History of Palestinian journalism

<h2 id="print-journalism">Print journalism</h2>
<h3>Background</h3>
The first printing house in Palestine was established in <a href="/facts/Safed/5KIGF1ae">Safed</a> in 1577 by Rabbi Avraham ben Yitzchak Ashkenazi and Eliezer ben Isaac Ashkenazi, who printed ten books between 1577 and 1587, the first books ever printed in the <a href="/facts/Near_East/gD1vyGQI">Near East</a>. The same <a href="/facts/Movable_type/EscMKqoy">type</a> was used by <a href="/facts/Josiah_ben_Joseph_Pinto/dzYShDm6">Josiah ben Joseph Pinto</a> in <a href="/facts/Damascus/IL0Qwt6R">Damascus</a> in 1605.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
The <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a> banned use of the <a href="/facts/Printing_press/7I3laFE0">printing press</a> from its invention in the 15th century until the mid-1700s, and the banned of its public use until the mid-1800s, which was one of the main obstacles preventing the early onset of journalism in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h3>19th century</h3>
In 1831, <a href="/facts/Yisrael_Bak/ptdNN8rM">Yisrael Bak</a> reestablished a printing house in Safed, moving it to <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a> in 1841 following <a href="/facts/1837_Galilee_earthquake/1bKQXLkk">an earthquake in Safed</a>. A second printing house was opened in Jerusalem in 1862, and Jerusalem became the primary printing centre in the Palestine region for the rest of the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
The printing press also began to be used by Christian institutions to produce religious texts, first by <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>'s <a href="/facts/Franciscans/gwohhd4C">Franciscan Church</a> in 1846, and followed afterwards by the <a href="/facts/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem/ItYgApHQ">Armenian</a> and <a href="/facts/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem/G2Y8oIbr">Greek Churches</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The first daily privately-published Arabic-language newspapers in the Ottoman Empire's <a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/UbGQuB0I">Arab provinces</a>, which enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy, appeared in <a href="/facts/Beirut_vilayet/IbkSEvQj">Beirut</a> in 1873 and in <a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a> in 1875. By the year 1908 <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Egypt/Gyd1RMF0">Egypt</a> boasted 627 publications with a circulation of around 100,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

The first newspaper published in Palestine was <a href="/facts/HaLevanon/Ek46IG7q">HaLevanon</a>, established in <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a> in early 1863 by Yehiel Bril [he], <a href="/facts/Michal_HaCohen/swV5w4up">Michal HaCohen</a> and <a href="/facts/Yoel_Moshe_Salomon/qqs1dgUz">Yoel Moshe Salomon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The paper originated from an effort by Jerusalem's Misnagdim to reduce their reliance on <a href="/facts/Yisrael_Bak/ptdNN8rM">Yisrael Bak</a>'s <a href="/facts/Hasidic_Judaism/BP765ncB">Hasidic</a>-aligned <a href="/facts/Printing_house/lRP2NMT3">printing house</a>, which resulted in Salomon and HaCohen studying printing at <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6nigsberg/veeajbNW">Königsberg</a>, before conceiving HaLevanon upon their return. They subsequently established their own printing house at <a href="/facts/Nahalat_Shiv%2527a/087wYzfF">Nahalat Shiv'a</a> and began its publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The paper moved to Europe, having been shut down in Palestine by <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Palestine/rFP3TE2N">Ottoman</a> authorities in December 1863 after being reported to them by Bak, who had started publishing rival paper <a href="/facts/Havatzelet/L9yz9xHl">Havatzelet</a> in mid-1863.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Havatzelet ceased printing after its fifth issue in 1864,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> at the same time as the closure of HaLevanon, and was renewed again in 1870, remaining in publication until 1911. Both HaLevanon and Havatzelet were published in <a href="/facts/Hebrew/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>

The first Arabic-language newspaper in Palestine was a <a href="/facts/Gazette/t5TcPtWE">gazette</a> called Al-Quds Al-Sharif established in 1876, written in Arabic and <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Turkish/z17YMfhT">Ottoman Turkish</a> and edited by Sheikh Ali Rimawi and ‘Abd al-Salam Kamal respectively. It closed shortly after and reopened in 1903.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Arabic periodicals only reappeared in Palestine following the 1908 <a href="/facts/Young_Turk_Revolution/pTDXuQch">Young Turk Revolution</a>, which lifted press censorship in the empire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> About fifteen publications emerged in that year, and another twenty were published before the onset of <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> in 1914.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Nearly another 180 were published during the <a href="/facts/Mandate_for_Palestine/rTD4dAqo">British Mandate for Palestine</a> (1920–1948).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> However, launching newspapers was easier than sustaining them, as most of these periodicals lasted for a short period of time, especially considering the competition with high quality periodicals from Beirut and Cairo, such as the Egyptian <a href="/facts/Al-Ahram/QXecFdbv">Al-Ahram</a> (The Pyramids).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
In 1897 the Printing Workers' Association was established, the first trade union in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h3>Early 20th century</h3>
Three of Palestine's leading Arabic-language newspapers of the pre-<a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> era were <a href="/facts/Al-Quds_(Ottoman_period_newspaper)/Ivke3vqV">Al-Quds</a> (Jerusalem) established by Jurji Habib Hanania in <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a> in September 1908; <a href="/facts/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)/8oY3Ipqs">Al-Karmil</a> (Carmel after <a href="/facts/Mount_Carmel/5zEMstJ6">Mount Carmel</a>) in <a href="/facts/Haifa/L3zIs1p1">Haifa</a> by <a href="/facts/Najib_Nassar/fVW1XTm7">Najib Nassar</a> in December 1908; and <a href="/facts/Falastin_(newspaper)/yr7J9ebL">Falastin</a> (Palestine) by the cousins <a href="/facts/Issa_El-Issa/BCRjyVjJ">Issa El-Issa</a> and <a href="/facts/Yousef_El-Issa/PX9c7Qq9">Yousef El-Issa</a> in <a href="/facts/Jaffa/BFjHzofX">Jaffa</a> in January 1911. These three newspapers voiced Arab aspirations and were all published by <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Christians/t5716onT">Palestinian Christians</a>, showing the early role they played in <a href="/facts/Arab_nationalism/AJAwbyX8">Arab nationalism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> In particular, Al-Karmil and Falastin were opposed to <a href="/facts/Zionism/kL92sl76">Zionism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> It was in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the press.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> 

