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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_electronic_engineering/e5LKvc0I">History of electronic engineering</a></p> <p>For its first fifty years, the <a href="/facts/Phonograph/VcNQRYVT">phonograph</a> turntable did not use electronics; the needle and sound horn were purely mechanical technologies. However, in the 1920s, <a href="/facts/Radio_broadcasting/FLJVq8Ec">radio broadcasting</a> became the basis of the <a href="/facts/Mass_production/31Cmgjuc">mass production</a> of <a href="/facts/Radio_receiver/5olDTxkg">radio receivers</a>. The <a href="/facts/Vacuum_tube/VHd1BNLq">vacuum tubes</a> that had made radios practical were used with record players as well. This was to <a href="/facts/Audio_power_amplifier/NqLdbyS2">amplify</a> the sound so that it could be played through a <a href="/facts/Loudspeaker/tqEjnJ2z">loudspeaker</a>. <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">Television</a> was invented soon after, but remained insignificant in the consumer market until the 1950s. </p><p>The first working <a href="/facts/Transistor/Bmr8zwL0">transistor</a>, a <a href="/facts/Point-contact_transistor/29Qgz5RC">point-contact transistor</a>, was invented by <a href="/facts/John_Bardeen/kbj763Fh">John Bardeen</a> and <a href="/facts/Walter_Houser_Brattain/zjTKLjpA">Walter Houser Brattain</a> at <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a> in 1947, which led to significant research in the field of <a href="/facts/Solid-state_electronics/US0Qbq28">solid-state</a> <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductors</a> in the early-1950s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The invention and development of the earliest transistors at Bell led to <a href="/facts/Transistor_radio/5chsStE7">transistor radios</a>, in turn promoting the emergence of the home entertainment consumer electronics industry starting in the 1950s. This was largely due to the efforts of <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo</a> (now <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a>) in successfully commercializing transistor technology for a mass market, with affordable <a href="/facts/Transistor_radio/5chsStE7">transistor radios</a> and then transistorized <a href="/facts/Television_set/8moTsqhB">television sets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">Integrated circuits</a> (ICs) followed when manufacturers built circuits (usually for military purposes) on a single substrate using electrical connections between circuits within the chip itself. IC technology led to more advanced and cheaper consumer electronics, such as transistorized televisions, <a href="/facts/Pocket_calculator/eeLfRS8L">pocket calculators</a>, and by the 1980s, <a href="/facts/Video_game/vmTdNASJ">video game</a> <a href="/facts/Video_game_console/K72D1NSS">consoles</a> and <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computers</a> affordable for regular middle-class families. </p><p>Beginning in the 1980s and continuing through the early 2000s, many consumer electronics, such as televisions and stereo systems, underwent digitization. The introduction of <a href="/facts/Compact_disc/g51GRloc">compact discs</a> (CDs) and personal computers during this period signalled a broader shift as digital computer technology and <a href="/facts/Digital_signal_processor/YuBXweos">digital signals</a> were increasingly integrated into consumer devices. This transformation significantly altered their functionality and led to improved performance, such as enhanced image quality in televisions. These advancements were largely driven by Moore’s Law, which enabled rapid increases in processing power and reductions in cost and size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>In 2004, the consumer electronics industry was worth US $240 billion annually worldwide, comprising visual equipment, <a href="/facts/Audio_equipment/4JnyTYUl">audio equipment</a>, and <a href="/facts/Games_console/K72D1NSS">games consoles</a>. The industry became global, with Asia Pacific having a 35% market share, Europe having 31.5%, the US having 23%, and the rest of the world owning the remainder. Major players in this industry are household names like <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a>, <a href="/facts/Samsung/oNXUwDjn">Samsung</a>, <a href="/facts/Philips/Xp4uczGg">Philips</a>, <a href="/facts/Sanyo/kk7BSfKF">Sanyo</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sharp_Corporation/IbmkAjKB">Sharp</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>White Goods</h3> <p>The increase in popularity of such domestic appliances as '<a href="/facts/White_goods/0bh8HEtz">white goods</a>' is a characteristic element of consumption patterns during the <a href="/facts/Golden_age/8yE4xALT">golden age</a> of the Western economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Europe's White Goods industry has evolved over the past 40 years, first by changing <a href="/facts/Tariff/NCluKCm2">tariff</a> barriers, and later by technical and demand shifts. