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Sequence of Saint Eulalia
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<h2 id="manuscript">Manuscript</h2> <p>The manuscript containing the <i>Sequence</i> is a collection of sermons by <a href="/facts/Gregory_of_Nazianzus/Q87eERl0">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>. It is first mentioned in a 12th-century catalog of the library of <a href="/facts/Saint-Amand_Abbey/Vp7p9A5y">Saint-Amand Abbey</a>, although the production of the manuscript has been dated to the early 9th century. It is not known with certainty where it was produced. B. Bischoff suggests that it came from a <a href="/facts/Scriptorium/xX1KyjVW">scriptorium</a> in <a href="/facts/Lotharingia/VFCEJMVs">(Lower) Lotharingia</a>, but not from Saint-Amand itself, given its style of construction and the handwriting, which cannot be matched to other manuscripts produced there during the same period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>The manuscript is less significant for its original content, however, than for the empty pages at the end that later scribes filled in with additional texts. These include: </p> <ul><li>the top half of f141: a 14-line Latin poem about Saint Eulalia (<i>Cantica uirginis eulalie</i>)</li> <li>the top half of f141v: the <i>Sequence of Saint Eulalia</i> in vernacular Romance</li> <li>from the bottom of f141v to the top of f143: the <i><a href="/facts/Ludwigslied/3mMtPux0">Ludwigslied</a></i> (<i>Rithmus teutonicus</i>), written in a variety of <a href="/facts/Old_High_German/Vr3YC8sW">Old High German</a>.</li></ul> <p>The <i>Sequence</i> and the <i>Ludwigslied</i> are written in the same hand,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and since the preamble of the <i>Ludwigslied</i> (which celebrates the battle of Saucourt, which took place on 3 August 881) speaks of <a href="/facts/Louis_III_of_France/HrrAzgD4">Louis III</a> (who died in 882) as being alive, both additions to the manuscript are dated to late 881 or early 882.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>When <a href="/facts/Jean_Mabillon/LrLAMw7s">Jean Mabillon</a> visited Saint-Amand Abbey in 1672, he made a hasty copy of the <i>Ludwigslied</i>, but neither he nor his hosts seem to have recognized the significance of the <i>Sequence</i> immediately preceding it. When Mabillon and the historian Johannes Schilter attempted to obtain a better transcription of the <i>Ludwigslied</i> in 1693, the monks of the abbey were unable to locate the manuscript. It remained lost throughout the 18th century, until the entire contents of the abbey library were confiscated and transferred to <a href="/facts/Valenciennes/bo4u8pmM">Valenciennes</a> in 1792, by order of the <a href="/facts/French_Revolution/PIkDlrC0">revolutionary</a> government. In September 1837, <a href="/facts/August_Heinrich_Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben/lUhsVR0U">Hoffmann von Fallersleben</a> visited the library of Valenciennes with the intention of unearthing the lost text of the <i>Ludwigslied</i>. According to his account, it only took him one afternoon to find the manuscript and to realize that it contained another important text, the <i>Sequence of Saint Eulalia</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="text">Text</h2> <p>The Eulalia text is a <a href="/facts/Sequence_(poetry)/shNcFF2T">sequence</a> or "prose" consisting of 14 <a href="/facts/Assonance/sFm1Fmtc">assonant</a> couplets, each written on one line and separated by a punctus, followed by a final unpaired coda verse. The <i>Sequence</i> follows no strict <a href="/facts/Metre_(poetry)/uIzxuQHA">meter</a>. Most of the couplets consist of two ten-syllable verses, although some have 11, 12, or 13 syllables. </p><p>Both the vernacular <i>Sequence</i> and the Latin poem that precedes it show similarities with the hymn to Eulalia in the <i>Peristephanon</i>, by the 4th-century Christian poet <a href="/facts/Prudentius/8kLL6I1N">Prudentius</a>. </p><p>A transcription of the original text is provided below (with abbreviations expanded and some word boundaries inserted),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> along with a reconstructed phonetic