Leading Palestinian newspapers during the Ottoman period
These early Arab Palestinian newspapers saw Ottoman Jews as loyal subjects to the empire, but condemned Zionism, and grew fearful of it due to the waves of European <a href="/facts/Aliyah/jEbdJ56U">Jewish immigrants to Palestine</a>, who built settlements relying on Jewish labor and excluded Arab ones. Thus, Arab editors began a public awareness campaign, warning that once the Zionist project was fulfilled, the Arab majority and their lands in Palestine would be lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> A common theme in the press of this early period is a criticism directed towards the European Jewish immigrants who failed to integrate, or bother learning Arabic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> The Arab editors preferred to raise the issue to the public's attention rather than the Ottoman authorities, so that the public can be active in preventing land sales to Jews, which caused Arab peasants' eviction, and their subsequent loss of work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
The readership of the newspapers in this early period was limited, but it had been expanding. Literacy rates were relatively low; however, social centers where created, such as libraries, the town cafe and the village guesthouse, where men would read aloud articles from newspapers and engage in political discussions. "Newspaper breaks" used to take place in some factories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> There was also recorded instances of newspapers sending a copy of their newspaper to villages in the surrounding areas, namely Falastin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Articles from Falastin and Al-Karmil were often reprinted in other local papers and national ones in <a href="/facts/Beirut/0sxJRAqW">Beirut</a>, <a href="/facts/Damascus/IL0Qwt6R">Damascus</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h3>Mandate period (1917–1948)</h3>

The Palestinian press was suppressed due to the outbreak of <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> in 1914, and only two main newspapers from the Ottoman period were reopened during the <a href="/facts/Mandate_for_Palestine/rTD4dAqo">British Mandate</a>, Al-Karmil and Falastin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> During the mandate period, the press became more diverse than in the Ottoman period, and reflected different political factions and national consciousness. In 1918, the <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a> Hebrew-language newspaper, sponsored by the British military government in Palestine, was established in Jerusalem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> In 1919, it was taken over by a group of <a href="/facts/Labor_Zionism/PXUvUW0F">socialist-oriented Zionists</a>, mainly from <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, including the philanthropist <a href="/facts/Isaac_Leib_Goldberg/FvR4jntK">Isaac Leib Goldberg</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> it was initially called Hadashot Ha'aretz ("News of the Land").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> The literary section of the paper attracted leading Hebrew writers of the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
According to one survey in the mid-1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in <a href="/facts/Mandatory_Palestine/mv0NGUBy">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> The British had adopted the Ottoman Press Law that had mandated for newspapers the licensing of their franchises and the submission of translations of their work to authorities; however, the British did not interfere in the press until the <a href="/facts/1929_Palestine_riots/7YVmpDpp">1929 Palestine riots</a> between Arabs and Jews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> The events of that year led to a radicalization of Arab newspapers, and the British changed their initially tolerant position to a more restrictive approach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>

Most of these publications appeared weekly and the number of copies distributed increased gradually. While most newspapers distributed hundreds of copies each during the Ottoman period, this figure increased to 1,000–1,500 during the Mandate period in the 1920s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Falastin, which was the most popular Palestinian newspaper, sold towards the end of the 1920s around 3,000 copies per issue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> In <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>, twenty newspapers were established, mainly <a href="/facts/Mir%2527at_al-Sharq_(newspaper)/vh9nWDLx">Mir'at al-Sharq</a> (Mirror of the East) by <a href="/facts/Boulos_Shehadeh/65G7IcUa">Boulos Shehadeh</a>, a Palestinian Christian, in September 1919; and <a href="/facts/Al_Jamia_Al_Arabiya/t8vRt4EG">Al-Jami'a Al-'Arabiya</a> (The Arab Union), which was the voice of Palestine's <a href="/facts/Supreme_Muslim_Council/4K1f8xGF">Supreme Muslim Council</a>, by Munif Husseini in December 1927.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Around six newspapers were established in <a href="/facts/Jaffa/BFjHzofX">Jaffa</a>, in addition to Falastin; twelve in <a href="/facts/Haifa/L3zIs1p1">Haifa</a>; and some others in <a href="/facts/Bethlehem/2X2sxNCr">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/facts/Gaza_City/4mmNgFq6">Gaza</a> and <a href="/facts/Tulkarem/jvTRoEW8">Tulkarem</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>
In the 1920s, the Hebrew-language Palestinian press, including Haaretz, increasingly moved from Jerusalem to <a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv/cQ8X3WVd">Tel Aviv</a>, whilst the Arabic-language press remained in Jerusalem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
Falastin became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in October 1929, a month after it had started publishing a weekly English-language edition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> And the establishment of Al-Difa in April 1934 was considered an important event in the history of Palestinian journalism during the mandate period, as it managed to attract professional journalists from several Arab countries. A rivalry developed between these two largest dailies, Falastin and Al-Difa, which saw improvements in their quality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> Al-Difa expanded its readership to the rural and Muslim communities, portraying itself a counterweight to the Christian-owned Falastin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> While Falastin aimed to show that it served the whole nation by highlighting how uneducated people enjoyed reading their paper, in an implied criticism towards Al-Difa which had come to rely on intellectuals with a complex writing style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Many weeklies found it difficult to compete with these two dailies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>