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The spending on <a href="/facts/Home_appliance/JYKalzw6">domestic appliances</a> has claimed only a tiny fraction of <a href="/facts/Disposable_income/s07hDVV0">disposable income</a>, rising from 0.5 percent in the US in 1920 to about 2 percent in 1980. Yet, the sequence of electrical and mechanical <a href="/facts/Durables/u3QvzW47">durables</a> have altered the activities and experiences of households in America and Britain in the twentieth century. With the expansion of cookers, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, washing machines, radios, televisions, air conditioning, and microwave ovens, households have gained an escalating number of appliances. Despite the <a href="/facts/Omnipresence/TU9JYsuY">ubiquity</a> of these goods, their <a href="/facts/Diffusion/KbAxroBa">diffusion</a> is not well understood. Some types of appliances diffuse more frequently than others. In particular, home entertainment appliances such as radio and television have diffused much faster than household and kitchen machines."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="products">Products</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_electronics_brands/sKK2WRnf">List of electronics brands</a>, Category:Consumer electronics, and <a href="/facts/Electronics_industry/YX8VCvKC">Electronics industry</a></p> <p>Consumer electronics devices include those used for: <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Entertainment/XXRnLM62">Entertainment</a> (<a href="/facts/Flatscreen/jw0LWETN">Flatscreen</a> TVs, <a href="/facts/Television_set/8moTsqhB">television sets</a>, <a href="/facts/MP3_player/QHTLMGu4">MP3 players</a>, <a href="/facts/Digital_video_recorder/g8V6BsU5">video recorders</a>, <a href="/facts/DVD_player/ES2eIkIL">DVD players</a>, <a href="/facts/Radio_receiver/5olDTxkg">radio receivers</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Communication/EGEkchsT">Communications</a> (<a href="/facts/Telephone/P7uEgWQX">telephones</a>, <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone/H3EcqD9h">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/facts/Email/6pD9GLtI">email</a>-capable <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computers</a>, <a href="/facts/Desktop_computer/edFPINdK">desktop computers</a>, <a href="/facts/Laptop/3EFwTAb2">laptops</a>, <a href="/facts/Printer_(computing)/PnDF2QuF">printers</a>, <a href="/facts/Paper_shredder/4vrGuzUS">paper shredders</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Recreation/moECrpPw">Recreation</a> (<a href="/facts/Digital_camera/LSGTserm">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/facts/Camcorder/yhvxrblz">camcorders</a>, <a href="/facts/Video_game_console/K72D1NSS">video game consoles</a>, <a href="/facts/ROM_cartridge/mWLcNez7">ROM cartridges</a>, <a href="/facts/Radio-controlled_car/utzmHPpj">radio-controlled cars</a>, <a href="/facts/Robot_kit/pAnRApl3">robot kits</a>, etc.).</li></ul> <p>Consumer electronics products such as the <a href="/facts/Digital_distribution_of_video_games/TA6BjvSh">digital distribution of video games</a> have become increasingly based on the internet and digital technologies. The consumer electronics industry has primarily merged with the <a href="/facts/Software_industry/CJ81bC5P">software industry</a> in what is increasingly referred to as the <a href="/facts/Consumerization/tKtFqAKf">consumerization</a> of <a href="/facts/Information_technology/glMzunwe">information technology</a>. </p> List of top consumer electronics products by number of shipments<table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Electronic_device/E4JhgISq">Electronic device</a></th><th>Shipments<p>(est.billion)</p></th><th>Production years included</th><th>Ref</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Compact_disc/g51GRloc">Compact disc</a> (CD)</td><td>200</td><td>1982–2007</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cassette_tape/w8I5uyfs">Cassette tape</a></td><td>30</td><td>1963–2019</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Digital_versatile_disc/7fJsHJrN">Digital versatile disc</a> (DVD)</td><td>20</td><td>1996–2012</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mobile_phone/H3EcqD9h">Mobile phone</a></td><td>19.4</td><td>1994–2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">Smartphone</a></td><td>10.1</td><td>2007–2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/VHS/aN1lffdC">Video cassette</a> (VHS)</td><td>10</td><td>1976–2000</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Trends</h3> <p>One overriding characteristic of consumer electronic products is the trend of ever-falling prices. This is driven by gains in manufacturing efficiency and <a href="/facts/Automation/3YlF2K5q">automation</a>, lower <a href="/facts/Labour_economics/RRlxNx0u">labor</a> costs as manufacturing has moved to lower-wage countries, and improvements in <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Semiconductor components benefit from <a href="/facts/Moore%2527s_law/90CSekhl">Moore's law</a>, an observed principle which states that, for a given price, semiconductor functionality doubles every two years. </p><p>While consumer electronics continues in its trend of <a href="/facts/Technological_convergence/GaHzk37u">convergence</a>, combining elements of many products, consumers face different <a href="/facts/Buyer_decision_process/AGCFd7ag">purchasing decisions</a>. There is an ever-increasing need to keep product information updated and comparable for the consumer to make an informed choice. Style, price, specification, and performance are all relevant. There is a gradual shift towards <a href="/facts/E-commerce/7vxeea0Y">e-commerce</a> web-storefronts. </p><p>Many products include <a