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Isotopes of technetium
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<h2 id="list-of-isotopes">List of isotopes</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Nuclide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S"><i>Z</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">Isotopic mass</a> (<a href="/facts/Dalton_(unit)/IMATU3vf">Da</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">Half-life</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_mode/Ya6FVjt4">Decaymode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_product/hT0obfLv">Daughterisotope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spin_(particle_physics)/4Jvp7e8P">Spin</a> and<a href="/facts/Parity_(physics)/emSbJ4hD">parity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Natural_abundance/dGjaAwc9">Isotopicabundance</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Excitation energy<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>86Tc</td><td>43</td><td>43</td><td>85.94464(32)#</td><td>55(7) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a></td><td>86Mo</td><td>(0+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>86mTc</td><td colspan="3">1524(10) keV</td><td>1.10(12) μs</td><td><a href="/facts/Isomeric_transition/L8DHcqnk">IT</a></td><td>86Tc</td><td>(6+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">87Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">44</td><td rowspan="2">86.9380672(45)</td><td rowspan="2">2.14(17) s</td><td>β+</td><td>87Mo</td><td rowspan="2">9/2+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, <a href="/facts/Proton_emission/9zxVkBkp">p</a> (<0.7%)</td><td>86Nb</td></tr><tr><td>87mTc</td><td colspan="3">71(1) keV</td><td>647(24) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>87Tc</td><td>7/2+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>88Tc</td><td>43</td><td>45</td><td>87.9337942(44)</td><td>6.4(8) s</td><td>β+</td><td>88Mo</td><td>(2+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>88m1Tc</td><td colspan="3">70(3) keV</td><td>5.8(2) s</td><td>β+</td><td>88Mo</td><td>(6+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>88m2Tc</td><td colspan="3">95(1) keV</td><td>146(12) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>88Tc</td><td>(4+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>89Tc</td><td>43</td><td>46</td><td>88.9276486(41)</td><td>12.8(9) s</td><td>β+</td><td>89Mo</td><td>(9/2+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>89mTc</td><td colspan="3">62.6(5) keV</td><td>12.9(8) s</td><td>β+</td><td>89Mo</td><td>(1/2−)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90Tc</td><td>43</td><td>47</td><td>89.9240739(11)</td><td>49.2(4) s</td><td>β+</td><td>90Mo</td><td>(8+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90mTc</td><td colspan="3">144.0(17) keV</td><td>8.7(2) s</td><td>β+</td><td>90Mo</td><td>1+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>91Tc</td><td>43</td><td>48</td><td>90.9184250(25)</td><td>3.14(2) min</td><td>β+</td><td>91Mo</td><td>(9/2)+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>91mTc</td><td colspan="3">139.3(3) keV</td><td>3.3(1) min</td><td>β+ (99%)</td><td>91Mo</td><td>(1/2)−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92Tc</td><td>43</td><td>49</td><td>91.9152698(33)</td><td>4.25(15) min</td><td>β+</td><td>92Mo</td><td>(8)+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92m1Tc</td><td colspan="3">270.09(8) keV</td><td>1.03(6) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>92Tc</td><td>(4+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92m2Tc</td><td colspan="3">529.42(13) keV</td><td><0.1 μs</td><td>IT</td><td>92Tc</td><td>(3+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92m3Tc</td><td colspan="3">711.33(15) keV</td><td><0.1 μs</td><td>IT</td><td>92Tc</td><td>1+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>93Tc</td><td>43</td><td>50</td><td>92.9102451(11)</td><td>2.75(5) h</td><td>β+</td><td>93Mo</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">93m1Tc</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">391.84(8) keV</td><td rowspan="2">43.5(10) min</td><td>IT (77.4%)</td><td>93Tc</td><td rowspan="2">1/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (22.6%)</td><td>93Mo</td></tr><tr><td>93m2Tc</td><td