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Distributed object
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<h2 id="local-vs-distributed-objects">Local vs. distributed objects</h2> <p>Local and distributed objects differ in many respects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Here are some of them: </p> <ol><li>Life cycle : Creation, migration and deletion of distributed objects is different from local objects</li> <li>Reference : Remote references to distributed objects are more complex than simple pointers to memory addresses</li> <li>Request Latency : A distributed object request is orders of magnitude slower than local method invocation</li> <li>Object Activation : Distributed objects may not always be available to serve an object request at any point in time</li> <li>Parallelism : Distributed objects may be executed in parallel.</li> <li>Communication : There are different communication primitives available for distributed objects requests</li> <li>Failure : Distributed objects have far more points of failure than typical local objects.</li> <li>Security : Distribution makes them vulnerable to attack.</li></ol> <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>The RPC facilities of the cross platform serialization protocol, <a href="/facts/Cap%2527n_Proto/pE4zLGXq">Cap'n Proto</a> amount to a distributed object protocol. Distributed object method calls can be executed (chained, in a single network request, if needs be) through interface references/<a href="/facts/Capability-based_security/negzSwhS">capabilities</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Distributed objects are implemented in <a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> using the <a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa API</a> with the NSConnection class and supporting objects. </p><p>Distributed objects are used in <a href="/facts/Java_RMI/psHXkdWr">Java RMI</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/CORBA/VUDlTHs5">CORBA</a> lets one build distributed mixed object systems. </p><p><a href="/facts/Distributed_Component_Object_Model/mpDM1JXX">DCOM</a> is a framework for distributed objects on the Microsoft platform. </p><p><a href="/facts/DDObjects/qYIJrEzS">DDObjects</a> is a framework for distributed objects using Borland Delphi. </p><p>Jt is a framework for distributed components using a messaging paradigm. </p><p><a href="/facts/JavaSpaces/wTjPhDg1">JavaSpaces</a> is a Sun specification for a distributed, shared memory (space based) </p><p>Pyro is a framework for distributed objects using the <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python programming language</a>. </p><p>Distributed Ruby (DRb) is a framework for distributed objects using the <a href="/facts/Ruby_programming_language/BeYSaPSR">Ruby programming language</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fragmented_object/N0Ny2PLR">Fragmented object</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_object_communication/boz8jDHe">Distributed object communication</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Object_request_broker/K8P8oDPk">Object request broker</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Microservices and the First Law of Distributed Objects, Martin Fowler, 13 August 2014 <a href="http://martinfowler.com/articles/distributed-objects-microservices.html" target="_blank">http://martinfowler.com/articles/distributed-objects-microservices.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ostrowski, K., Birman, K., Dolev, D., and Ahnn, J. (2008). "Programming with Live Distributed Objects", Proceedings of the 22nd European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Paphos, Cyprus, July 07–11, 2008, J. Vitek, Ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5142, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 463-489, http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1428508.1428536. <a href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1428508.1428536" target="_blank">http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1428508.1428536</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>W. Emmerich (2000) Engineering distributed objects, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Samuel C. Kendall, Jim Waldo, Ann Wollrath, and Geoff Wyant. 1994. A Note on Distributed Computing. Technical Report. Sun Microsystems, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Waldo" target="_blank">/wiki/Jim_Waldo</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Cap'n Proto: RPC Protocol". <a href="https://kentonv.github.io/capnproto/rpc.html" target="_blank">https://kentonv.github.io/capnproto/rpc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>