href="/facts/Internet_access/EMbwSrnK">Internet access</a> using technologies such as <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/facts/EDGE_(telecommunication)/WA4pSXEt">EDGE</a>, or <a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a>. Products not traditionally associated with computer use (such as <a href="/facts/Streaming_television/D6aUck27">TVs</a> or <a href="/facts/Hi-fi/K6kaTHSw">Hi-fi</a> equipment) now provide options to connect to the Internet or to a computer using a <a href="/facts/Home_network/1RmJ5nRn">home network</a> to provide access to digital content. The desire for <a href="/facts/High-definition_television/AuE6FRFI">high-definition (HD)</a> content has led the industry to develop a number of technologies, such as <a href="/facts/WirelessHD/etCsUPub">WirelessHD</a> or <a href="/facts/ITU-T/9nJwkPYx">ITU-T</a> <a href="/facts/G.hn/Tf9P5x7s">G.hn</a>, which are optimized for distribution of HD content between consumer electronic devices in a home. </p> <h3>Business competition</h3> <p>The consumer electronics industry faces consumers with unpredictable tastes on the <a href="/facts/Demand/mtb1m6F0">demand</a> side, supplier-related delays or disruptions on the supply side, and production challenges occurring in the process. The high rate of technology evolution or revolution requires large investments without any guarantee of profitable returns. As a result, the big players rely on global markets to achieve economies of scale. Even these companies sometimes have to cooperate with each other, for instance on standards, to reduce the risk of their investments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Supply_chain_management/3bEP00vC">supply chain management</a>, there is much discussion on risks related to such aspects of supply chains as short <a href="/facts/Product_lifecycle/G3U6gtBv">product lifecycles</a>, high competition combined with cooperation, and <a href="/facts/Globalization/0locjSHH">globalization</a>. The consumer electronics industry is the very embodiment of these aspects of supply chain management and related risks. While some of the <a href="/facts/Supply_and_demand/KprL1fvc">supply and demand</a> related risks are similar to such industries as the toy industry, the consumer electronics industry faces additional risks due to its <a href="/facts/Vertically_integrated/SQa0Sn6t">vertically integrated</a> supply chains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> There are also numerous supply-chain-wide contextual risks that cut across the supply chain especially impacting companies with <a href="/facts/Global_supply_chain_management/G3WbzHHB">global supply chains</a>. These include cultural differences in multinational operations, environmental risk, regulations risk, and exchange rate risk across multiple countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Whether or not demand is comparable across countries affects the extent of the gains from international integration. In addition, consumer preferences change over time to disturb existing patterns of behavior. A feature of some industries is that demand for variety increases as the market moves from first-time buying to replacement demand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> A resource to further understand this idea of consumer preferences can be observed through <a href="/facts/Lizabeth_Cohen/20yU4n7a">Lizabeth Cohen</a>'s book titled, "A Consumers' Republic", "Only if we have large demands can we expect large production".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="industries">Industries</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Electronics_industry/YX8VCvKC">Electronics industry</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Electronics_industry_in_Japan/bkz0eDpT">Electronics industry in Japan</a>, <a href="/facts/Electronics_industry_in_China/6NAGkewR">Electronics industry in China</a>, and <a href="/facts/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh/43wlQ1lv">Electronics industry in Bangladesh</a></p> <p>The electronics industry, especially consumer electronics, emerged in the 20th century and has become a global industry worth billions of dollars. Contemporary society uses all manner of electronic devices built-in automated or semi-automated factories operated by the industry. </p> <h3>Manufacturing</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Electronics_industry/YX8VCvKC">Electronics industry</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Electronic_packaging/42DmcQFc">Electronic packaging</a></p> <p>Most consumer electronics are manufactured in <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, due to maintenance cost, availability of materials, quality, and speed as opposed to other countries such as the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Cities such as <a href="/facts/Shenzhen/B8rnXRf8">Shenzhen</a> and <a href="/facts/Dongguan/Nw06lUQb">Dongguan</a> have become important production centers for the industry, attracting many consumer electronics companies such as <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h4>Electronic component</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Electronic_component/F3NBVv4Q">Electronic component</a></p> <p>An electronic component is any essential discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form, and are not to be confused with <a href="/facts/Electrical_element/CenJ4IkU">electrical