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Timeline of Haifa
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<h2 id="prior-to-20th-century">Prior to 20th century</h2> <ul><li>1047 – Persian traveler <a href="/facts/Nasir_Khusraw/WkXL1hr7">Nasir Khusraw</a> visits village.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>1100 or 1101 – a <a href="/facts/Crusades/mblv9nwI">Crusader</a> fleet and land army conquer Haifa. The Crusaders rename it Caiphas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>1187 – <a href="/facts/Saladin/NcfPdcNW">Saladin</a> captures Haifa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>1251 – Fortifications built by <a href="/facts/Louis_IX_of_France/NLX8QjpN">Louis IX of France</a> (approximate date).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>1291 – Mamluk <a href="/facts/Al-Ashraf_Khalil/fpzo1AXn">Al-Ashraf Khalil</a> captures Haifa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>1869 – <a href="/facts/German_Colony,_Haifa/XtbBSke3">German Colony</a> established near town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>1873 – <a href="/facts/Najib_Effendi_al-Yasin/6URro4jl">Najib Effendi al-Yasin</a> becomes mayor.</li> <li>1883 – Rushdi school opens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>1887 – Haifa becomes part of the Ottoman <a href="/facts/Beirut_Vilayet/IbkSEvQj">Beirut Vilayet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>1898 – Pier and <a href="/facts/Jaffa/BFjHzofX">Jaffa</a>-Haifa roadway built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>1900 - Population: estimate 12,000. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="20th-century">20th century</h2> <ul><li>1905 – Hejaz Railroad <a href="/facts/Jezreel_Valley_railway/nw5h9Ch1">branch</a> begins operating;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> train station built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>1908 – <i><a href="/facts/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)/8oY3Ipqs">Al-Karmil</a></i> newspaper begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>1909 – <a href="/facts/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1b/7kBXUv0L">Shrine of the Báb</a> built on Mt. Carmel.</li> <li>1912 – <a href="/facts/Maccabi_Haifa/KklglKyv">Maccabi Haifa</a> sport club formed.</li> <li>1913 – <a href="/facts/Hebrew_Reali_School/hzgRMjcI">Hebrew Reali School</a> and <a href="/facts/Maccabi_Haifa_F.C./6soIrWGH">Maccabi Haifa Football Club</a> established.</li> <li>1918 – 23 September: Haifa occupied by British forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>1921 – Haifa Chamber of Commerce and Industry established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>1922 – Population: 24,600.</li> <li>1924 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology/BXIHd5sP">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a> opens.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hapoel_Haifa_F.C./p93Tb6hR">Hapoel Haifa Football Club</a> formed.</li></ul></li> <li>1928 – <a href="/facts/Stella_Maris_Light/speYDy7c">Stella Maris Light</a> built.</li> <li>1931 – Population: 50,403.</li> <li>1933 – <a href="/facts/Port_of_Haifa/Y9xjEgLp">Port of Haifa</a> expanded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>1934 – <a href="/facts/Haifa_Airport/Hwh6eYUp">Haifa Airport</a> established.</li> <li>1935 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mosul%E2%80%93Haifa_oil_pipeline/DAYj8d0A">Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline</a> commissioned. Refinery starts production in 1939. Pipeline deliveries stop in 1948.</li> <li>Armon Cinema opens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1937 – Orah Cinema in business (approximate date).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>1938 – <a href="/facts/Rambam_Hospital/mDlEuI3K">British Government Hospital</a> established.</li> <li>1939 – Oil refinery built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>1941 – <a href="/facts/Shabtai_Levy/kFeUnoUn">Shabtai Levy</a> becomes mayor.</li> <li>1944 – <i><a href="/facts/Al-Ittihad_(Israeli_newspaper)/Y78fpv9G">Al-Ittihad</a></i> newspaper begins publication.</li> <li>1947 – Population: 145,140.</li> <li>1948 <ul><li>April: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)/yK8vLAAx">Battle of Haifa (1948)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>Haifa becomes part of the <a href="/facts/State_of_Israel/dEe3IcaY">State of Israel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1950 – New Haifa Symphony Orchestra established.</li> <li>1951 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Haifa_Museum_of_Art/053RwuWj">Haifa Museum of Art</a> established.