecutor Pascal Prache said. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630024903/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/riots-shake-france-after-police-shoot-teenager-2023-06-29/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230630024903/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/riots-shake-france-after-police-shoot-teenager-2023-06-29/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">M. I. (28 June 2023). "Mineur tué à Nanterre : Macron évoque un acte " inexplicable " et " inexcusable "" [Minor killed in Nanterre: Macron evokes an "inexplicable" and "inexcusable" act] (in French). Le Point. AFP. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023. <a href="https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/mineur-tue-a-nanterre-macron-evoque-un-acte-inexplicable-et-inexcusable-28-06-2023-2526553_20.php#11" target="_blank">https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/mineur-tue-a-nanterre-macron-evoque-un-acte-inexplicable-et-inexcusable-28-06-2023-2526553_20.php#11</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:8">Porter, Catherine (2 July 2023). "A Fatal Shooting and a Hijab Ban: Two Faces of France's Racial Divisions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023. In 2017, an investigation by France's civil liberties ombudsman, the Défenseur des Droits, found that "young men perceived to be Black or Arab" were 20 times as likely to be subjected to police identity checks compared with the rest of the population. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/02/france-nahel-soccer-hijab.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/02/france-nahel-soccer-hijab.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:10">Lescarmontier, Julie (5 July 2023). "Mort de Nahel. Violences, révolte… Pourquoi l'expression " émeute " s'est imposée". Ouest France (in French). Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. <a href="https://www.ouest-france.fr/faits-divers/emeutes-urbaines/mort-de-nahel-violences-revolte-pourquoi-lexpression-emeute-sest-imposee-c39ab18e-1b06-11ee-9805-48f2f86dced9" target="_blank">https://www.ouest-france.fr/faits-divers/emeutes-urbaines/mort-de-nahel-violences-revolte-pourquoi-lexpression-emeute-sest-imposee-c39ab18e-1b06-11ee-9805-48f2f86dced9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Une minute de silence à l'Assemblée nationale pour Nahel, tué à Nanterre". LCI (in French). 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejPv7ZZbnTY" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejPv7ZZbnTY</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"France braces for protests after 'unforgivable' police shooting". France 24. AFP. 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.Pezet, Jacques (28 June 2023). "Mort de Nahel à Nanterre : polémique autour du casier judiciaire de l'adolescent tué par la police". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023. <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230628-protests-flare-up-in-france-after-police-shoot-teenager" target="_blank">https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230628-protests-flare-up-in-france-after-police-shoot-teenager</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Tensions erupt in a Paris suburb after a 17-year-old Arab man of Algerian descent, a delivery driver, is killed in a police standoff". Associated Press. 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/france-driver-killed-police-tensions-2030c42cce9c24153d395a07d8e95b75" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/france-driver-killed-police-tensions-2030c42cce9c24153d395a07d8e95b75</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Barbarit, Simon (29 June 2023). "Refus d'obtempérer: la porte-parole de la police nationale annonce 138 tirs en 2022" [Refusal to comply: the spokesperson for the national police announces 138 shootings in 2022]. Public Sénat (in French). Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023. <a href="https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/politique/refus-dobtemperer-la-porte-parole-de-la-police-nationale-annonce-138-tirs-en-2022" target="_blank">https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/politique/refus-dobtemperer-la-porte-parole-de-la-police-nationale-annonce-138-tirs-en-2022</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Bisset, Victoria; Suliman, Adela (28 June 2023). "Protests erupt in Paris after police shoot, kill teen during traffic stop". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 June 2023. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/28/france-police-shooting-nanterre-nael/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/28/france-police-shooting-nanterre-nael/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:18">Breeden, Aurelien; Méheut, Constant (28 June 2023). "Protests and Sorrow After Fatal Police Traffic Encounter in France". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/28/world/europe/france-police-shooting-paris-nanterre.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/28/world/europe/france-police-shooting-paris-nanterre.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:20">"Adama Traoré: French anti-racism protests defy police ban". BBC News. 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2023. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52898262" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52898262</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Bisset, Victoria; Suliman, Adela (28 June 2023). "Protests erupt in Paris after police shoot, kill teen during traffic stop". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 June 2023. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/28/france-police-shooting-nanterre-nael/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/28/france-police-shooting-nanterre-nael/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"VIDEO Mise en examen pour homicide volontaire du policier auteur d'un tir mortel à Saint-Yrieix, près d'Angoulême" [VIDEO Indictment for intentional homicide of the police officer who shot deadly in Saint-Yrieix, near Angoulême]. France 3 Nouvelle-Aquitaine (in French). 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. <a href="https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/charente/angouleme/video-mise-en-examen-pour-homicide-volontaire-du-policier-auteur-d-un-tir-mortel-a-angouleme-2804810.html-2804810.html" target="_blank">https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/charente/angouleme/video-mise-en-examen-pour-homicide-volontaire-du-policier-auteur-d-un-tir-mortel-a-angouleme-2804810.html-2804810.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Brioulet, Cyril (28 June 2023). "Nahel, tué à Nanterre par un policier : joueur de rugby, livreur de pizzas, sans casier... qui était l'adolescent?" [Nahel, killed in Nanterre by a policeman: rugby player, pizza delivery man, no record... who was the teenager?]. La Dépêche du Midi (in French). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023. <a href="https://www.ladepeche.fr/2023/06/28/nahel-tue-a-nanterre-par-un-policier-livreur-de-pizzas-joueur-de-rugby-sans-casier-qui-etait-ladolescent-11307071.php" target="_blank">https://www.ladepeche.fr/2023/06/28/nahel-tue-a-nanterre-par-un-policier-livreur-de-pizzas-joueur-de-rugby-sans-casier-qui-etait-ladolescent-11307071.php</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Rugby, livreur, justice…: qui était Nahel, 17 ans, tué par un policier mardi à Nanterre". La Voix du Nord (in French). 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. <a href="https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/1345932/article/2023-06-28/rugby-livreur-justice-qui-etait-nael-17-ans-tue-par-un-policier-mardi-nanterre" target="_blank">https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/1345932/article/2023-06-28/rugby-livreur-justice-qui-etait-nael-17-ans-tue-par-un-policier-mardi-nanterre</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Lepoivre, Ambre (29 June 2023). "Refus d'obtempérer, conduite sans permis, stupéfiants: Nahel était connu au fichier des antécédents judiciaires". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2023. qu'il conduisait sans permis <a href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/faits-divers/refus-d-obtemperer-conduite-sans-permis-stupefiants-l-adolescent-tue-a-nanterre-etait-connu-au-fichier-des-antecedents-judiciaires-20230629" target="_blank">https://www.lefigaro.fr/faits-divers/refus-d-obtemperer-conduite-sans-permis-stupefiants-l-adolescent-tue-a-nanterre-etait-connu-au-fichier-des-antecedents-judiciaires-20230629</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">""C'était ma vie" : la mère de Nahel, tué par un policier, anéantie après la mort de son fils unique" ["He was my life": The mother of Nahel devastated after the killing of her only son by police]. La Voix du Nord (in French). 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. <a href="https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/1345899/article/2023-06-28/adolescent-tue-par-un-policier-la-mere-de-nael-exprime-son-chagrin-apres-la-mort" target="_blank">https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/1345899/article/2023-06-28/adolescent-tue-par-un-policier-la-mere-de-nael-exprime-son-chagrin-apres-la-mort</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Lough, Richard (29 June 2023). "Paris police shooting: why are there riots in France?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. He was known to police for previous incidents in which he failed to comply with traffic stops, the local prosecutor Pascal Prache said. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630024903/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/riots-shake-france-after-police-shoot-teenager-2023-06-29/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230630024903/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/riots-shake-france-after-police-shoot-teenager-2023-06-29/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Kirby, Paul (30 June 2023). "France shooting: Who was Nahel M, shot by French police in Nanterre?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66052104" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66052104</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"A Nanterre, un ado de 17 ans tué par la police lors d'un contrôle routier : ce que l'on sait des faits" [In Nanterre, a 17-year-old teenager killed by the police during a traffic check: what we know about the facts]. Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. il était « connu des services de la justice notamment pour refus d'obtempérer » [...] avait été déféré au parquet de Nanterre le week-end dernier, pour refus d'obtempérer [...] Il avait également été mis en cause pour un autres refus d'obtempérer en 2022 [he was "known to the justice services, in particular for refusing to comply" [...] had been referred to the Nanterre prosecutor's office last weekend, for refusing to comply [...] He had also been placed in cause for another refusal to comply in 2022] <a href="https://www.nouvelobs.com/faits-divers/20230627.OBS75039/ado-de-17-ans-tue-par-la-police-apres-un-controle-routier-ce-que-l-on-sait-des-faits.html" target="_blank">https://www.nouvelobs.com/faits-divers/20230627.OBS75039/ado-de-17-ans-tue-par-la-police-apres-un-controle-routier-ce-que-l-on-sait-des-faits.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Philippin, Yann; Rouget, Antton (10 July 2023). "Un pilier d'Europe 1, ex de " Valeurs actuelles ", dans la main des barbouzes des Émirats". Mediapart (in French). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. À Europe 1, c'est lui [Louis de Raguenel] qui a révélé le 28 juin dernier, « de sources policières », les antécédents mentionnés dans le fichier de la police au sujet de Nahel, l'adolescent tué par un policier à Nanterre – un classique visant à tenter de criminaliser la victime. <a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/100723/un-pilier-d-europe-1-ex-de-valeurs-actuelles-dans-la-main-des-barbouzes-des-emirats" target="_blank">https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/100723/un-pilier-d-europe-1-ex-de-valeurs-actuelles-dans-la-main-des-barbouzes-des-emirats</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"France braces for protests after 'unforgivable' police shooting". France 24. AFP. 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.Pezet, Jacques (28 June 2023). "Mort de Nahel à Nanterre : polémique autour du casier judiciaire de l'adolescent tué par la police". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023. <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230628-protests-flare-up-in-france-after-police-shoot-teenager" target="_blank">https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230628-protests-flare-up-in-france-after-police-shoot-teenager</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Raguenel, Louis de (29 June 2023). "Mort de Nahel : l'adolescent connu pour 15 mentions au fichier des antécédents judiciaires" [Death of Nahel: the teenager known for 15 mentions in the criminal history file]. Europe 1 (in French). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. <a href="https://www.europe1.fr/faits-divers/info-europe-1-mort-de-nahel-ladolescent-connu-pour-15-mentions-au-fichier-des-antecedents-judiciaires-4191433" target="_blank">https://www.europe1.fr/faits-divers/info-europe-1-mort-de-nahel-ladolescent-connu-pour-15-mentions-au-fichier-des-antecedents-judiciaires-4191433</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Machecourt, Clément (28 June 2023). "Mort de Nahel : Malgré les appels au calme, Nanterre craint une nouvelle nuit de violences". actu.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023. Le panneau « Place Nelson-Mandela » penché témoigne du choc de la voiture qui y a terminé sa course. <a href="https://actu.fr/ile-de-france/nanterre_92050/mort-de-nahel-malgre-les-appels-au-calme-nanterre-craint-une-nouvelle-nuit-de-violences_59789630.html" target="_blank">https://actu.fr/ile-de-france/nanterre_92050/mort-de-nahel-malgre-les-appels-au-calme-nanterre-craint-une-nouvelle-nuit-de-violences_59789630.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Albertini, Antoine; Bronner, Luc (5 July 2023). "Mort de Nahel M. : les premières constatations de l'enquête" [Death of Nahel M.: the first findings of the investigation]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023. <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2023/07/05/mort-de-nahel-m-les-premieres-constatations-de-l-enquete_6180715_3224.html" target="_blank">https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2023/07/05/mort-de-nahel-m-les-premieres-constatations-de-l-enquete_6180715_3224.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:37">"Mort de Nahel: le procureur de Nanterre détaille le déroulé des faits" [Death of Nahel: the Nanterre prosecutor details the course of events]. BFM TV (in French). 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. <a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/police-justice/mort-de-nahel-le-procureur-de-nanterre-detaille-le-deroule-des-faits_VN-202306290383.html" target="_blank">https://www.bfmtv.com/police-justice/mort-de-nahel-le-procureur-de-nanterre-detaille-le-deroule-des-faits_VN-202306290383.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:42">"France riots: Why are police using guns during traffic stops?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66066438" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66066438</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Did a law to fight terrorism give French police too much licence to shoot?". 30 June 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. <a href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20230630-security-law-to-fight-terrorism-french-police-too-much-licence-to-shoot" target="_blank">https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20230630-security-law-to-fight-terrorism-french-police-too-much-licence-to-shoot</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:57">Brigadier is a French police rank equivalent to sergeant. <a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_France" target="_blank">/wiki/Police_ranks_of_France</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Killing of Nahel Merzouk open-in-new

Killing of Nahel Merzouk