elements</a>, conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components. </p> <h4>Software development</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Software_development/UUfsAaYY">Software development</a></p> <p>Consumer electronics such as personal computers use various types of software. Embedded <a href="/facts/Software/RP79lVSW">software</a> is used within some consumer electronics, such as <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone/H3EcqD9h">mobile phones</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> This type of software may be embedded within the hardware of electronic devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Some consumer electronics include software that is used on a personal computer in conjunction with electronic devices, such as <a href="/facts/Camcorder/yhvxrblz">camcorders</a> and <a href="/facts/Digital_camera/LSGTserm">digital cameras</a>, and third-party software for such devices also exists. </p> <h4>Standardization</h4> <p>Some consumer electronics adhere to protocols, such as <a href="/facts/Communication_protocol/5uady7cB">connection protocols</a> "to high speed bi-directional signals".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Telecommunications/vxoj1cxR">telecommunications</a>, a communications protocol is a system of digital rules for data exchange within or between computers. </p> <h3>Trade shows</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Consumer_Electronics_Show/JUmN49Fl">Consumer Electronics Show</a> (CES) <a href="/facts/Trade_show/p534DEaU">trade show</a> has taken place yearly in <a href="/facts/Las_Vegas_Valley/FoIh2AFN">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/facts/Nevada/HNWhCrQv">Nevada</a> since its foundation in 1973. The event, which grew from having 100 exhibitors in its inaugural year to more than 4,500 exhibiting companies in its 2020 edition, features the latest in consumer electronics, speeches by industry experts and innovation awards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/IFA_Berlin/KgnD6Sla">IFA Berlin</a> <a href="/facts/Trade_show/p534DEaU">trade show</a> has taken place in <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> since its foundation in 1924. The event features new consumer electronics and speeches by industry pioneers. </p> <h3>IEEE initiatives</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers/UddC4pUW">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE), the world's largest professional society, has many initiatives to advance the state of the art of consumer electronics. IEEE has a dedicated society of thousands of professionals to promote CE, called the Consumer Electronics Society (CESoc).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> IEEE has multiple periodicals and international conferences to promote CE and encourage collaborative research and development in CE. The flagship conference of CESoc, called IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), is in its 35th year. </p> <ul><li>IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers/UddC4pUW">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) <a href="https://www.computer.org/">Computer Society</a> also have initiated a conference to research on next generation consumer electronics as Smart Electronics. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The conference, named IEEE Symposium on Smart Electronics Systems (<a href="https://www.ieee-ises.org/">IEEE-iSES</a>) is on its 9th year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Retailing</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Consumer_electronics_store/djbd38xn">Consumer electronics store</a></p> <p>Electronics retailing is a significant part of the <a href="/facts/Retail/unzV9sPF">retail</a> industry in many countries. In the United States, dedicated <a href="/facts/Consumer_electronics_store/djbd38xn">consumer electronics stores</a> have mostly given way to <a href="/facts/Big-box_stores/MGKlWDss">big-box stores</a> such as <a href="/facts/Best_Buy/NvjEUzoL">Best Buy</a>, the largest consumer electronics retailer in the country,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> although smaller dedicated stores include <a href="/facts/Apple_Store/SNq5qQoL">Apple Stores</a>, and specialist stores that serve, for example, audiophiles, such as the single-branch <a href="/facts/B%2526H_Photo/SRhRJ3Io">B&H Photo</a> store in New York City. Broad-based retailers, such as <a href="/facts/Walmart/E6dPQV2m">Walmart</a> and <a href="/facts/Target_Corporation/p7mDo1mv">Target</a>, also sell consumer electronics in many of their stores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> In April 2014, retail e-commerce sales were the highest in the consumer electronic and computer categories as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Some consumer electronics retailers offer <a href="/facts/Extended_warranty/rDJwweGz">extended warranties</a> on products with programs such as <i><a href="/facts/SquareTrade/12ND3TsQ">SquareTrade</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <p class="note">See also: Category:Consumer electronics retailers</p> <p>An electronics district is an area of commerce with a high density of retail stores that sell consumer electronics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <p class="note">See also: Category:Electronics districts</p> <h3>Service and