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Abba_Hushi/dk4lh1YH">Abba Hushi</a> becomes mayor.</li> <li><i>Al-Jadid</i> literary journal begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1953 – <a href="/facts/Gordon_College_of_Education/pJxegjgx">Gordon College of Education</a> established.</li> <li>1955 – <a href="/facts/Kiryat_Eliezer_Stadium/UFPCQRcU">Kiryat Eliezer Stadium</a> opens.</li> <li>1959 – <a href="/facts/Carmelit/nKtljWyH">Haifa Underground Funicular Railway</a> begins operating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>1960 – <a href="/facts/Tikotin_Museum_of_Japanese_Art/H1lmNDq1">Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art</a> opens on Mt. Carmel.</li> <li>1961 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Haifa_Theatre/mJGvUDXc">Haifa Theatre</a> founded.</li> <li>Population: 183,021.</li></ul></li> <li>1963 – <a href="/facts/University_of_Haifa/SHhPqvUI">University of Haifa</a> established.</li> <li>1969 <ul><li>Technion's <a href="/facts/Rappaport_Faculty_of_Medicine/cQpn71pE">Rappaport Faculty of Medicine</a> established.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Moshe_Flimann/66bxUf0A">Moshe Flimann</a> becomes mayor.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Clandestine_Immigration_and_Naval_Museum/yp7UGn0z">Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum</a> opens.</li></ul></li> <li>1971 – <a href="/facts/WIZO_Haifa_Academy_of_Design_and_Education/7aFCM7Le">WIZO Haifa Academy of Design and Education</a> established.</li> <li>1972 <ul><li><a href="/facts/IBM_Haifa_Research_Laboratory/x5BzgkE4">IBM Haifa Research Laboratory</a> established.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Israeli_National_Maritime_Museum/f7bpwRID">Israeli National Maritime Museum</a> opens.</li></ul></li> <li>1973 – <a href="/facts/Sister_city/NVzDyA7v">Sister city</a> relationship established with <a href="/facts/San_Francisco/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco</a>, USA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>1974 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Matam,_Haifa/KEywtuks">Matam</a> hi-tech area developed.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yosef_Almogi/34fEBes8">Yosef Almogi</a> becomes mayor.</li></ul></li> <li>1975 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Haifa_Cinematheque/kQTVb4q2">Haifa Cinematheque</a> established.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yeruham_Zeisel/qAj0GG75">Yeruham Zeisel</a> becomes mayor.</li></ul></li> <li>1976 – <a href="/facts/Romema_Arena/muy6F9Dm">Romema Arena</a> opens.</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/facts/Aryeh_Gur%27el/TSyKQPtB">Aryeh Gur'el</a> becomes mayor.</li> <li>1983 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Haifa_International_Film_Festival/jLCATp0f">Haifa International Film Festival</a> begins.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Israel_Railway_Museum/lFXRebMl">Israel Railway Museum</a> opens.</li> <li>Population: 225,775.</li></ul></li> <li>1984 – <a href="/facts/Hecht_Museum/cEfgxeNF">Hecht Museum</a> established.</li> <li>1989 – September: <a href="/facts/1989_Mount_Carmel_forest_fire/PQY9Nj9v">1989 Mount Carmel forest fire</a>.</li> <li>1991 – <a href="/facts/Lev_HaMifratz_Mall/IFGCckMY">Lev HaMifratz Mall</a> in business.</li> <li>1993 – <a href="/facts/Amram_Mitzna/c5odVUG0">Amram Mitzna</a> becomes mayor.</li> <li>1999 – <a href="/facts/Grand_Canyon_(mall)/2CasRtkK">Grand Canyon (mall)</a> and <a href="/facts/Carmel_Beach_Railway_Station/14DcI5gw">Carmel Beach Railway Station</a> open.</li></ul> <h2 id="21st-century">21st century</h2> <ul><li>2001 – <a href="/facts/Hutzot_HaMifratz_Railway_Station/FSglVT2W">Hutzot HaMifratz Railway Station</a> and <a href="/facts/HaMifrats_Central_railway_station/ghckMJE3">Lev HaMifratz Railway Station</a> open.</li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sail_Tower/P8Fvjkac">Sail Tower</a> built.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Haifa_Bay_Central_Bus_Station/BmVr91ep">Haifa Bay Central Bus Station</a> opens.</li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Yona_Yahav/3CwJfxbK">Yona Yahav</a> becomes mayor.</li> <li><a href="/facts/IEC_Tower/kYmV8PT8">IEC Tower</a> built.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carmel_Beach_Central_Bus_Station/BAJwchBw">Carmel Beach Central Bus Station</a> opens.</li></ul></li> <li>2004 – <i>Almadina</i> newspaper begins publication.</li> <li>2006 – 13 July: Haifa bombarded by Lebanese <a href="/facts/Hezbollah_armed_strength/NIVnttPr">Hezbollah</a> forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/facts/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_World_Centre/z6HwTnD7">Bahá'í World Centre</a> designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.