transcription<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> and an English translation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Text</th><th>Reconstructed pronunciation</th><th>Translation</th></tr><tr><td><p>Buona pulcella fut eulalia.Bel auret corps bellezour animaVoldrent la veintre li deo Inimi.Voldrent la faire diaule seruirElle no'nt eskoltet les mals conselliers.Qu'elle deo raneiet chi maent sus en ciel.Ne por or ned argent ne paramenz.Por manatce regiel ne preiement.Niule cose non la pouret omque pleier.La polle sempre non amast lo deo menestier.E por o fut presentede maximiien.Chi rex eret a cels dis soure pagiensIl li enortet dont lei nonque chielt.Qued elle fuiet lo nom christiien.Ell'ent adunet lo suon element.Melz sostendreiet les empedementzQu'elle perdesse sa virginitet.Por o's furet morte a grand honestetEnz enl fou lo getterent com arde tost.Elle colpes non auret, por o no's coist.A czo no's voldret concreidre li rex pagiens.Ad une spede li roveret tolir lo chieef.La domnizelle celle kose non contredist.Volt lo seule lazsier si ruovet Krist.In figure de colomb volat a ciel.Tuit oram que por nos degnet preier.Qued avuisset de nos Christus mercitPost la mort et a lui nos laist venirPar souue clementia.</p></td><td>bwᴐnə pyltsɛlə fyθ əylaljəbɛl avrəθ kᴐrps bɛlədzou̯r anəməvᴐldrənt la vei̯ntrə li dɛə enəmivᴐldrənt la fai̯rə diavlə sɛrvirelə nᴐnt ɛskoltəθ les mals konseʎɛrskelə dɛə rənei̯əθ ki mæ̃nt sys en tsjɛlnə pᴐr ᴐr nəð ardʒɛnt nə parəmɛntspᴐr mənatsə rei̯jɛl nə prei̯əmɛntnylə kᴐzə non la pᴐu̯rəθ omkə plei̯ɛrla polə sɛmprə non amast lə dɛə mənɛstjɛrɛ pᴐrᴐ fyθ prəzɛntɛðə maksimjɛnki rei̯s ɛrəθ a tsels dis sovrə pai̯jɛnsel li ənᴐrtəθ dont lei̯ nonkə tʃjɛlt<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>keð elə fɥiəθ lə nom krestjɛnelent aðynəθ lə swᴐn elemɛntmjɛls sostɛndrei̯əθ les ɛmpɛðəmɛntskelə pɛrdesə sa virdʒinitɛθpᴐrᴐs fyrəθ mᴐrtə a ɡrand ᴐnɛstɛθents enl fᴐu̯ la dʒətɛrənt kom ardə tᴐstelə kolpəs non avrəθ pᴐrᴐ nos kᴐi̯sta tsə nos vᴐldrəθ konkrei̯ðrə li rei̯s pai̯jɛnsað ynə spɛðə li rᴐvɛrəθ tᴐlir lə tʃjɛf<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>la dᴐmnidzɛlə tselə kᴐzə non kontrədistvᴐlt lə səylə laɕjɛr si rwᴐvəθ kristen fiɡyrə də kᴐlom vᴐləθ a tsjɛltɥiθ oram kə pᴐr nos deɲəθ prei̯jɛrkeð avɥisəθ də nos kristəs mɛrtsiθpᴐst la mᴐrt ɛð a lɥi nos lai̯st vənirpar sou̯və kləmɛntsə</td><td>Eulalia was a good girl,She had a beautiful body, a soul more beautiful still.The enemies of God wanted to overcome her,they wanted to make her serve the devil.She does not listen to the evil counsellors,(who want her) to deny God, who lives up in heaven.Not for gold, nor silver, nor jewels,not for the king's threats or entreaties,nothing could ever persuade the girlnot to love continually the service of God.And for this reason she was brought before Maximian,who was king in those days over the pagans.He exhorts her — but she does not care —to abandon the Christian name;She gathers up her strength." / "And subsequently worship his god.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>She would rather undergo persecutionThan lose her spiritual purity.For these reasons she died in great honor.They threw her into the fire so that she would burn quickly.She had no sins, for this reason she did not burn.The pagan king did not want to give in to this;He ordered her head to be cut off with a sword.The girl did not oppose that idea:She wants to abandon earthly life, and she calls upon Christ.In the form of a dove she flew to heaven.Let us all pray that she will deign to pray for usThat Christ may have mercy on usAnd may allow us to come to Him after deathThrough His grace.