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Service-orientation
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<h2 id="history-of-service-orientation-principles-and-tenets">History of service-orientation principles and tenets</h2> <p>Service-orientation has received a lot of attention since 2003<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> due to the benefits it promises. These include increased <a href="/facts/Return_on_investment/M8qYt4Yf">return on investment</a>, organisational <a href="/facts/Agility/zlqkTPs1">agility</a> and <a href="/facts/Interoperability/7WgqUbXU">interoperability</a> as well as a better alignment between business and <a href="/facts/Information_technology/glMzunwe">IT</a>. It builds heavily on earlier design paradigms and enhances them with standardisation, loose coupling and business involvement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The paradigm lost momentum in 2009;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> since 2014, renewed interest can be observed under the <a href="/facts/Microservices/1zGcNFSj">Microservices</a> moniker. In technology, different vendor <a href="/facts/Service-oriented_architecture/g8krR0dk">SOA</a> platforms have used different definitions of service-orientation. Some vendors promote different principles and tenets over others, but a fair amount of commonality exists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Service-orientation inherits a small number of principles from earlier paradigms including <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented programming</a>, <a href="/facts/Component-based_software_engineering/eW5wvSHC">component-based software engineering</a> and open distributed processing. It is commonly acknowledged that several service-orientation principles have their roots in the object-oriented design paradigm: the two are complementary paradigms and there will always be a need for both.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Services also inherit a number of features of software components, including </p> <ul><li>Multiple-use</li> <li>Non-context-specific</li> <li>Composable</li> <li>Encapsulated i.e., non-investigable through its interfaces</li> <li>A unit of independent deployment and versioning</li></ul> <p>Open Distributed Processing (ODP) combines the concepts of open systems and distributed computing, which are essential characteristics of service-orientation. The key features of ODP are all inherited by service-orientation, including federation, interoperability, heterogeneity, transparency and trading/broking. </p> <h2 id="essential-characteristics">Essential characteristics</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Don_Box/vhaH3ADa">Don Box</a> was one of the first to provide a set of design guidelines referred to as his "four tenets of service-orientation", which he described primarily in relation to the <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> Indigo (subsequently <a href="/facts/Windows_Communication_Foundation/IoErd0b4">Windows Communication Foundation</a>) platform that was emerging at the time: </p> <ol><li>Boundaries are explicit</li> <li>Services are autonomous</li> <li>Services share schema and contract, not class</li> <li>Service compatibility is based on policy</li></ol> <p>Other vendors and independent consultants have published their definitions of service-orientation and SOA, for instance, N. Josuttis in "SOA in Practice" and D: Krafzig et al. in "Enterprise SOA". An article in the December 2005 edition of the IBM System Journal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> entitled "Impact of service orientation at the business level"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> provided a study of how the service-orientation paradigm relates to fundamental componentization and the <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> Component Business Model (CBM). </p><p>Paul Allen defines service orientation as a (business) paradigm, with three main components: business architecture, <a href="/facts/Service-oriented_architecture/g8krR0dk">Service-oriented architecture</a> and software oriented management. Allen's book defines seven Service-Oriented Viewpoints (labelled SOV7): Allen, Paul (2006). <i>Service Orientation Winning Strategies and Best Practices</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521843362. </p> <ol><li>Transparence <ul><li>Smoothness of customer's experience in using the service.</li></ul></li> <li>Customer fit <ul><li>Ability to tailor offerings to variations in customer needs.</li></ul></li> <li>Partner connectivity <ul><li>Ability to use 3rd parties for performing commodity services</li> <li>Ability to offer a service to different partners</li></ul></li> <li>Adaptation <ul><li>Adapting to the changes in the marketplace.</li></ul></li> <li>Multi-channel capability <ul><li>Support the customer end-to-end through process, using different channels to achieve continuity.</li> <li>Offering same service through different channels.</li></ul></li> <li>Optimization <ul><li>Offering services in real time at high performance levels.</li></ul></li> <li>One-stop experience <ul><li>Catering to different needs of the customers through one set of services.</li></ul></li></ol> <p>Allen uses the viewpoints as starting point for stating questions during the design process. </p><p>Service-orientation has continued to receive increased recognition as an important part of the service-oriented computing landscape and a valid design approach to achieving <a href="/facts/Service-oriented_architecture/g8krR0dk">service-oriented architecture</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Loose_coupling/uXRb4qBJ">Loose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Service-oriented_architecture/g8krR0dk">Service-oriented architecture</a> (SOA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Service_granularity_principle/soJd2jLL">Service granularity principle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Service-oriented_modeling/dKBECNxo">Service-oriented modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_architecture/1Hokp0Ed">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Service-oriented_communications/qIVBx0AR">Service-oriented communications</a> (SOC)</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Allen, Paul (2006). <i>Service Orientation, winning strategies and best practices</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521843362.</li> <li>Luba Cherbakov et al. (2005). "<a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesrchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5386696&queryText%3Dcherbakov%26openedRefinements%3D*%26searchField%3DSearch+All">Impact of service orientation at the business level</a>[<i>dead link</i>]". IBM Systems Journal Oct 2005</li> <li>Josuttis, Nicolai (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/soainpractice00josu"><i>SOA in Practice</i></a>. Sebastopoal, CA, USA: O'Reilly. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-596-52955-0.</li> <li>Rotem-Gal-Oz, Arnon (2012). <i>SOA Patterns</i>. Mannikng Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1933988269.</li> <li>Jenny Ang, Luba Cherbakov, Mamdouh Ibrahim (2005). "<a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-antipatterns/">SOA antipatterns</a>". IBM Online article, Nov 2005.</li> <li>Ali Arsanjani (2004). "<a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/ws-soa-design1/">Service-Oriented Modeling & Architecture</a>". IBM Online article, 09 Nov 2004.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Service-oriented (business computing) at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Erl, Thomas. "SOA Principles". <a href="http://www.soaprinciples.com/p3.php" target="_blank">http://www.soaprinciples.com/p3.php</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Service-Oriented Software Engineering". <a href="http://www.s-cube-network.eu/km/terms/s/service-oriented-software-engineering" target="_blank">http://www.s-cube-network.eu/km/terms/s/service-oriented-software-engineering</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Gartner's Hype Cycle Special Report for 2005" (PDF). <a href="http://www.gartner.com/resources/130100/130115/gartners_hype_c.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.gartner.com/resources/130100/130115/gartners_hype_c.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Erl, Thomas. "What Is SOA? - Introduction". <a href="http://www.whatissoa.com/p16.php" target="_blank">http://www.whatissoa.com/p16.php</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"SOA is Dead; Long Live Services". Application Platform Strategies Blog. <a href="http://apsblog.burtongroup.com/2009/01/soa-is-dead-long-live-services.html" target="_blank">http://apsblog.burtongroup.com/2009/01/soa-is-dead-long-live-services.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Liebhart, Daniel. SOA goes real. Hanser, 2007, p. 22 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Elements of Service-Oriented Analysis and Design". www.ibm.com. 2 June 2004. <a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/ws-soad1/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/ws-soad1/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"IBM Journal of Research & Development". www.research.ibm.com. 23 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2006-03-12. <a href="https://archive.today/20060312002405/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20060312002405/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Impact of service orientation at the business level". www.research.ibm.com. 23 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2006-03-12. <a href="https://archive.today/20060312024514/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/444/cherbakov.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20060312024514/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/444/cherbakov.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>