</li> <li>2010 <ul><li>December: <a href="/facts/2010_Mount_Carmel_forest_fire/awDms7I9">2010 Mount Carmel forest fire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carmel_Tunnels/lPm6TjQI">Carmel Tunnels</a> open.</li></ul></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/facts/Wikimania_2011/tE9llI7W">Wikimania 2011</a> held in Haifa.</li> <li>2012 – Israeli Personal Computer Museum opens.<a href="http://www.ipcm.org.il/index_eng.html">[1]</a></li> <li>2013 – Population: 272,181.</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/facts/Sammy_Ofer_Stadium/CDSlqqrP">Sammy Ofer Stadium</a> opens.</li> <li>2016 – <a href="/facts/November_2016_Israel_wildfires/eYUDhmU5">November 2016 Israel wildfires</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_Haifa/1a7pb2C3">History of Haifa</a></li> <li>Timelines of other <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Israel/fTTl3z17">cities</a> in Israel: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Tel_Aviv/2S7C9kpg">Tel Aviv</a> (+ <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Jaffa/0vLbrloJ">Jaffa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Jerusalem/k8sVMD3r">Timeline of Jerusalem</a></li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates information from the <a href="/facts/Hebrew_Wikipedia/P0UHl1WG">Hebrew Wikipedia</a>.</i> </p> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kNTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA373">"Haifa"</a>, <i>Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine</i>, London: J. Murray, 1858, <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2300777">2300777</a></li> <li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA348">"Haifa, Sycaminum"</a>, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ"><i>Palestine and Syria</i></a>, Leipsig: Karl Baedeker, 1876</li> <li>M. Franco (1907), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/jewishencycloped06sing#page/156/mode/1up">"Haifa"</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Jewish_Encyclopedia/5I1ELlJV">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. 6, New York{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Haifa">"Haifa" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 820.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mahmoud_Yazbak/sKo3wI50">Mahmoud Yazbak</a> (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC"><i>Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-04-11051-8.</li> <li>May Seikaly (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlQBAwAAQBAJ"><i>Haifa: Transformation of an Arab Society, 1918–39</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-85771-842-6.</li> <li>Philip Mattar (2005). "Haifa". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Palestinians</i></a>. Facts on File. p. 192. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8160-6986-6.</li> <li><a href="/facts/C._Edmund_Bosworth/hrMMfBu4">C. Edmund Bosworth</a>, ed. (2007). "Haifa". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC"><i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i></a>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9004153882.</li> <li>Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Haifa", <i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa</i>, Santa Barbara, USA: <a href="/facts/ABC-CLIO/7B9JFAeq">ABC-CLIO</a></li> <li>Gabor Agoston and Bruce Alan Masters, ed. (2009). "Haifa". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Facts_on_File/EqPtkn6t">Facts on File</a>. p. 246. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4381-1025-7.</li> <li>Alex Carmel (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea33AgAAQBAJ"><i>Ottoman Haifa: A History of Four Centuries under Turkish Rule</i></a>. Library of Middle East History (Book 2). London: I. B. Tauris. p. 2 of the Introduction. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781848855601.