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="analysis">Analysis</h2> <h3>Dialect</h3> <p>The language of the <i>Sequence</i> presents characteristics of <a href="/facts/Walloon_language/Tdp6gx6D">Walloon</a>, <a href="/facts/Champenois_dialect/LXIQdNJQ">Champenois</a>, and <a href="/facts/Picard_language/1RkE2uRx">Picard</a>. At the time, these three <a href="/facts/Langues_d%2527o%25C3%25AFl/fsgX2IRM">Oïl</a> varieties shared a common <i>scripta</i>, or written literary <a href="/facts/Koin%25C3%25A9_language/sWWvCdL2">koiné</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The evidence points to a geographic origin for the text in modern-day Wallonia or an adjacent region of north-east France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Some northern/northeastern dialectal features of the texts are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>the stressed form <i>lei</i> of the feminine singular dative pronoun (line 13)</li> <li>the 1st person plural imperative ending <i>-am</i> in <i>oram</i> (line 26)</li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(sound_change)/vheTQbuP">unpalatalized</a> initial <a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a> in the forms <i>cose</i> and <i>kose</i> (< Latin <i>causa</i>), contrasting with <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> in <a href="/facts/Francien_language/3QtRMFkW">Francien</a> dialect to the south (mod. Fr. <i>chose</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/L-vocalization/d6Ubls6k">vocalization</a> of <a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> before <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a> in <i>diaule</i> (line 4, < <i>diabolem</i>)</li> <li>lowering of pre-tonic /en/ to /an/ in <i>raneiet</i> (line 6, < *<i>reneget</i>) and <i>manatce</i> (line 8, < <i>mĭnacia</i>).</li></ul> <p>In contrast, the <a href="/facts/Epenthesis/DEJE6nKS">epenthetic</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> indicated by the forms <i>voldrent</i> (lines 3, 4, < <i>uoluerunt</i>), <i>voldret</i> (line 21, < <i>uoluerat</i>) and <i>sostendreiet</i> (line 16, < <i>sustinerebat</i>) is more characteristic of central French dialects. </p><p>The pronoun <i>lo</i> that appears in line 19 (instead of the expected feminine form <i>la</i>) has been variously explained as a dialectal feature, a pejorative neuter ("they threw <i>it</i> into the fire"), or simply a scribal error.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Line 15</h3> <p>Line 15 of the <i>Sequence</i> is "one of the most vexed lines of Old French literature".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The identity of the verb is debated: early editors read <i>adunet</i>, but a reexamination of the manuscript by Learned (1941) revealed that the copyist originally wrote <i>aduret</i>. Scholars disagree about whether the line turning the ⟨r⟩ into an ⟨n⟩ was an inadvertent ink smudge or a deliberate correction by the copyist. Several interpretations have been proposed for both readings, including:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>adunet</i>: "reunites, assembles", "affirms"</li> <li><i>aduret</i>: "hardens", "adores", "endures"</li></ul> <p>Scholars further disagree about whether the <a href="/facts/Possessive_adjective/qP939GQl">possessive adjective</a> in <i>lo suon element</i> refers to Eulalia or to Maximian, and about the nature of this <i>element</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Questions also surround the syntactic construction of the line, as well as the interpretation of the verse within the context of the <i>Sequence</i>. </p><p>The following examples illustrate the variety of translations suggested for this verse: </p> <ul><li>"Elle réplique en affirmant « l'élément » qui est sien [= sa virginité]"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>"Elle n'en devint que plus forte dans ces principes religieux"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>"She steeled her soul (she strengthened herself inwardly)"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>"That she worship his false god"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>"Elle endure le feu [= son élément]"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Oaths_of_Strasbourg/tw64goGS">Oaths of Strasbourg</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Atkinson, James C. (1968). "Eulalia's "Element" or Maximian's?". <i>Studies in Philology</i>. 65 (4): 599–611. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173608">4173608</a>.</li> <li>Avalle, D'Arco Silvio (1966). <i>Alle origini della letteratura francese: I Giuramenti di Strasburgo e la Sequenza di santa Eulalia</i>. Turin: G. Giappichelli.</li> <li>Barnett, F. J. "Some Notes to the <i>Sequence of St. Eulalia</i>". <i>Studies in Medieval French, presented to Alfred Ewert in honour of his seventieth birthday</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–25.