Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Rubis-class submarine
open-in-new
<h2 id="background-and-design">Background and design</h2> <p>The <i>Rubis</i> class was the second attempt at constructing a <a href="/facts/Nuclear_propulsion/nYPc1mTy">nuclear-powered</a> <a href="/facts/Attack_submarine/8TsVhV80">attack submarine</a>. The first, also dubbed <i>Rubis</i>, had been authorised in 1964 but cancelled in 1968, just as the first boat was about to commence construction. However, a new naval plan in 1972, called <i>Plan Bleu</i>, stated a requirement for 20 attack submarines of both nuclear-powered and conventionally-powered types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The new design, designated Type SNA 72 and called a <i>sous-marin nucléaire de chasse</i> (<a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>: <i>nuclear attack submarine</i>) was smaller than any contemporary nuclear-powered attack submarine design in other major world navies. The small <a href="/facts/Hull_(watercraft)/hY6LxATt">hull</a> design was capable due the development of a compact, integrated <a href="/facts/Nuclear_reactor/8xqjIbge">nuclear reactor</a>-exchanger with <a href="/facts/Turbo-electric_drive/dEcEz4Md">turbo-electric drives</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Even then, the project was only considered feasible if equipped with weapons and sensors already in service, with the fire-control, <a href="/facts/Torpedo/RLLPpktk">torpedo</a>-launching and submarine-detection systems also found in the <a href="/facts/Agosta-class_submarine/HyNQSjSK"><i>Agosta</i> class</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>As built the first four submarines of the class measured 72.1 metres (236 ft 7 in) <a href="/facts/Length_overall/YMeByubQ">long overall</a> with a <a href="/facts/Beam_(nautical)/kG7egDLm">beam</a> of 7.6 m (24 ft 11 in) and a <a href="/facts/Draft_(hull)/MHGIRjC0">draught</a> of 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in). The <i>Rubis</i> class had a <a href="/facts/Displacement_(ship)/19jbfNuM">standard displacement</a> of 2,265 <a href="/facts/Tonne/gMymLmWv">tonnes</a> (2,229 <a href="/facts/Long_ton/5ajqnrGq">long tons</a>), 2,385 t (2,347 long tons) surfaced and 2,670 t (2,630 long tons) submerged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The boats are of single-hull construction made of 80 HLES high elasticity steel and the forward diving planes are situated high on the <a href="/facts/Conning_tower/tX2VzTHz">conning tower</a>. The <i>Rubis</i> class can dive to depths over 300 m (980 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The submarines are powered by a CAS-48 pressurised water nuclear reactor creating 48 <a href="/facts/Megawatt/VK8oqRrm">megawatts</a> utilising 7% <a href="/facts/Low-enriched_uranium/vSb2Tcsb">low-enriched uranium</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> driving two 3,950-<a href="/facts/Kilowatt/VK8oqRrm">kilowatt</a> <a href="/facts/Turbo-alternator/r9KEPP9d">turbo-alternator</a> sets. These power a single <a href="/facts/Propeller/0IN0JKXC">propeller</a> creating 7,100 kW (9,500 <a href="/facts/Horsepower/jRMwmIxA">shp</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> At low speeds, the submarines use natural circulation to reduce noise emissions. In case of a reactor failure, the <i>Rubis</i>es have an emergency electric motor powered by batteries or a <a href="/facts/SEMT-Pielstick/UX3zbdkf">SEMT-Pielstick</a> 16PA4 <a href="/facts/Diesel_generator/dR2LcP3I">diesel generator</a> set with an output of 480 kW (640 hp; 650 PS). On battery power, the vessel has a range of 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) and endurance for 15 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The submarines had a cruising speed of 25 <a href="/facts/Knot_(unit)/Sho0TF2y">knots</a> (46 km/h; 29 mph) and endurance of 45 days (60 days maximum). Manned by two (alternating) crews, they have an active yearly service of 240 days. The crew initially numbered 66, including 9 officers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Sharing sensors and weapons with the <i>Agosta</i> class, the <i>Rubis</i>es have four 533-millimetre (21 in) <a href="/facts/Torpedo_tube/D0o8sNR1">torpedo tubes</a> forward. They have stowage for a mix of 14 <a href="/facts/F17_torpedo/6q65fLqB">F17 Mod 2 torpedoes</a> and <a href="/facts/Exocet/D6leL5eH">SM39 Exocet</a> <a href="/facts/Anti-ship_missile/f6MbP8Ab">anti-ship missiles</a>. The submarines can fire and guide two torpedoes simultaneously. Instead of torpedoes, the submarine can embark FG 29 <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">mines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The submarines was initially fitted with a DRUA 33 navigation/search <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radar</a>, ARUR and ARUD <a href="/facts/Electronic_warfare/c6XGz9y0">electronic warfare</a> systems, DSUV 22 multi-function passive <a href="/facts/Sonar/245ooRW7">sonar</a> array, DUUA 2B active sonar, and DUUX 2 acoustic intercept sonar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>AMÉTHYSTE rebuild</h3> <p>The initial design of <i>Rubis</i> proved to be problematic with unexpectedly high noise levels. This led to the <i>Améthyste</i> silencing program (AMÉlioration Tactique HYdrodynamique Silence Transmission Ecoute, literally <i>Silent Acoustic Transmission Tactical Hydrodynamic Improvement</i>) which was applied during construction of the fifth (<i>Améthyste</i>) and sixth (<i>Perle</i>) hulls. The hull form was reshaped and lengthened to 73.6 m (241 ft 6 in) while the <a href="/facts/Superstructure/s94pXpHw">superstructure</a> and external <a href="/facts/Bow_(ship)/7IMvUGon">bow</a> were