Leading newspapers during the mandate period
In the 1930s, two outspoken newspapers were established in Jaffa: Al-Jami'a Al-Islamiya (The Islamic Union) in 1932; and <a href="/facts/Al-Difa%2527/1w1nRKkk">Al-Difa'</a> (The Defense) in 1934, which was associated with <a href="/facts/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)/eejApUM3">Hizb Al-Istiqlal</a> (The Independence Party).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> <a href="/facts/Al_Liwaa_(newspaper)/EEyDMpN9">Al-Liwaa</a> (The Banner) was published in Jerusalem in 1934 by <a href="/facts/Jamal_al-Husayni/8WaBFRre">Jamal al-Husayni</a>, who was the leader of the <a href="/facts/Palestine_Arab_Party/SQqHYt8R">Palestine Arab Party</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> Many of the editors and owners of newspapers were similarly members of political organizations, and used their publications for mobilizing the public.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>

In 1932, the English-language <a href="/facts/The_Jerusalem_Post/qHSkGoth">Palestine Post</a> was established in Jerusalem, a successor to The Palestine Bulletin established by Jacob Landau of the <a href="/facts/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency/Juv2jyou">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a> in 1925.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> The publication supported the struggle for a <a href="/facts/Jewish_homeland/mEckcdev">Jewish homeland</a> in Palestine and openly opposed British policy restricting <a href="/facts/Aliyah/jEbdJ56U">Jewish immigration</a> during the Mandate period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> According to one commentator, "<a href="/facts/Zionist/kL92sl76">Zionist</a> institutions considered the newspaper one of the most effective means of exerting influence on the British authorities."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> In 1950, the Palestine Post was renamed to the Jerusalem Post.
The British authorities issued a new Publications Law and other regulations in 1933 that gave them the authority to suspend newspapers and punish journalists, which restricted freedom of the press.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> As a result, the use of colloquial writing style by the press intensified, especially during the <a href="/facts/1936%25E2%2580%25931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine/MoXwBAJb">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Many major publications were suspended for extended periods between 1937 and 1938, including Falastin, Al-Difa, and Al-Liwa. After the outbreak of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> in 1939, emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, except Falastin and Al-Difa, due to the publishing of censored news and the adoption of more moderate positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<h3>Jordanian period (1948–1967)</h3>
For journalism in Israel post-1948, see <a href="/facts/Mass_media_in_Israel/awmtbooh">Mass media in Israel</a>.
The <a href="/facts/1948_Palestine_war/lGFHlU7R">1948 Palestine war</a> resulted in the Palestine region being divided between the <a href="/facts/State_of_Israel/dEe3IcaY">State of Israel</a>, the <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a> which was <a href="/facts/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank/6xHJq8Rz">annexed</a> by <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a> in 1950, and the <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza Strip</a> controlled by <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>. Much of the Arab community was <a href="/facts/Nakba/8R4tT37P">forced to flee</a> the new State of Israel, which forced the Arabic-language newspapers Falastin and Al-Difa to move from Jaffa to <a href="/facts/East_Jerusalem/8kEofcS2">East Jerusalem</a>. Another newspaper called Al-Jihad was established in East Jerusalem in 1953. Thus these three East Jerusalem-based newspapers became Jordan's press for many years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>

Leading newspapers during the Jordanian period
In the 1950s, a number of newspapers were established as affiliates of <a href="/facts/Political_parties_in_Jordan/HonVdRKy">political parties</a> that were being created in Jordan, including: Al-Raya (The Banner) affiliated with <a href="/facts/Hizb_ut-Tahrir/QV2MrUG0">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> (Liberation Party) in 1953, which was suspended after 13 issues; and Al-Ba'th (The Renaissance) affiliated with the <a href="/facts/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%2527ath_Party/tkMY02xU">Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a>, which lasted from 1949 to 1954. An anti-communist law issued in 1953 banned leftist publications by the <a href="/facts/Jordanian_Communist_Party/wN3TkNPg">Jordanian Communist Party</a>. Furthermore, the prevalence of anti-Jordanian propaganda in Egyptian newspapers in the 1950s led to its ban in Jordan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>
The Jordanian government of <a href="/facts/Wasfi_Tal/30xa7FmL">Wasfi Tal</a> issued a new Press and Publications Law in early 1967 that forced the merger of Al-Difa and Al-Jihad to produce Jerusalem-based <a href="/facts/Al-Quds_(newspaper)/T5RDLqTe">Al-Quds</a> (not to be confused with the newspaper of the same name 1908–1914); and the merger of Falastin and Al-Manar to produce <a href="/facts/Amman/eGCyJk1L">Amman</a>-based <a href="/facts/Ad-Dustour_(Jordan)/TzQkxt6o">Ad-Dustour</a> (The Constitution); both of these newspapers are still published to this day. Ad-Dustour and Al-Difa' newspapers were both briefly suspended during <a href="/facts/Black_September/ga7jYcgt">Black September</a> in 1970 after having published a <a href="/facts/Palestine_Liberation_Organization/9Kk16qMp">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> statement that cast blame on Jordan's government for the conflict. As a result of the events of Black September and low wages paid to journalists, many professionals of Palestinian origin moved to <a href="/facts/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf/tpxkypCs">Arab Gulf states</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>