</li> <li>Ayres-Bennett, Wendy (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-7leQ3jhg4C"><i>A History of the French Language Through Texts</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-415-09999-4.</li> <li>Berger, Roger; Brasseur, Annette (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4i8-_NGkSUEC"><i>Les Séquences de Sainte Eulalie</i></a> (in French). Geneva: Droz. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-600-00880-8.</li> <li>Bischoff, Bernhard (1971). "Paläographische Fragen deutscher Denkmäler der Karolingerzeit". <i>Frühmittelalterliche Studien</i>. 5 (1): 101–134. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110242058.101">10.1515/9783110242058.101</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Bostock, J. Knight; King, K. C.; <a href="/facts/David_McLintock/62oUoCMv">McLintock, D. R.</a> (1976). <a href="https://archive.org/details/handbookonoldhig00bost"><i>A Handbook on Old High German Literature</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/handbookonoldhig00bost/">[1]</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-815392-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IE4rmWpDh3gC&dq=%22Ludwigslied%22&pg=PA235">Limited preview at Google Books</a></li> <li>Delbouille, Maurice (1977). "Romanité d'oïl. Les origines : la langue - les plus anciens textes". In Lejeune, Rita; Stiennon, Jacques (eds.). <i>La Wallonie, le pays et les hommes</i>. Arts, Lettres, Cultures (in French). Vol. 1. Brussels: La Renaissance du Livre. pp. 99–107.</li> <li>Foerster, Werner; Koschwitz, Eduard (1902). <i>Altfranzösisches Übungsbuch, zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Seminarübungen. Erster Teil: die Ältesten Sprachdenkmäler</i> (in German) (2nd ed.). Leipzig: O. R. Reisland. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24605702M">24605702M</a>.</li> <li>Fought, John (1979). "The 'Medieval Sibilants' of the Eulalia-Ludwigslied Manuscript and Their Development in Early Old French". <i>Language</i>. 55 (4): 842–858. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412747">10.2307/412747</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412747">412747</a>.</li> <li>Genicot, Léopold. "Entre l'Empire et la France". In Genicot, Léopold (ed.). <i>Histoire de la Wallonie</i>. Toulouse: Privat. pp. 124–185.</li> <li>Hatcher, Anna Granville (1949). "<i>Eulalie</i>, lines 15–17". <i>Romanic Review</i>. XL: 241–49.</li> <li>Hilty, Gérold (1990). "La Cantilène de sainte Eulalie: analyse linguistique et stylistique". In Marie-Pierre Dion (ed.). <i>La Cantilène de sainte Eulalie</i>. Actes du colloque de Valenciennes, 21 mars 1989 (in French). Lille: ACCES. pp. 73–79. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-902133-02-2.</li> <li><a href="/facts/August_Heinrich_Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben/lUhsVR0U">Hoffmann de Fallersleben, August Heinrich</a>; J. F. Willems (1837). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4D0_AAAAcAAJ"><i>Elnonensia: Monuments des langues romane et tudesque dans le IXe siècle, contenus dans un manuscrit de l'abbaye de Saint-Amand, conservé à la Bibliothèque publique de Valenciennes, avec une traduction et des remarques par J. F. Willems</i></a> (in French). F. & E. Gyselynck.</li> <li><a href="/facts/August_Heinrich_Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben/lUhsVR0U">Hoffmann de Fallersleben, August Heinrich</a>; J. F. Willems (1845). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WJxAAAAIAAJ"><i>Elnonensia: Monuments de la langue romane et de la langue tudesque du IXe siècle, contenus dans un manuscrit de l'abbaye de Saint-Amand, conservé à la Bibliothèque publique de Valenciennes, découverts par Hoffmann de Fallersleben et publiés avec une traduction et des remarques par J. F. Willems</i></a> (in French) (2nd ed.). F. & E. Gyselynck.</li> <li>Learned, Henry Dexter (1941). "The Eulalia Ms. at Line 15 Reads Aduret, not 'Adunet'". <i>Speculum</i>. 16 (3): 334–335. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2852710">10.2307/2852710</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2852710">2852710</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163995193">163995193</a>.