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Zhongruan
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<h2 id="use">Use</h2> <p>The default tuning of <i>zhongruan</i> is G2 D3 G3 D4 .<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> It can also be tuned as G2 D3 A3 E4 , or A2 D3 D3 D4 , or other variants, according to requirements in music scores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Since the <i>zhongruan</i> has a rounded, calm and rich tone, it is usually played as a lead instrument in small <a href="/facts/Musical_ensemble/qgdjWFtC">ensembles</a> and used to accompany other instruments in <a href="/facts/Chinese_orchestra/Q7rFRjuX">Chinese orchestra</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It can also be played <a href="/facts/Solo_(music)/6hoE0Yvz">solo</a>. </p> <h2 id="construction">Construction</h2> <p>A good quality <i>zhongruan</i> is usually made of <a href="/facts/Rosewood/kWINNfMD">rosewood</a> (紅木). For the best sound quality and visual appearance, it is made of <a href="/facts/Red_sandalwood/EBn3v6KD">red sandalwood</a> (紫檀木), because red sandalwood is best known for its beautiful <a href="/facts/Wood_grain/yyPhv8oP">wood grain</a>, unique purplish color, hardness and rareness. Therefore, a red sandalwood made <i>zhongruan</i> is heavier and more expensive. </p><p>The lute head (琴頭) is for decoration. Three common decorative patterns are <a href="/facts/Ruyi_(scepter)/NrAMe74x">ruyi</a> (如意, good fortune), <a href="/facts/Peony/TnkmFzEo">peony</a> and <a href="/facts/Dragon/VRWglF5f">dragon</a>. They are usually made of plastic or <a href="/facts/Ivory/pERH5AX6">ivory</a>. </p><p>Under the lute head is a <a href="/facts/Pegbox/LrjmDBYD">pegbox</a> (弦軸箱) with <a href="/facts/Tuning_peg/LrjmDBYD">tuning pegs</a> (琴栓) that hold the strings. The pegs are usually made of wood or buffalo horn. Nowadays, most <i>zhongruan</i>s have tuning <a href="/facts/Machine_head/TAhmjUtw">machine heads</a> (弦鈕) instead of a peg box, since they make it easier to tune. There are some makers that still use the traditional peg box system but coupled with fine tuners at the tailpiece. </p><p>The strings (弦) were made of silk in the old times. The number of strands of silk determined the thickness of the string. Nowadays, metal wound polymer strings are used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>A <a href="/facts/Nut_(hardware)/RvmcvYH8">nut</a> (山口) is placed between the pegbox and the neck to secure the strings. It is usually made of plastic, buffalo bone or ivory. </p><p>The neck (琴頸) connects the lute head and the body. It has a <a href="/facts/Fingerboard/KXSr6GaJ">fingerboard</a> (指板) and 24 <a href="/facts/Frets/5vzMbyET">frets</a> (品). The frets are usually made of plastic, buffalo bone, wood and metal (copper). For a good quality <i>zhongruan</i>, the frets are made of a combination of plastic and copper, or wood and copper, with the metal part inlaid at the top of each fret. In combining two materials, the frets last without damaging from long-time practice. </p><p>The circular <a href="/facts/Sound_box/TyIebD6B">sound box</a> (共鳴箱) body is made of a combination of front board, back board and side board. There are two <a href="/facts/Sound_hole/5L0pxk4L">sound holes</a> (音孔) on the front board to transmit sound. Some common shapes for the sound holds are circle, moon, S, and bird. </p><p>At the lower part of the body, a <a href="/facts/Bridge_(instrument)/SIA0HALw">bridge</a> (琴碼) is placed to support the strings and transmit vibration. </p><p>At the bottom of the body is a <a href="/facts/Tailpiece/QftP31vq">tailpiece</a> (縛弦) to anchor the strings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Note that the frets on all Chinese lutes are high so that the fingers never touch the actual body—distinctively different from western fretted instruments. This allows for a greater control over timbre and intonation than their western counterparts, but makes chordal playing more difficult. </p> <h2 id="some-zhongruan-music-pieces">Some Zhongruan music pieces</h2> <ul><li>《滿江紅》 The River All Red (zhongruan concerto)</li> <li>《雲南回憶》Reminiscences of Yunnan (zhongruan concerto)</li> <li>《睡蓮》 Water Lily (zhongruan solo)</li> <li>《絲路駝鈴》 