made of <a href="/facts/Glass-reinforced_plastic/T6MtJ4ep">glass-reinforced plastic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> To further reduce noise emissions, the machinery was given flexible mountings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The program included upgrades to the sonar and additional upgrades of the electronics. The <i>Rubis</i> class had a DSUB 62C towed passive sonar array, DUUG 2 sonar intercept, DMUX 20 sonar suite installed and had their acoustic intercept upgraded to DUUX 5. With the upgrades tested and proven, the original four boats were rebuilt to the same standards between 1989 and 1995 and were nearly identical to the final two ships of the class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="boats">Boats</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="7"><i>Rubis</i> class construction data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Pennant_number/1UvdSISw">Pennant</a></th><th scope="col">Name</th><th scope="col">Builder</th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Keel_laying/0GjIvoG1">Laid down</a></th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Ceremonial_ship_launching/kFSJFllx">Launched</a></th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Ship_commissioning/aPxGm7yB">Commissioned</a></th><th scope="col">Status</th></tr><tr><td scope="row">S601</td><td><a href="/facts/French_submarine_Rubis_(S601)/q1RuxlY7"><i>Rubis</i></a> (ex-<i>Provence</i>)</td><td rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/Naval_Group/JoBe5FcU">DCNS</a>, <a href="/facts/Arsenal_de_Cherbourg/Ej9Lrtbn">Cherboug</a>, France</td><td>11 December 1976</td><td>7 July 1979</td><td>23 February 1983</td><td>Decommissioned November 2022</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">S602</td><td><a href="/facts/French_submarine_Saphir_(S602)/uVUhre62"><i>Saphir</i></a> (ex-<i>Bretagne</i>)</td><td>1 September 1979</td><td>1 September 1981</td><td>6 July 1984</td><td>Decommissioned July 2019</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">S603</td><td><a href="/facts/French_submarine_Casabianca_(S603)/XCGsG9La"><i>Casabianca</i></a> (ex-<i>Bourgogne</i>)</td><td>19 September 1981</td><td>22 December 1984</td><td>21 April 1987</td><td>Decommissioned 27 September 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">S604</td><td><a href="/facts/French_submarine_%25C3%2589meraude_(S604)/T1m9kS7F"><i>Émeraude</i></a></td><td>4 March 1983<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>12 April 1986</td><td>15 September 1988</td><td>Decommissioned 12 December 2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">S605</td><td><a href="/facts/French_submarine_Am%25C3%25A9thyste_(S605)/ENWXr56o"><i>Améthyste</i></a></td><td>31 October 1984</td><td>14 May 1988</td><td>3 March 1992</td><td>In service</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">S606</td><td><a href="/facts/French_submarine_Perle_(S606)/EbB6j89H"><i>Perle</i></a></td><td>22 March 1987</td><td>22 September 1990</td><td>7 July 1993</td><td>In service</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">S607</td><td><i>Turquoise</i></td><td colspan="4">Cancelled 1991</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">S608</td><td><i>Diamant</i></td><td colspan="4">Cancelled 1992</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="construction-and-career">Construction and career</h2> <p>The first hull was <a href="/facts/Keel_laying/0GjIvoG1">laid down</a> in December 1976 and <a href="/facts/Ceremonial_ship_launching/kFSJFllx">launched</a> in 1979. The first ship cost 850 million French francs to build.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The first three vessels originally sported the names <i>Provence</i>, <i>Bretagne</i> and <i>Bourgogne</i> respectively, but their names were changed to their current monikers in November 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> <i>Rubis</i> was financed via the Third Military Equipment Plan, and the following three hulls were part of the Fourth Military Equipment Plan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> <i>Rubis</i>' reactor went <a href="/facts/Criticality_(status)/AcTlJX76">critical</a> in February 1981 and <a href="/facts/Sea_trial/qSmL1pdM">trials</a> began in June. Hulls five and six were ordered on 17 October 1984 and the seventh on 24 April 1990. However, plans for the eighth submarine of the class were cancelled in September 1991 and construction for the seventh was delayed. Eventually construction of the seventh hull was cancelled in June 1992, but not before the French Navy attempted to sell the vessel as a conventionally-powered submarine, but found no buyers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> All six submarines are based at <a href="/facts/Toulon/bnYFwGTc">Toulon</a> as part of the <i>Escadrille de sous-marins nucléaires d'attaque</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p><i>Saphir</i> was the first to undergo the AMÉTHYSTE rebuild, being out of service from November 1989 to May 1991. <i>Rubis</i> followed from September 1992 to July 1993.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> On 20 August 1993, <i>Rubis</i> collided with the <a href="/facts/Oil_tanker/WHUhISVB">oil tanker</a> <i>Lyria</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> From 1993 to 1994, <i>Casabianca</i> underwent the AMÉTHYSTE rebuild. On 30 March 1994, <i>Émeraude</i> had a steam leakage in the secondary steam loop, suffering ten casualties including the vessel's commanding officer. <i>Émeraude</i> would undergo the AMÉTHYSTE rebuild from May 1994 to December 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>During the <i>Péan</i> inter-allied manoeuvres of 1998, <i>Casabianca</i> managed to "sink" the <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States Navy</a> <a href="/facts/Aircraft_carrier/90vrSN0V">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/facts/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower/e4eF7xSD">USS <i>Dwight D. Eisenhower</i></a> and the <a href="/facts/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser/IGRfEoWT"><i>Ticonderoga</i>-class cruiser</a> that was escorting her.