</li> <li>Price, Glanville (1990). "La Cantilène de sainte Eulalie et le problème du vers 15". In Marie-Pierre Dion (ed.). <i>La Cantilène de sainte Eulalie</i>. Actes du colloque de Valenciennes, 21 mars 1989 (in French). Lille: ACCES. pp. 81–88. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-902133-02-2.</li> <li>Simeray, Françoise (1990). "La Cantilène de sainte Eulalie: Actes du colloque de Valenciennes, 21 mars 1989". In Marie-Pierre Dion (ed.). <i>La Cantilène de sainte Eulalie</i>. Actes du colloque de Valenciennes, 21 mars 1989 (in French). Lille: ACCES. pp. 53–60. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-902133-02-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Jeanette M. A. Beer (1989). "Eulalie, La Séquence de Ste.". <i><a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages/x0y0H28B">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>. Vol. 4. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-684-17024-8</li> <li>Cazelles, Brigitte (1991). "The Ninth-Century Sequence of Saint Eulalia". <i>The Lady as Saint: A Collection of French Hagiographic Romances of the Thirteenth Century</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 313–4. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8122-1380-7.</li> <li>Horváth, Iván (2014). <a href="https://f-book.com/arsmetrica/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Horvath_2014_When-Literature-Itself-Was-Bilingual.pdf">"When Literature Itself Was Bilingual: A Rule Of Vernacular Insertions"</a> (PDF). <i>Ars Metrica</i> (11).</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: Séquence de sainte Eulalie <ul><li>(in French) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512005627/http://bibliotheque.valenciennes.fr/fr/bibliotheque-de-valenciennes/patrimoine/cantilene-de-sainte-eulalie.html">Cantilène de sainte Eulalie</a> from the Bibliothèque municipale de Valenciennes</li> <li><a href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/ofrol-4-X.html">Old French Online</a> (B. Bauer and J. Slocum), Lesson 4: <i>La Cantilène de Sainte Eulalie</i></li> <li>(in French) <a href="http://www.musicologie.org/publirem/sainte_eulalie.html">Bibliographie de la <i>Cantilène de Sainte Eulalie</i></a> (Yves Chartier)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bischoff 1971, p. 132. - Bischoff, Bernhard (1971). "Paläographische Fragen deutscher Denkmäler der Karolingerzeit". Frühmittelalterliche Studien. 5 (1): 101–134. doi:10.1515/9783110242058.101. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110242058.101" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110242058.101</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bostock, King & McLintock 1976, p. 245. - Bostock, J. Knight; King, K. C.; McLintock, D. R. (1976). A Handbook on Old High German Literature (2nd ed.). Oxford. pp. [1]. ISBN 0-19-815392-9. <a href="https://archive.org/details/handbookonoldhig00bost" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/handbookonoldhig00bost</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ayres-Bennett, Wendy (1996). A history of French language through texts. London: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 9780203986738. <a href="9780203986738" target="_blank">9780203986738</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hoffmann & Willems (1837, p. 3); Simeray (1990, p. 56ff) <a href="https://archive.org/details/Elnonensia1837/page/n27" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/Elnonensia1837/page/n27</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>For a closer transcription, see e.g. Foerster and Koschwitz (1902, cols. 48–51). The first published transcription of the Sequence can be found in Hoffmann & Willems (1837, p. 6). For images of the manuscript, see the website Archived 2013-01-30 at the Wayback Machine of the Bibliothèque de Valenciennes. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/altfranzsische01foer#page/n31/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/altfranzsische01foer#page/n31/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Porter, L. C. (1960). "The "Cantilène de Sainte Eulalie": Phonology and Graphemics". Studies in Philology. 