<h3>Current period (1967–present)</h3>
The 1967 <a href="/facts/Six_Day_War/xM8d0Wy1">Six Day War</a> saw Israel occupying the <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza Strip</a>. Under <a href="/facts/Israeli-occupied_territories/FxQkx2V8">Israeli occupation</a>, Palestinian newspapers fell under <a href="/facts/Israeli_military/9hPaqcAM">Israeli military</a> censorship, and suffered financial hardships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Between 1967 and 1987, 22 newspapers and 20 magazines were published in the territories, which gave priority to issues resulting from the Israeli occupation over cultural, social, and artistic topics. The outbreak of the <a href="/facts/First_Intifada/pBcf45xY">First Intifada</a> against the occupation in 1987, saw international media interest for extended periods, leading to them hiring aspiring Palestinian journalists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> Private Arabic newspapers also began appearing in <a href="/facts/Nazareth/hfzpLR1I">Nazareth</a> by <a href="/facts/Arab_Israelis/FVxrBcQB">Palestinian citizens of Israel</a>, including Al-Sinnarah (The Hook) and <a href="/facts/Kul_al-Arab/u7oKt9XG">Kul al-Arab</a> (All the Arabs) and in 1983 and 1987 respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>

In the wake of the peace process, namely the 1993 <a href="/facts/Oslo_Accords/UfAI7Luo">Oslo Accords</a>, the <a href="/facts/Palestinian_National_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian National Authority</a> was established that year, bringing an end to Israeli military censorship, when a Palestinian Press Law replaced the Israeli military regulations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> Subsequently, many newspapers were established such as the <a href="/facts/Ramallah/HVPrByBz">Ramallah</a>-based <a href="/facts/Al-Hayat_al-Jadida/pu6saEYw">Al-Hayat Al-Jadida</a> (The New Life) in 1994 and <a href="/facts/Al-Ayyam_(Palestine)/FSLBxVV3">Al-Ayyam</a> (The Days) in 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> The new newspapers covered topics to include discussions about women's rights, honor crimes, and criticisms of social customs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> The lifting of Israeli military censorship also allowed Palestinians to increasingly demand for their <a href="/facts/Palestinian_right_of_return/T3EbjNXV">right of return</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
Al-Quds, Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, and Al-Ayyam are the three main newspapers circulating in the <a href="/facts/Palestinian_territories/pTUwGmIE">Palestinian territories</a> today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> While Al-Quds is privately-owned, it is still associated with the <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian Authority</a> (PA), and both Al-Ayyam and Al-Hayat Al-Jadida are fully affiliated with the PA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> In the <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza Strip</a>, which is controlled by <a href="/facts/Hamas/VjIkApsc">Hamas</a>, there are two newspapers published there, <a href="/facts/Palestinian_territories/pTUwGmIE">Felesteen</a> (Palestine) established in 2006 and Al-Resalah (The Letter). Other groups such as the <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad/M97thxoP">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a> publishes its own Al-Istiqlal (The Independence), while the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine/fLWNeSEd">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> publishes Al-Masar (The Path).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
As of 2021, there are more than 50 online and print newspapers circulating in Palestine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> Journalism in Palestine today suffers from restrictions imposed by the Palestinian Authority's Cyber Crimes Law enacted in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>

<h3>Archives</h3>

<a href="/facts/Al-Aqsa_Library/3RGF5JlS">Al-Aqsa Library</a> located in the <a href="/facts/Old_City_of_Jerusalem/QemJTgls">Old City</a> of <a href="/facts/East_Jerusalem/8kEofcS2">East Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/facts/Israeli-occupied_territories/FxQkx2V8">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a> has more than seventy Arabic newspapers, magazines, and journals published in Palestine, in addition to ones that were published in other Arab countries and by Arab communities in Europe, and South and North America. The library in some instances holds the only copy available in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> The <a href="/facts/National_Library_of_Israel/ECCssbmQ">National Library of Israel</a>'s Jarayed collection of Arabic newspapers in the Ottoman and British periods is available online.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>

<h3>Historiography</h3>
Palestinian-American historian <a href="/facts/Rashid_Khalidi/yX0gIxk1">Rashid Khalidi</a> wrote in his book titled <a href="/facts/The_Hundred_Years%2527_War_on_Palestine/GF7Fb2P2">The Hundred Years' War on Palestine</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>