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haifa. <ul><li><a href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/israel.html">Map of Haifa</a> (1958), via the <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas/6NApstxT">University of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=haifa+israel&rows=96">Items related to Haifa</a> (various dates), via <a href="/facts/Europeana/kPb8dU5M">Europeana</a></li> <li><a href="http://dp.la/search?utf8=✓&page_size=100&q=haifa+israel">Items related to Haifa</a> (various dates), via the <a href="/facts/Digital_Public_Library_of_America/YDrrg4hy">Digital Public Library of America</a></li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timeline_of_Haifa¶ms=32.816667_N_34.983333_E_">32°49′00″N 34°59′00″E / 32.816667°N 34.983333°E / 32.816667; 34.983333</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Nasir-i-Khusrau (1881). Charles Schefer (ed.). Sefer nameh; relation du voyage de Nassiri Khosrau en Syrie, en Palestine, en Égypte, en Arabie et en Perse, pendant les années de l'Hégire 437-444 (1035-1042) (in French). Paris: E. Leroux. p. 60. Retrieved 19 September 2020. <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" target="_blank">/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Nasir-i-Khusrau (1897). Le Strange, Guy (ed.). Vol IV. A journey through Syria and Palestine. By Nasir-i-Khusrau [1047 A.D.]. The pilgrimage of Saewulf to Jerusalem. The pilgrimage of the Russian abbot Daniel. Translated by Guy Le Strange. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. pp. 19–20. Retrieved 19 September 2020. <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" target="_blank">/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Moshe Gil (1992). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. p. 829. ISBN 9780521404372. <a href="9780521404372" target="_blank">9780521404372</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Carmel 2010. - Alex Carmel (2010). Ottoman Haifa: A History of Four Centuries under Turkish Rule. Library of Middle East History (Book 2). London: I. B. Tauris. p. 2 of the Introduction. ISBN 9781848855601. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea33AgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea33AgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Agoston 2009. - Gabor Agoston and Bruce Alan Masters, ed. (2009). "Haifa". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Yazbak 1998. - Mahmoud Yazbak (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11051-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Yazbak 1998. - Mahmoud Yazbak (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11051-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Britannica 1910. - "Haifa" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 820. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Haifa" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Haifa</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Agoston 2009. - Gabor Agoston and Bruce Alan Masters, ed. (2009). "Haifa". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Yazbak 1998. - Mahmoud Yazbak (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11051-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Philip Mattar (2005). "Chronology". Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Facts on File. p. 572+. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6. <a href="978-0-8160-6986-6" target="_blank">978-0-8160-6986-6</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Israel: Directory". Europa World Year Book. Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 2266+. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1. <a href="978-1-85743-254-1" target="_blank">978-1-85743-254-1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Movie Theaters in Haifa, Israel". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 January 2015. <a href="http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/israel/haifa?status=all" target="_blank">http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/israel/haifa?status=all</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Movie Theaters in Haifa, Israel". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 January 2015. <a href="http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/israel/haifa?status=all" target="_blank">http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/israel/haifa?status=all</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Bosworth 2007. - C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Haifa". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 149+. ISBN 978-9004153882. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Israel: Directory". Europa World Year Book. Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 2266+. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1. <a href="978-1-85743-254-1" target="_blank">978-1-85743-254-1</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Israel: Directory". Europa World Year Book. Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 2266+. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1. <a href="978-1-85743-254-1" target="_blank">978-1-85743-254-1</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"San Francisco Sister Cities". USA: City & County of San Francisco. 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