57 (4): 587–596. ISSN 0039-3738. JSTOR 4173323. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4173323" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4173323</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The first half of the translation is taken from Ayres-Bennett (1996, p. 32). The second half is taken from Bauer & Slocum (Old French Online). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-7leQ3jhg4C&pg=PA32" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=J-7leQ3jhg4C&pg=PA32</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>In contrast, Fought (1979) interprets ⟨ch⟩ as representing [k] in ⟨chielt⟩ and ⟨chief⟩, as well as in ⟨chi⟩ (from Latin qui).[8] - Fought, John (1979). "The 'Medieval Sibilants' of the Eulalia-Ludwigslied Manuscript and Their Development in Early Old French". Language. 55 (4): 842–858. doi:10.2307/412747. JSTOR 412747. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412747" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412747</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>In contrast, Fought (1979) interprets ⟨ch⟩ as representing [k] in ⟨chielt⟩ and ⟨chief⟩, as well as in ⟨chi⟩ (from Latin qui).[8] - Fought, John (1979). "The 'Medieval Sibilants' of the Eulalia-Ludwigslied Manuscript and Their Development in Early Old French". Language. 55 (4): 842–858. doi:10.2307/412747. JSTOR 412747. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412747" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412747</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>See Line 15, below, for the interpretation of line 15. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"L'Eulalie réunit dans sa langue certains traits picards, wallons et champenois qui ensemble impliquent la pratique d'une scripta poétique romane commune aux trois régions" (Delbouille 1977, p. 104). "The second existing text in Old French (with Picard and Walloon features) is a rendering of a short sequence by Prudentius on the life of St. Eulalia, precisely dated (AD 880–882)" Encyclopædia Britannica on Line. <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508379/Romance-languages/74692/Major-languages" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508379/Romance-languages/74692/Major-languages</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"N'est-ce pas en région picarde ou wallonne que ces lettres [les lettres françaises] ont poussé leur premier cri avec la Cantilène de Sainte Eulalie ?" (Genicot 1973, p. 170); see also Avalle (1966). <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Fought (1979, p. 846); Ayres-Bennett (1996, p. 34) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-7leQ3jhg4C&pg=PA32" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=J-7leQ3jhg4C&pg=PA32</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Berger & Boucher (2004, p. 142) <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Atkinson (1968, p. 599) <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Price (1990, p. 84–87) <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Some authors suggest that the manuscript has the wrong word, and propose that element should be emended to mentem, alimentum, alia mente, or linamentum (Price 1990, p. 85). <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"She responds by affirming her element [i.e. purity, virginity]" <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Berger & Brasseur (2004, pp. 62, 72f) <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"She only became more steadfast in her religious principles" <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Hoffmann & Willems (1845, p. 34) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WJxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA34" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1WJxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA34</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Hatcher (1949) <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Barnett (1961) <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"She endures the flames" <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Hilty (1990, p. 73) <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>