<blockquote>One crucial window into Palestinians' perceptions of themselves and their understanding of events between the wars is the Palestinian press. Two newspapers, <a href="/facts/Issa_El-Issa/BCRjyVjJ">Issa El-Issa</a>'s Jaffa publication, <a href="/facts/Falastin/yr7J9ebL">Falastin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)/8oY3Ipqs">Al-Karmil</a>, published in Haifa by <a href="/facts/Najib_Nassar/fVW1XTm7">Najib Nassar</a>, were bastions of <a href="/facts/Palestinian_nationalism/buIhvK9S">local patriotism</a>, and critics of the Zionist-British entente and the danger that it posed to the Arab majority in Palestine. They were among the most influential beacons of the idea of <a href="/facts/Palestinian_identity/66uT867m">Palestinian identity</a>.</blockquote>
<h2 id="digital-and-citizen-journalism">Digital and citizen journalism</h2>
Print newspapers have been challenged by the rise of <a href="/facts/Digital_journalism/TYCjbTH3">digital</a> and <a href="/facts/Citizen_journalism/jYqxu4hj">citizen journalism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> The rise of the internet in the 1990s gave Palestinians a new platform to share their narrative digitally, which they thought was being ignored by <a href="/facts/Mainstream_media/9XQwhha5">mainstream media</a>. In 1999, the Palestine Chronicle website was founded by Ramzy Baroud, a <a href="/facts/Palestinian-American/HPXn82Gz">Palestinian-American</a>. A year later after the outbreak of the <a href="/facts/Second_Intifada/PCqXCSXk">Second Intifada</a>, <a href="/facts/Ali_Abunimah/kzhC592X">Ali Abunimah</a>, another Palestinian-American, and others founded the Chicago-based <a href="/facts/The_Electronic_Intifada/Bbm0tEff">The Electronic Intifada</a> English website, targeting western audiences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> While locally, <a href="/facts/Shehab_News_Agency/muczrll7">Shehab News Agency</a> was established in 2007 and <a href="/facts/Quds_News_Network/6Kdo9n58">Quds News Network</a> in 2013, providing Arabic, and sometimes English, content for young and global audiences on social media, drawing millions of followers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> 
Palestinian young citizens have been filming, creating and distributing videos showing <a href="/facts/Israeli_settler_violence/WchNgbmv">Israeli settler violence</a>, Israeli military violations, and the realities of living under Israeli occupation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> <a href="/facts/Human_Rights_Watch/X265jj8r">Human Rights Watch</a> has documented a "systematic censorship" campaign by social media companies like <a href="/facts/Meta_Platforms/ylApt16y">Meta Platforms</a>, which owns <a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a> and <a href="/facts/Instagram/33s91jnV">Instagram</a>, which has targeted accounts of Palestinian activists, including journalists, through bans and limiting their content's reach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a>
The ongoing <a href="/facts/Gaza_war/dmUoIpBw">Gaza war</a>, which started on 7 October 2023, saw a steep increase in the <a href="/facts/Social_media/kUIkfpIA">social media</a> following of Palestinian journalists based in the <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza Strip</a>, including <a href="/facts/Motaz_Azaiza/bS42nkjh">Motaz Azaiza</a> and <a href="/facts/Plestia_Alaqad/h0LaV9Nu">Plestia Alaqad</a>, whose accounts, particularly on <a href="/facts/Instagram/33s91jnV">Instagram</a> and <a href="/facts/TikTok/LC3FaCbX">TikTok</a>, have swelled to millions of followers due to their documentation of the war as very few foreign journalists were allowed into the strip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> Notably, in 2023 journalist and influencer <a href="/facts/Bisan_Owda/VJ6nxbEk">Bisan Owda</a> won a <a href="/facts/Peabody_Awards/pC7Q1kqp">Peabody Award</a> for her TikTok series It’s Bisan from Gaza and I’m Still Alive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>

<h2 id="broadcast-journalism">Broadcast journalism</h2>

The British authorities established the region's first radio station named <a href="/facts/Palestine_Broadcasting_Service/ruDssV1E">Palestine Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS) in 1936 to compete with the politicized print journalism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> PBS' studios were located in <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>, while the tower and transmitter were located in <a href="/facts/Ramallah/HVPrByBz">Ramallah</a>. It aired broadcasts in Arabic, English and Hebrew.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> The studios in Jerusalem were taken over by Zionist militias during the <a href="/facts/1948_Palestine_war/lGFHlU7R">1948 Palestine war</a>, while the tower and transmitter in Ramallah were taken over by Jordan, which added a studio and launched the Hashemite Broadcasting Service (HBS) throughout <a href="/facts/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank/6xHJq8Rz">its administration</a> of the West Bank until 1967.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a>
After Israel occupied the <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza Strip</a> in 1967, it banned broadcasting in the occupied territories, which remained without a national television or radio station until the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> The signing of the <a href="/facts/Oslo_Accords/UfAI7Luo">Oslo Accords</a> in 1993 allowed for the first time the then newly established <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian Authority</a> to access ten FM frequencies, and led to the establishment of <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Broadcasting_Corporation/b5Hfw03z">Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (PBC) that year, including PBC's <a href="/facts/Voice_of_Palestine/VAp5mo1D">Voice of Palestine</a> radio station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> Hamas' victory in the <a href="/facts/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election/Co9gL72n">2006 Palestinian legislative election</a> led to the establishment of <a href="/facts/Al_Aqsa_TV/y51v5qMs">Al Aqsa TV</a> and its radio station Sawt Al-Aqsa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>