repair</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Electronics_technician/NproGqQV">Electronics technician</a></p> <p>Consumer electronic service can refer to the maintenance of said products. When consumer electronics have malfunctions, they may sometimes be repaired. </p><p>In 2013, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the increased popularity in listening to sound from <a href="/facts/Analog_recording/1Ggd37l0">analog</a> audio devices, such as <a href="/facts/Phonograph/VcNQRYVT">phonographs</a>, as opposed to digital sound, has sparked a noticeable increase of business for the electronic repair industry there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h3>Mobile phone industry</h3> <p>A <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone/H3EcqD9h">mobile phone</a>, cellular phone, cell phone, cellphone, handphone, or hand phone, sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell or just phone, is a portable <a href="/facts/Telephone/P7uEgWQX">telephone</a> that can make and receive <a href="/facts/Telephone_call/4wUtUXpY">calls</a> over a <a href="/facts/Radio_frequency/aWku7h4R">radio frequency</a> link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone_operator/3cGaXm1Q">mobile phone operator</a>, which provides access to the <a href="/facts/Public_switched_telephone_network/eVrCTDU7">public switched telephone network</a> (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a <a href="/facts/Cellular_network/8zA0jQJ9">cellular network</a> architecture and, therefore, mobile telephones are called <i>cellular telephones</i> or <i>cell phones</i> in North America. In addition to <a href="/facts/Telephony/2GwTTepw">telephony</a>, digital mobile phones (<a href="/facts/2G/4Xd52qkQ">2G</a>) support a variety of other <a href="/facts/GSM_services/9oCDh5Tv">services</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Text_messaging/AjCD61SD">text messaging</a>, <a href="/facts/Multimedia_Messaging_Service/Pg5CvwLx">MMS</a>, <a href="/facts/Email/6pD9GLtI">email</a>, <a href="/facts/Internet_access/EMbwSrnK">Internet access</a>, short-range wireless communications (<a href="/facts/Infrared_Data_Association/qf8bwPDD">infrared</a>, <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>), business applications, <a href="/facts/Video_game/vmTdNASJ">video games</a> and <a href="/facts/Digital_photography/a2UfweJh">digital photography</a>. Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as <a href="/facts/Feature_phone/cARrLNat">feature phones</a>; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>A <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphone</a> is a <a href="/facts/Portable_device/cNS1Rhvg">portable device</a> that combines <a href="/facts/Mobile_telephone/H3EcqD9h">mobile telephone</a> and <a href="/facts/Mobile_computing/eHT86bQU">computing</a> functions into one unit. They are distinguished from <a href="/facts/Feature_phone/cARrLNat">feature phones</a> by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive <a href="/facts/Mobile_operating_system/wysBVca1">mobile operating systems</a>, which facilitate wider <a href="/facts/Application_software/YQuj7Kog">software</a>, <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">internet</a> (including <a href="/facts/Web_navigation/VRatDzlP">web navigation</a> over <a href="/facts/Mobile_broadband/M8oNk7uq">mobile broadband</a>), and <a href="/facts/Multimedia/PtJteq27">multimedia</a> functionality (including music, video, <a href="/facts/Camera_phone/EzCfpkdl">cameras</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mobile_game/H3e7p0K7">gaming</a>), alongside core phone functions such as <a href="/facts/Voice_call/4wUtUXpY">voice calls</a> and <a href="/facts/Text_messaging/AjCD61SD">text messaging</a>. Smartphones typically contain a number of <a href="/facts/MOSFET/eTDJT2Km">MOSFET</a> <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> (IC) chips, include various <a href="/facts/Sensor/RN8SXbjs">sensors</a> that can be leveraged by pre-included and third-party software (such as a <a href="/facts/Magnetometer/dqX9g1og">magnetometer</a>, <a href="/facts/Proximity_sensor/vmjXXDJh">proximity sensors</a>, <a href="/facts/Barometer/M8VQc69q">barometer</a>, <a href="/facts/Gyroscope/UjXGsfMq">gyroscope</a>, <a href="/facts/Accelerometer/xxrXzrlI">accelerometer</a> and more), and support <a href="/facts/Wireless/GfDoFwfo">wireless</a> communications protocols (such as <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a>, or <a href="/facts/Satellite_navigation/lVgPlF5v">satellite navigation</a>). </p> <h4>By country</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_telecom_companies_in_India/BEzM3ugl">Mobile phone industry in India</a>, <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone_industry_in_Japan/twLuFg2v">Mobile phone industry in Japan</a>, <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone_industry_in_Russia/WnwLIeTW">Mobile phone industry in Russia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone_industry_in_South_Korea/hFue7QGH">Mobile phone industry in South Korea</a></p> <h2 id="environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h2> <p>In 2017, <a href="/facts/Greenpeace_USA/GvSxUtvx">Greenpeace USA</a> published a study of 17 of the world's leading consumer electronics companies about their energy and resource consumption and the use of chemicals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h3>Rare metals and rare