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> In September 2000 <i>Saphir</i> experienced excessive <a href="/facts/Radioactivity/Ya6FVjt4">radioactivity</a> in the primary reactor loop forcing the submarine to be withdrawn from service for six months to undergo recoring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>During COMPTUEX 2015, an exercise led by the United States Navy, <i>Saphir</i> successfully defeated the aircraft carrier <a href="/facts/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)/N2dXKRqj">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></a> and her escort, managing to "sink" the US carrier. This was widely advertised by the French Navy but unmentioned by the US Navy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>On 12 June 2020, <i>Perle</i> caught fire in dry dock while undergoing major renovations. The fire broke out around 10:35 local time in the forward section of the submarine and was described as being "unbelievably fierce". According to French naval sources, there were no weapons or nuclear fuel aboard at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> In October 2020 it was announced that <i>Perle</i> would be repaired using the forward section of the decommissioned boat, <i>Saphir</i>. The repairs were projected to be completed in 2022 and her return to service was anticipated in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <i>Perle</i> returned to sea in May 2023 to begin post-refit sea trials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>The French Navy started replacing the <i>Rubis</i> class with the <a href="/facts/Suffren-class_submarine/TnmeYtDS"><i>Suffren</i>-class submarines</a> in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="proposed-canada-class">Proposed Canada class</h2> <p>In 1987, the Canadian White Paper on Defence recommended the purchase of 10 to 12 <i>Rubis</i> or <a href="/facts/Trafalgar-class_submarine/UBwC4MHo"><i>Trafalgar</i>-class submarines</a> under technology transfer, which would be known as the <a href="/facts/Canada-class_submarine/6X3bt4Xk">Canada class</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> with the choice of the type of submarine due to be confirmed before Summer 1988.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The goal was to build up a three-ocean navy and to assert Canadian sovereignty over Arctic waters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Neither design met the Canadian Statement of Requirement (SOR), the initial <i>Rubis</i> design being deemed noisy underwater and slow. It also came with the caveat that the first 4–5 submarines would have to be built in France. However, unlike the British <i>Trafalgar</i> class, the <i>Rubis</i> design did not require United States permission to transfer the nuclear propulsion technology, as the Americans were certain to invoke their veto of the sale to Canada. The French brought back a revision to their design baptized Canadian AMETHYSTE, underlining the fact that the proposal was for the new standard carried by the fifth French submarine of the series, <i>Améthyste</i>, a standard the previous four boats would also soon be upgraded to in order to solve the issues plaguing the original design, notably the noisiness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The French also added an "ice pick" so the submarine could operate under ice and were developing a modification for their <a href="/facts/Torpedo_tube/D0o8sNR1">torpedo tubes</a> which were too short to use the Mark 48 torpedoes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The purchase was finally abandoned in April 1989 due to opposition to nuclear submarines, American opposition to the program and high costs, particularly with the end of the <a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_submarines_of_France/vcwkBWXN">List of submarines of France</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service/BfU3VP7S">List of submarine classes in service</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Submarine_forces_(France)/72j9kkWH">Submarine forces (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Future_of_the_French_Navy/40aVJKsv">Future of the French Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cruise_missile_submarine/DdgKzILW">Cruise missile submarine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="citations">Citations</h2> <ul><li>Couhat, Jean Labayle, ed. (1986). <i>Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85368-860-5.</li> <li>Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). <i>Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-55750-132-7.</li> <li>Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). <i>Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010</i> (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7106-2888-6.</li> <li>Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). <i>The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World</i> (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9-7-815911-4954-5.