<h2 id="safety-of-journalists">Safety of journalists</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Violence_against_Palestinian_journalists/0wQX4Yem">Violence against Palestinian journalists</a>
The period of the <a href="/facts/Second_Intifada/PCqXCSXk">Second Intifada</a> between 2000 and 2005 put Palestinian journalists and camera operators at heightened risks, including military closures, confiscation of equipment, prevention from reporting on certain incidents and locations, curfews, and arrests. The <a href="/facts/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists/rvcL0Ezb">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> documented that nine Palestinian journalists were killed by the Israeli military between 2000 and 2009, some of them were described as targeted attacks, which Israel denies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> The <a href="/facts/Killing_of_Shireen_Abu_Akleh/wJDhTgIH">killing</a> of Palestinian-American journalist and <a href="/facts/Al_Jazeera/69vdalRr">Al Jazeera</a> reporter by the Israeli military, <a href="/facts/Shireen_Abu_Akleh/TqKwIeEl">Shireen Abu Akleh</a>, in 2022 gained widespread coverage globally; she is widely considered an icon of Palestinian journalism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a>
Record numbers of arrests of Palestinian journalists in 2023 by the <a href="/facts/Israeli_military/9hPaqcAM">Israeli military</a> in the <a href="/facts/Israeli-occupied_territories/FxQkx2V8">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a>, where journalists face risk of assault by the Israeli and Palestinian law enforcements and from attacks by <a href="/facts/Israeli_settlers/vSrw9ylS">Israeli settlers</a>. The Gaza Strip meanwhile, which has been under <a href="/facts/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip/AxDFH2Cd">Israeli blockade</a> since 2007, is considered to be one of the "most perilous places" to be a journalist, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> Since the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Gaza_war/dmUoIpBw">Gaza war</a>, which broke out on 7 October 2023, <a href="/facts/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Gaza_war/vLsKGQlr">many dozens of Palestinian journalists have been killed by Israel</a>; 70% of journalists killed worldwide in 2023 have been Palestinian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Many of the deaths have been caused by Israeli airstrikes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_newspaper_publishing_in_the_Arab_world/o16CX6zX">History of newspaper publishing in the Arab world</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict/FdIz4f2K">List of journalists killed during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Gaza_war/vLsKGQlr">List of journalists killed in the Gaza war</a></li>
<li>Category:Palestinian Internet celebrities</li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>