earth elements</h3> <p>Electronic devices use thousands of <a href="/facts/Precious_metal/oUHuGgva">rare metals</a> and <a href="/facts/Rare_earth_element/PQSUQumk">rare earth elements</a> (40 on average for a <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphone</a>), these materials are extracted and refined using water and energy-intensive processes. These metals are also used in the renewable energy industry meaning that consumer electronics are directly competing for the raw materials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Energy consumption</h3> <p>The energy consumption of consumer electronics and their environmental impact, either from their production processes or the disposal of the devices, is increasing steadily. <a href="/facts/Energy_Information_Administration/gzfVwVrl">EIA</a> estimates that electronic devices and gadgets account for about 10%–15% of the energy use in American homes – largely because of their number; the average house has dozens of electronic devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The energy consumption of consumer electronics increases – in America and Europe – to about 50% of household consumption if the term is redefined to include <a href="/facts/Home_appliance/JYKalzw6">home appliances</a> such as <a href="/facts/Refrigerator/TGb5ozLY">refrigerators</a>, <a href="/facts/Clothes_dryer/5SQYkN7Y">dryers</a>, <a href="/facts/Washing_machine/8Nr6modd">clothes washers</a> and <a href="/facts/Dishwasher/oY1EDMRY">dishwashers</a>. </p> <h3>Standby power</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Standby_power/ygztep7z">Standby power</a> – used by consumer electronics and appliances while they are turned off – accounts for 5–10% of total household energy consumption, costing $100 annually to the average household in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> A study by <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Energy/PRp6Cz8g">United States Department of Energy</a>'s <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Lab/tvjPSwC9">Berkeley Lab</a> found that videocassette recorders (VCRs) consume more electricity during the course of a year in standby mode than when they are used to record or playback videos. Similar findings were obtained concerning <a href="/facts/Set-top_box/hAsUsw67">satellite boxes</a>, which consume almost the same amount of energy in "on" and "off" modes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p><p>A 2012 study in the United Kingdom, carried out by the <a href="/facts/Energy_Saving_Trust/w8GpS5Vq">Energy Saving Trust</a>, found that the devices using the most power on standby mode included televisions, satellite boxes, and other video and audio equipment. The study concluded that UK households could save up to £86 per year by switching devices off instead of using standby mode.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> A report from the <a href="/facts/International_Energy_Agency/HErEraSy">International Energy Agency</a> in 2014 found that $80 billion of power is wasted globally per year due to inefficiency of electronic devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Consumers can reduce unwanted use of standby power by unplugging their devices, using power strips with switches, or by buying devices that are standardized for better energy management, particularly <a href="/facts/Energy_Star/t4qaxkLq">Energy Star</a>-marked products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <h3>Electronic waste</h3> <p>A high number of different metals and low concentration rates in electronics means that recycling is limited and energy intensive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Electronic_waste/LlV5hbCk">Electronic waste</a> describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Many consumer electronics may contain toxic minerals and elements,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> and many electronic scrap components, such as <a href="/facts/Cathode-ray_tube/8NVGx5C7">CRTs</a>, may contain contaminants such as <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a>, <a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">cadmium</a>, <a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">beryllium</a>, <a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a>, <a href="/facts/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds/s809KmpN">dioxins</a>, or <a href="/facts/Brominated_flame_retardant/829eRlVp">brominated flame retardants</a>. <a href="/facts/Electronic_waste_recycling/XIxx7MEm">Electronic waste recycling</a> may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from <a href="/facts/Landfill/7K4efGgz">landfills</a> and <a href="/facts/Incineration/ALwWqMlv">incinerator</a> ashes. However, large amounts of the produced electronic waste from developed countries is exported, and handled by the <a href="/facts/Informal_sector/LVuy5rEJ">informal sector</a> in countries like India, despite the fact that exporting electronic waste to them is illegal. Strong informal sector can be a problem for the safe and clean recycling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h4>Reuse and repair</h4> <p>E-waste policies have evolved since the 1970s, with priorities shifting over time. Initially, the focus was on safer disposal methods due to the toxic materials often found in electronic waste. Over the years, attention turned to the recovery of valuable metals and plastics that could be recycled. More recently, the emphasis has shifted once again, this time toward reusing entire devices. New guidelines promoting 'preparation for reuse' highlight the growing importance of repair and reuse, signaling a gradual change in public and policy attitudes. </p><p>With turnover of small household appliances high and costs relatively low, many consumers will throw unwanted electrical goods in the normal dustbin, meaning that items of potentially high reuse or recycling value go to landfills. While more oversized items such as washing machines are usually collected, it has been estimated that the 160,000 tonnes of EEE[<i>expand acronym</i>] in regular waste collections were worth £220 million. 