Camel Bells of the Silk Road (zhongruan solo)</li> <li>《孤芳自賞》Narcissistic (zhongruan solo)</li> <li>《火把節之夜》 The Night of the Torch Festival (zhongruan solo)</li> <li>《倒垂簾》The Turned Over Curtain (zhongruan solo)</li> <li>《中阮摇滚》, also named《男人的刀》Zhong Ruan Rock N' Roll (zhongruan solo)</li> <li>《山歌》Folk Song (zhongruan solo)</li> <li>《天地之間》 Between the Sky and the Land (zhongruan duet)</li></ul> <h2 id="composers-and-performers">Composers and performers</h2> <p>Performers: </p> <ul><li>张思安 Djang San (inventor of the electric zhongruan)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jan_Linton/DykmQQ0X">Jan Linton</a> (western and Chinese style CD releases) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>刘波 Liu Bo</li> <li>沈非 Shen Fei</li> <li>潘宜彤 Dabby Pan</li> <li>吳強 Wu Qiang</li> <li>张蓉晖 Zhang Ronghui (新加坡华乐团 Singapore Chinese Orchestra)</li> <li>阮仕春 Ruan Shichun</li> <li>陈素敏 Tan Su-Min, Clara</li> <li>饶思名 Rao Si-Ming, Jonathan</li> <li>魏蔚 Wei Wei</li> <li>苗晓芸 Miao Xiaoyun, tenor and bass ruan, <a href="/facts/Pipa/vXGRIrh5">pipa</a></li> <li>刘星 Liu Xing</li> <li>张鑫华 Zhang Xinhua</li> <li>徐陽 Xu Yang</li> <li>罗彩霞 Lo Chai Xia</li> <li>魏育茹 Wei Yuru<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Composers: </p> <ul><li>张思安 Djang San (inventor of the electric zhongruan)</li> <li>苏涵达 Tommy Su Handa</li> <li>林吉良 Lin Jiliang</li> <li>吳俊生 Wu Junsheng</li> <li>劉星Liu Xing</li> <li>寧勇Ning Yong</li> <li>王仲丙 Wang Zhongbing</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ruan_(instrument)/nULz3bKM">Ruan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Chinese_musical_instruments/UpRhwMwV">List of Chinese musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_Orchestra/Q7rFRjuX">Chinese Orchestra</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Zhongruan". CALIFORNIA YOUTH CHINESE SYMPHONY. Retrieved 2023-12-01. <a href="http://www.uscycs.org/zhongruan.html" target="_blank">http://www.uscycs.org/zhongruan.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kessel, Jonah (2011-05-30), A Guide to Chinese Instruments: Zhongruan (Moon Guitar) 中阮, retrieved 2023-12-01 <a href="https://vimeo.com/24412571" target="_blank">https://vimeo.com/24412571</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Jähnichen, Gisa (2023-11-01). Refining versus Simplification in Transmission and Performance / Humans and their Musical Instruments as Part of Nature. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8325-5685-3. <a href="978-3-8325-5685-3" target="_blank">978-3-8325-5685-3</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"中阮的三种定弦方法" [Three zhongruan tuning methods]. 京剧论坛 [Beijing Opera forum] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091246/http://jingju.com/archiver/tid-2173.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091246/http://jingju.com/archiver/tid-2173.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Ruan". Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra. Learning Music. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091105072345/http://www.hkco.org/eng/learning_2_eng.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091105072345/http://www.hkco.org/eng/learning_2_eng.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Shen, Sin-Yan (1991). Chinese Music and Orchestration: A Primer on Principles and Practice, p. 107. Chinese Music Society of North America, Woodridge. October 19, 2009. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The Construction of Ruan (in Chinese)) Archived January 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, 中國民樂網, accessed October 26, 2009 <a href="http://www.minue.cn/Article.asp?id=1066" target="_blank">http://www.minue.cn/Article.asp?id=1066</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Jan Linton Buddha Machine Music". Ambientblog.net. 25 June 2011. Retrieved 2021-03-30. <a href="https://www.ambientblog.net/blog/2011-06/jan-linton-buddha-machine-music/" target="_blank">https://www.ambientblog.net/blog/2011-06/jan-linton-buddha-machine-music/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>The Art of the Chinese Lute, ARC Music EUCD1864, 2004 <a href="/wiki/ARC_Music" target="_blank">/wiki/ARC_Music</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>