<ul><li>Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12">10.11647/obp.0052.12</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-78374-062-8.</li>
<li>Brown, Nathan J. (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X3kkDQAAQBAJ">Palestinian Politics After the Oslo Accords: Resuming Arab Palestine</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-23762-9. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211555/https://books.google.com/books?id=X3kkDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</li>
<li>Davidovitch, Nitza; Lewin, Eyal, eds. (2019). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWiPDwAAQBAJ">Israel from the Outside and Inside: Israeli Politics and "Alien" Media</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-5275-3062-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Dowty, Alan (2019). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ">Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Endong, Floribert Patrick C. (31 March 2018). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj1RDwAAQBAJ">Exploring the Role of Social Media in Transnational Advocacy</a>. IGI Global. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-5225-2855-5. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407123848/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj1RDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Gaztambide-Fernández, Rubén; Matute, Alexandra Arráiz, eds. (29 June 2020). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lC_sDwAAQBAJ">Cultural Production and Participatory Politics: Youth, Symbolic Creativity, and Activism</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-000-65146-1. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407120210/https://books.google.com/books?id=lC_sDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Lawson, Fred H. (2018). "Falastin: An Experiment in Promoting Palestinian Nationalism through the English-language Press". In Gorman, Anthony; Monciaud, Didier (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ">The Press in the Middle East and North Africa</a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–150. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4744-3064-7. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403204041/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Josephi, Beate Ursula (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtVCrRifAiEC">Journalism Education in Countries with Limited Media Freedom</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4331-1084-9. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414071850/https://books.google.com/books?id=dtVCrRifAiEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-12.</li>
<li>Meyers, O.; Neiger, M.; Zandberg, E., eds. (12 August 2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SFvBAAAQBAJ">Communicating Awe: Media Memory and Holocaust Commemoration</a>. Springer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-137-32524-2. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Kabha, Mustafa (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ">The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39</a>. Vallentine Mitchell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-85303-672-2.</li>
<li>Khalidi, Rashid (28 January 2020). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXlwDwAAQBAJ">The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017</a>. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-62779-854-9. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106050554/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXlwDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Khamis, Lina Edward (30 April 2018). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ">Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy</a>. Springer. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402205003/https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Michael, Suheir (1 December 2007). <a href="https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x">Identity in Palestinian Literature: Exile is the Antithesis of Home</a> (PhD in Politics thesis). San Francisco State University. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115015016/https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</li>
<li>Abualrob, Mohammed; Alkhayyat, Diana (2014). "Case 2: Palestine—New Media, Same Old Political Agenda". In Kalyango, Yusuf; Mould, D. (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYSoBAAAQBAJ">Global Journalism Practice and New Media Performance</a>. Springer. pp. 38–49. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406211827/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYSoBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Regan, Bernard (30 October 2018). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ">The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine</a>. Verso Books. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331205628/https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</li>
<li>Richter, Carola; Kozman, Claudia, eds. (3 March 2021). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-ojEAAAQBAJ">Arab Media Systems</a>. Open Book Publishers. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407205916/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-ojEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Rugh, William A. (28 February 2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOLEEAAAQBAJ">Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</li>
<li>Stein, Rebecca (1 June 2021). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZYqEAAAQBAJ">Screen Shots: State Violence on Camera in Israel and Palestine</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-5036-2803-8. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</li>
<li>Wermenbol, Grace (27 May 2021). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzorEAAAQBAJ">A Tale of Two Narratives</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-108-84028-6. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://eap.bl.uk/search">British Library's Endangered Archives Programme containing many Palestinian newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jrayed.org/en/newspapers/home">National Library of Israel's Jrayed collection of Palestinian newspapers</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Dowty 2019, p. 237. - Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Abu Harb 2015, p. 383. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Dowty 2019, p. 237. - Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Abu Harb 2015, p. 384. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Abu Harb 2015, p. 384. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Regan 2018, p. 135, 137. - Regan, Bernard (30 October 2018). The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine. Verso Books. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Abu Harb 2015, p. 384. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Abu Harb 2015, p. 386-387. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Lawson 2018, p. 106. - Lawson, Fred H. (2018). "Falastin: An Experiment in Promoting Palestinian Nationalism through the English-language Press". In Gorman, Anthony; Monciaud, Didier (eds.). The Press in the Middle East and North Africa. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–150. ISBN 978-1-4744-3064-7. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Khamis 2018, p. 95. - Khamis, Lina Edward (30 April 2018). Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy. Springer. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Khamis 2018, p. 96. - Khamis, Lina Edward (30 April 2018). Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy. Springer. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Brown 2003, p. 173. - Brown, Nathan J. (2003). Palestinian Politics After the Oslo Accords: Resuming Arab Palestine. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23762-9. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X3kkDQAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=X3kkDQAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Davidovitch & Lewin 2019, p. 230. - Davidovitch, Nitza; Lewin, Eyal, eds. (2019). Israel from the Outside and Inside: Israeli Politics and "Alien" Media. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-3062-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWiPDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=uWiPDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Abualrob & Alkhayyat 2014, p. 43. - Abualrob, Mohammed; Alkhayyat, Diana (2014). "Case 2: Palestine—New Media, Same Old Political Agenda". In Kalyango, Yusuf; Mould, D. (eds.). Global Journalism Practice and New Media Performance. Springer. pp. 38–49. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYSoBAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HYSoBAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Palestinian journalists are being imprisoned by Israel in record numbers". Committee to Protect Journalists. 18 January 2024. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://cpj.org/2024/01/palestinian-journalists-are-being-imprisoned-by-israel-in-record-numbers/" target="_blank">https://cpj.org/2024/01/palestinian-journalists-are-being-imprisoned-by-israel-in-record-numbers/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Israel-Gaza war brings 2023 journalist killings to devastating high". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://cpj.org/reports/2024/02/israel-gaza-war-brings-2023-journalist-killings-to-devastating-high/" target="_blank">https://cpj.org/reports/2024/02/israel-gaza-war-brings-2023-journalist-killings-to-devastating-high/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Endong 2018, p. 77-78. - Endong, Floribert Patrick C. (31 March 2018). Exploring the Role of Social Media in Transnational Advocacy. IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-5225-2855-5. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj1RDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj1RDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Gaztambide-Fernández & Matute 2020, p. 111. - Gaztambide-Fernández, Rubén; Matute, Alexandra Arráiz, eds. (29 June 2020). Cultural Production and Participatory Politics: Youth, Symbolic Creativity, and Activism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-65146-1. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lC_sDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lC_sDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Abualrob & Alkhayyat 2014, p. 49. - Abualrob, Mohammed; Alkhayyat, Diana (2014). "Case 2: Palestine—New Media, Same Old Political Agenda". In Kalyango, Yusuf; Mould, D. (eds.). Global Journalism Practice and New Media Performance. Springer. pp. 38–49. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYSoBAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HYSoBAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Meta's Broken Promises:Systemic Censorship of Palestine Content on Instagram and Facebook". Human Rights Watch. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/12/21/metas-broken-promises/systemic-censorship-palestine-content-instagram-and" target="_blank">https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/12/21/metas-broken-promises/systemic-censorship-palestine-content-instagram-and</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"1577 The First Printing Press in the Middle East – Safed : Center for Online Judaic Studies". Cojs.org. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2022. <a href="http://cojs.org/1577-first-printing-press-middle-east-safed/" target="_blank">http://cojs.org/1577-first-printing-press-middle-east-safed/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Hebrew Printing". <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing" target="_blank">https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Ami Ayalon (25 October 2020). "مقدمة: تاريخ الصحافة العربية في فلسطين". National Library of Israel (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://blog.nli.org.il/ar/history-of-the-arabic-press/" target="_blank">https://blog.nli.org.il/ar/history-of-the-arabic-press/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Hebrew Printing". <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing" target="_blank">https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Abu Harb 2015, p. 382. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Dowty 2019, p. 27. - Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Aderet, Ofer (2013-03-02). "הלבנון, מהדורת הדיגיטל". Haaretz (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2023-04-13. <a href="https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/2013-03-02/ty-article/0000017f-db26-df9c-a17f-ff3e1b220000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/2013-03-02/ty-article/0000017f-db26-df9c-a17f-ff3e1b220000</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page). <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Bar-Am, Aviva and Shmuel (1 February 2014). "Nahalat Shiva, a little kingdom outside the walls". The Times of Israel. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/nahalat-shiva-a-little-kingdom-outside-the-walls/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/nahalat-shiva-a-little-kingdom-outside-the-walls/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Aderet, Ofer (2013-03-02). "הלבנון, מהדורת הדיגיטל". Haaretz (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2023-04-13. <a href="https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/2013-03-02/ty-article/0000017f-db26-df9c-a17f-ff3e1b220000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/2013-03-02/ty-article/0000017f-db26-df9c-a17f-ff3e1b220000</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Bar-Am, Aviva and Shmuel (1 February 2014). "Nahalat Shiva, a little kingdom outside the walls". The Times of Israel. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/nahalat-shiva-a-little-kingdom-outside-the-walls/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/nahalat-shiva-a-little-kingdom-outside-the-walls/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Muraoka, T. (2019-04-16). A Dream Come True. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-429-71985-1. <a href="978-0-429-71985-1" target="_blank">978-0-429-71985-1</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (2020-03-09). The Making of Eretz Israel in the Modern Era: A Historical-Geographical Study (1799–1949). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 184. ISBN 978-3-11-062640-7. <a href="978-3-11-062640-7" target="_blank">978-3-11-062640-7</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Dowty 2019, p. 237. - Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Kabha 2007, p. xiv. - Kabha, Mustafa (2007). The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-672-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Kabha 2007, p. xiv. - Kabha, Mustafa (2007). The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-672-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Abu Harb 2015, pp. 382–383. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Abu Harb 2015, pp. 382–383: "In 1936 Zionists attempting to set up an Arabic newspaper to counter anti-Zionist propaganda, acknowledged that it was difficult to compete with the quality of imported Egyptian publications like al-Ahrām [The Pyramids] and al-Jihad [The Struggle]." - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Hebrew Printing". <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing" target="_blank">https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Dowty 2019, p. 238. - Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Abu Harb 2015, p. 383. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Dowty 2019, p. 237. - Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Michael 2007, p. 95. - Michael, Suheir (1 December 2007). Identity in Palestinian Literature: Exile is the Antithesis of Home (PhD in Politics thesis). San Francisco State University. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024. <a href="https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x" target="_blank">https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Dowty 2019, p. 238: "In the spring of 1909 Al-Asma'i published an article by a young poet from a prominent family, Isaf an-Nashashibi, who admonished that Jews "should help in reviving this Arabic] language after its destruction." An-Nashashibi also urged that they "rid their hearts of those empty aspirations like the question of Zionism or governing Palestine," since there was no chance of achieving such hopes. "If the Jews want to live a good life with us," the young poet continued, "they should unite with us in respecting this beautiful language.... They should imitate our brothers the Christians, who are founding schools and teaching this beautiful language." - Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03866-1. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Michael 2007, p. 95. - Michael, Suheir (1 December 2007). Identity in Palestinian Literature: Exile is the Antithesis of Home (PhD in Politics thesis). San Francisco State University. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024. <a href="https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x" target="_blank">https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Regan 2018, p. 133-134. - Regan, Bernard (30 October 2018). The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine. Verso Books. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Kabha 2007, p. xx. - Kabha, Mustafa (2007). The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-672-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Regan 2018, p. 133-134. - Regan, Bernard (30 October 2018). The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine. Verso Books. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Kabha 2007, p. xxi. - Kabha, Mustafa (2007). The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-672-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"TAU – Institute of Jewish Press and Communications – The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Center". Tel Aviv University. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925002822/http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/bronfman/kesher29.heb.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120925002822/http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/bronfman/kesher29.heb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:54">Cohen, Yoel. "Haaretz". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2024. From Encyclopaedia Judaica 2nd ed.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haaretz" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haaretz</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">"Newspapers, Hebrew". Encyclopedia Judaica. Vol. 12. Jerusalem: Keter Books. 1978. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Abu Harb 2015, p. 384. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Abu Harb 2015, p. 384. - Abu Harb, Qasem (2015). "12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre". From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme. Open Book Publishers. pp. 377–416. doi:10.11647/obp.0052.12. ISBN 978-1-78374-062-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0052.12</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:63">"Hebrew Printing". <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing" target="_blank">https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hebrew-printing</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:112">"It's Bisan from Gaza and I'm Still Alive". The Peabody Awards. Retrieved 2024-09-09. <a href="https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/its-bisan-from-gaza/" target="_blank">https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/its-bisan-from-gaza/</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:118">Rugh 2004, p. 206. - Rugh, William A. (28 February 2004). Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. Retrieved 2 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOLEEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xOLEEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:120">Stein 2021, p. 50. - Stein, Rebecca (1 June 2021). Screen Shots: State Violence on Camera in Israel and Palestine. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-2803-8. Retrieved 1 April 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZYqEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zZYqEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:123">"Israel-Gaza war brings 2023 journalist killings to devastating high". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://cpj.org/reports/2024/02/israel-gaza-war-brings-2023-journalist-killings-to-devastating-high/" target="_blank">https://cpj.org/reports/2024/02/israel-gaza-war-brings-2023-journalist-killings-to-devastating-high/</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Jones, Kathy (30 October 2023). "Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza conflict". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024. <a href="https://cpj.org/2023/10/journalist-casualties-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict/" target="_blank">https://cpj.org/2023/10/journalist-casualties-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict/</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

History of Palestinian journalism open-in-new

History of Palestinian journalism