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rubis class submarine. <ul><li><a href="https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/rubis/">SSN Rubis Amethyste Class, France</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jordan 1995, p. 96. - Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Jordan 1995, p. 124. - Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Jordan 1995, p. 124. - Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Couhat 1986, p. 121. - Couhat, Jean Labayle, ed. (1986). Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85368-860-5. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Couhat 1986, p. 121. - Couhat, Jean Labayle, ed. (1986). Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85368-860-5. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Jordan 1995, p. 124. - Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>McCord, Cameron (June 2013). Examination of Proposed Conversion of the U.S. Navy Nuclear Fleet from Highly Enriched Uranium to Low Enriched Uranium (PDF) (Bachelor of Science). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 24. Retrieved 18 October 2022. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/18321557.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/18321557.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Jordan 1995, p. 124. - Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Couhat 1986, p. 121. - Couhat, Jean Labayle, ed. (1986). Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85368-860-5. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Saunders 2009, p. 244. - Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010 (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0-7106-2888-6. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Couhat 1986, p. 121. - Couhat, Jean Labayle, ed. (1986). Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85368-860-5. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Wertheim 2013, pp. 200–201. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Jordan 1995, p. 124. - Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Saunders 2009, p. 244. - Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010 (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0-7106-2888-6. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Jordan 1995, p. 124. - Jordan, John (1995). "France". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–131. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Saunders 2009, p. 244. - Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010 (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0-7106-2888-6. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Groizeleau, Vincent (29 September 2023). "Cherbourg : dernière cérémonie des couleurs pour le SNA Casabianca" [Cherbourg: last ceremony of the colours for the SNA Casabianca]. Mer et Marine (in French). Retrieved 13 December 2024. <a href="https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/cherbourg-derniere-ceremonie-des-couleurs-pour-le-sna-casabianca" target="_blank">https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/cherbourg-derniere-ceremonie-des-couleurs-pour-le-sna-casabianca</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Jordan has the date as 1 March 1983[2] <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Groizeleau, Vincent (13 December 2024). "Cherbourg : dernière cérémonie des couleurs pour le SNA Émeraude" [Cherbourg: last ceremony of the colours for the SNA Émeraude]. Mer et Marine (in French). Retrieved 13 December 2024. <a href="https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/cherbourg-derniere-ceremonie-des-couleurs-pour-le-sna-emeraude" target="_blank">https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/cherbourg-derniere-ceremonie-des-couleurs-pour-le-sna-emeraude</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Moirand, René (18 June 1982). "Le premier sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque entrera en service avec plus de quatre mois de retard" [First nuclear attack submarine to enter service more than four months late]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 9 January 2021. <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1982/06/18/le-premier-sous-marin-nucleaire-d-attaque-entrera-en-service-avec-plus-de-quatre-mois-de-retard_2905238_1819218.html" target="_blank">https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1982/06/18/le-premier-sous-marin-nucleaire-d-attaque-entrera-en-service-avec-plus-de-quatre-mois-de-retard_2905238_1819218.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Geistdoerfer, Alice (June 1997). "Des Sous-Mariniers "Un Corps D'Elite" de la Marine nationale française" [Submariners an "Elite Corps" of the French Navy] (PDF) (in French). Mission du patrimoine ethnologique Ministère de la Culture. Retrieved 15 June 2021. <a href="https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Media/Thematiques/Patrimoine-ethnologique/Files/Rapports-de-recherche/2001-et-avant/Ethno_Geistdoerfer_1997_132.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Media/Thematiques/Patrimoine-ethnologique/Files/Rapports-de-recherche/2001-et-avant/Ethno_Geistdoerfer_1997_132.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Couhat 1986, p. 121. - Couhat, Jean Labayle, ed. (1986). Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85368-860-5. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Saunders 2009, p. 244. - Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010 (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0-7106-2888-6. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Simons, Marlis (August 1993). "Oil Spills as Nuclear Sub Hits a Tanker Off France". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 June 2008. <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DB123FF933A1575BC0A965958260" target="_blank">https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DB123FF933A1575BC0A965958260</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque Casabianca" (in French). netmarine.net. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2014. <a href="http://www.netmarine.net/bat/smarins/casabian/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.netmarine.net/bat/smarins/casabian/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Lagneau, Laurent (4 March 2015). "Un sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque français a fictivement coulé le porte-avions USS Theodore Roosevelt" [A French nuclear attack submarine has fictitiously sunk the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt]. opex360.com (in French). Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015. <a href="http://www.opex360.com/2015/03/04/marin-nucleaire-dattaque-francais-fictivement-coule-le-porte-avions-uss-theodore-roosevelt/" target="_blank">http://www.opex360.com/2015/03/04/marin-nucleaire-dattaque-francais-fictivement-coule-le-porte-avions-uss-theodore-roosevelt/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"In 2015, a 30 Year Old French Nuclear Submarine 'Sank' a U.S. Aircraft Carrier". The National Interest. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018. <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/2015-30-year-old-french-nuclear-submarine-sank-us-aircraft-18912/" target="_blank">https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/2015-30-year-old-french-nuclear-submarine-sank-us-aircraft-18912/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Mackenzie, Christina (16 June 2020). "French submarine burns in 'unbelievably fierce fire' for 14 hours". Defense News. Retrieved 17 June 2020. <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2020/06/16/french-submarine-burns-in-unbelievably-fierce-fire-for-14-hours/" target="_blank">https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2020/06/16/french-submarine-burns-in-unbelievably-fierce-fire-for-14-hours/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Groizeleau, Vincent (16 March 2022). "SNA Perle : remise en service prévue dans un an" [SNA Perle: return to service scheduled in one year]. Mer et Marine (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2022. <a href="https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/sna-perle-remise-en-service-prevue-dans-un" target="_blank">https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/sna-perle-remise-en-service-prevue-dans-un</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Vavasseur, Xavier (22 October 2020). "Euronaval: France To Repair Fire-Damaged SSN Perle With Forward Section Of SSN Saphir". Naval News. Retrieved 15 June 2021. <a href="https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/euronaval-2020/2020/10/euronaval-france-to-repair-fire-damaged-ssn-perle-with-forward-section-of-ssn-saphir/" target="_blank">https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/euronaval-2020/2020/10/euronaval-france-to-repair-fire-damaged-ssn-perle-with-forward-section-of-ssn-saphir/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Lagneau, Laurent (19 May 2023). "Le sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque Perle a effectué sa première plongée depuis sa modification". zone militaire. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519223625/https://www.opex360.com/2023/05/19/le-sous-marin-nucleaire-dattaque-perle-a-effectue-sa-premiere-plongee-depuis-sa-modification/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230519223625/https://www.opex360.com/2023/05/19/le-sous-marin-nucleaire-dattaque-perle-a-effectue-sa-premiere-plongee-depuis-sa-modification/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Challenge and Commitment: A Defence Policy for Canada (PDF). Ottawa: Department of National Defence (Canada). 1987. pp. 52–54. ISBN 0-660-12509-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2014. <a href="0-660-12509-9" target="_blank">0-660-12509-9</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Defence Update 1988-89 (PDF). Ottawa: Department of National Defence (Canada). 1989. ISBN 0-662-55733-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2014. <a href="0-662-55733-6" target="_blank">0-662-55733-6</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Spicer, Keith (10 September 2007). "Canada's Arctic claims". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150127073729/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=06b557bc-bbc0-4543-90e3-4da70001bef6" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150127073729/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=06b557bc-bbc0-4543-90e3-4da70001bef6</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Wertheim 2013, p. 200. - Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9-7-815911-4954-5. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Saunders 2009, p. 244. - Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010 (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0-7106-2888-6. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Ferguson, Julie H. (1995). Through a Canadian Periscope: The Story of the Canadian Submarine Service. Toronto: Dundurn Press. pp. 317–318. ISBN 1-55002-217-2. <a href="1-55002-217-2" target="_blank">1-55002-217-2</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>German, Tony (1990). The Sea is at Our Gates: The History of the Canadian Navy. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 324. ISBN 0-7710-3268-4. <a href="0-7710-3268-4" target="_blank">0-7710-3268-4</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Milner, Marc (2010). Canada's Navy: The First Century (Second ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-8020-9604-3. <a href="978-0-8020-9604-3" target="_blank">978-0-8020-9604-3</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>