23% of EEE taken to Household Waste Recycling Centres was immediately resalable – or would be with minor repairs or refurbishment. This indicates a lack of awareness among consumers about where and how to dispose of EEE and the potential value of things that are going in the bin. </p><p>For the reuse and repair of electrical goods to increase substantially in the UK, some barriers must be overcome. These include people's mistrust of used equipment in terms of whether it will be functional, safe and the stigma for some of owning second-hand goods. But the benefits of reuse could allow lower-income households access to previously unaffordable technology while helping the environment at the same time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="health-impact">Health impact</h2> <p>Desktop monitors and laptops can contribute to major physical health concerns known as <a href="/facts/Repetitive_strain_injuries/JfTq2AQ1">repetitive strain injuries</a>. For example, when users are forced to bend to see electronic screens better, they may experience chronic neck and back pains. The best-known disease in this category is <a href="/facts/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome/kkfl7ghv">carpal tunnel syndrome</a>. Other conditions include <a href="/facts/De_Quervain_syndrome/lUXpByL7">de Quervain syndrome</a>, a condition that affects tendons in the thumb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>Electronic use before bed is also associated with poorer sleep quality and sleep duration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Poor quality, shorter sleep is associated with various health conditions such as <a href="/facts/Obesity/RBF9y5Vl">obesity</a> and <a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">diabetes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Digital_electronics/3kJcKbkw">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Electronics_industry/YX8VCvKC">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_home_appliances/kuErnuPd">List of home appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_electrical_and_electronic_engineering/AGELIPBq">Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Kevin Sintumuang (2 January 2015). <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/tech-etiquette-21-dos-and-donts-for-2015-1420222724">"Tech Etiquette: 21 Do's and Don'ts"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hsu, Sara (12 February 2016). "In China, Black Goods Down, White Goods Up". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2021. <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/in-china-black-goods-down-white-goods-up/" target="_blank">https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/in-china-black-goods-down-white-goods-up/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Takagi, Yuichiro; Hanada, Yukinori; Iwato, Hisashi (8 January 2020). "White appliance prices jump in Japan over past 10 years". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2021. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/White-appliance-prices-jump-in-Japan-over-past-10-years" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/White-appliance-prices-jump-in-Japan-over-past-10-years</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"brown goods". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014. <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods" target="_blank">https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Global Consumer Electronics Market to Reach US$ 2.9 Trillion by 2020". PR Newswire. Persistence Market Research. 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019. <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-consumer-electronics-market-to-reach-us-29-trillion-by-2020---persistence-market-research-609486755.html" target="_blank">https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-consumer-electronics-market-to-reach-us-29-trillion-by-2020---persistence-market-research-609486755.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Annual Semiconductor Sales Increase 21.6 Percent, Top $400 Billion for First Time". Semiconductor Industry Association. 5 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2019. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Manuel, Castells (1996). The information age : economy, society and culture. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631215943. OCLC 43092627. <a href="978-0631215943" target="_blank">978-0631215943</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hagiwara, Yoshiaki (2001). "Microelectronics for Home Entertainment". In Oklobdzija, Vojin G. (ed.). The Computer Engineering Handbook. CRC Press. p. 41-1. ISBN 978-0-8493-0885-7. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2019. <a href="978-0-8493-0885-7" target="_blank">978-0-8493-0885-7</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Dhir, Amit (30 April 2004). The Digital Consumer Technology Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Devices, Standards, Future Directions, and Programmable Logic Solutions. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-053041-3. <a href="978-0-08-053041-3" target="_blank">978-0-08-053041-3</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Sodhi, M. S.; Lee, S. (2007). "An Analysis of Sources of Risk in the Consumer Electronics Industry". The Journal of the Operational Research Society. 58 (11): 1430–1439. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602410. ISSN 0160-5682. JSTOR 4622837. PMC 7099209. PMID 32226176. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099209" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099209</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Paris, Ivan (2013). "White Goods in Italy during a Golden Age (1948-1973)". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 44 (1): 83–110. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00502. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 43829418. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43829418" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43829418</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Baden-Fuller, Charles W. F.; Stopford, John M. (1991). "Globalization Frustrated: The Case of White Goods". Strategic Management Journal. 12 (7): 494. doi:10.1002/smj.4250120703. ISSN 0143-2095. JSTOR 2486522. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486522" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486522</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bowden, Sue; Offer, Avner (1994). "Household Appliances and the Use of Time: The United States and Britain Since the 1920s". The Economic History Review. 47 (4): 725. doi:10.2307/2597714. JSTOR 2597714. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597714" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597714</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Industry Overview". Hoover's. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014. <a href="http://www.hoovers.com/industry-facts.consumer-electronics-manufacturing.1171.html" target="_blank">http://www.hoovers.com/industry-facts.consumer-electronics-manufacturing.1171.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Compact disc hits 25th birthday". BBC News. BBC. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2019. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6950845.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6950845.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Stock Video of Angled view of Compact cassette tape in use playing back in a deck player". Adobe Stock. Adobe Inc. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. <a href="https://stock.adobe.com/hk/video/angled-view-of-compact-cassette-tape-in-use-playing-back-in-a-deck-player-tapes-are-the-most-popular-analogue-audio-format-ever-created-with-over-30-billion-blank-or-pre-recorded-cassettes-produced-t/285566495" target="_blank">https://stock.adobe.com/hk/video/angled-view-of-compact-cassette-tape-in-use-playing-back-in-a-deck-player-tapes-are-the-most-popular-analogue-audio-format-ever-created-with-over-30-billion-blank-or-pre-recorded-cassettes-produced-t/285566495</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Pan, Joann (7 March 2012). "Warner Bros. Offers In-Store DVD-to-Cloud Service [VIDEO]". Mashable. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. <a href="https://mashable.com/2012/03/07/warner-bros-disc-to-digital/" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/2012/03/07/warner-bros-disc-to-digital/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Mobile phone: 1994–2010 – 10 billion[17] Smartphone (2011–2018) – 9.401 billion[a] <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" target="_blank">/wiki/Mobile_phone</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Smartphone: 2007–2010 – 731 million[18] 2011–2013 – 2.122 billion[18] 2014–2015 – 2.69 billion[19] 2016–2018 – 4.589 billion[18] <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" target="_blank">/wiki/Smartphone</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Schildgen, Bob (17 August 2018). "What Do I Do With Old VCR Tapes?". Sierra Club. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. <a href="https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/what-do-i-do-old-vcr-tapes" target="_blank">https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/what-do-i-do-old-vcr-tapes</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Lyman, Peter; Varian, Hal R.; Dunn, James; Strygin, Aleksey; Swearingen, Kirsten (18 October 2000). "Magnetic". How Much Information? 2000. University of California, Berkeley School of Information. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. <a href="http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info/magnetic.html" target="_blank">http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info/magnetic.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Mike Deng (23 October 2012). "China Moves to Automate Electronics Manufacturing". Quality Digest. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. 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