colspan="3">2185.16(15) keV</td><td>10.2(3) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>93Tc</td><td>(17/2)−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>94Tc</td><td>43</td><td>51</td><td>93.9096523(44)</td><td>293(1) min</td><td>β+</td><td>94Mo</td><td>7+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">94mTc</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">76(3) keV</td><td rowspan="2">52(1) min</td><td>β+ (>99.82%)</td><td>94Mo</td><td rowspan="2">(2)+</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (<0.18%)</td><td>94Tc</td></tr><tr><td>95Tc</td><td>43</td><td>52</td><td>94.9076523(55)</td><td>19.258(26) h</td><td>β+</td><td>95Mo</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">95mTc</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">38.91(4) keV</td><td rowspan="2">61.96(24) d</td><td>β+ (96.1%)</td><td>95Mo</td><td rowspan="2">1/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (3.9%)</td><td>95Tc</td></tr><tr><td>96Tc</td><td>43</td><td>53</td><td>95.9078667(55)</td><td>4.28(7) d</td><td>β+</td><td>96Mo</td><td>7+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">96mTc</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">34.23(4) keV</td><td rowspan="2">51.5(10) min</td><td>IT (98.0%)</td><td>96Tc</td><td rowspan="2">4+</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (2.0%)</td><td>96Mo</td></tr><tr><td>97Tc</td><td>43</td><td>54</td><td>96.9063607(44)</td><td>4.21(16)×106 y</td><td><a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">EC</a></td><td>97Mo</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">97mTc</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">96.57(6) keV</td><td rowspan="2">91.1(6) d</td><td>IT (96.06%)</td><td>97Tc</td><td rowspan="2">1/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>EC (3.94%)</td><td>97Mo</td></tr><tr><td>98Tc</td><td>43</td><td>55</td><td>97.9072112(36)</td><td>4.2(3)×106 y</td><td>β−</td><td>98Ru</td><td>6+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98mTc</td><td colspan="3">90.77(16) keV</td><td>14.7(5) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>98Tc</td><td>(2,3)−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Technetium-99/0w2EE0G2">99Tc</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>43</td><td>56</td><td>98.90624968(97)</td><td>2.111(12)×105 y</td><td>β−</td><td>99Ru</td><td>9/2+</td><td>trace</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Technetium-99m/HgIqtvrv">99mTc</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">142.6836(11) keV</td><td rowspan="2">6.0066(2) h</td><td>IT</td><td>99Tc</td><td rowspan="2">1/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (0.0037%)</td><td>99Ru</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">100Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">57</td><td rowspan="2">99.9076527(15)</td><td rowspan="2">15.46(19) s</td><td>β−</td><td>100Ru</td><td rowspan="2">1+</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>EC (0.0018%)</td><td><i>100Mo</i></td></tr><tr><td>100m1Tc</td><td colspan="3">200.67(4) keV</td><td>8.32(14) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>100Tc</td><td>(4)+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100m2Tc</td><td colspan="3">243.95(4) keV</td><td>3.2(2) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>100Tc</td><td>(6)+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101Tc</td><td>43</td><td>58</td><td>100.907305(26)</td><td>14.22(1) min</td><td>β−</td><td>101Ru</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101mTc</td><td colspan="3">207.526(20) keV</td><td>636(8) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>101Tc</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>102Tc</td><td>43</td><td>59</td><td>101.9092072(98)</td><td>5.28(15) s</td><td>β−</td><td>102Ru</td><td>1+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>102mTc<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td colspan="3">50(50)# keV</td><td>4.35(7) min</td><td>β−</td><td>102Ru</td><td>(4+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>103Tc</td><td>43</td><td>60</td><td>102.909174(11)</td><td>54.2(8) s</td><td>β−</td><td>103Ru</td><td>5/2+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>104Tc</td><td>43</td><td>61</td><td>103.911434(27)</td><td>18.3(3) min</td><td>β−</td><td>104Ru</td><td>(3−)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>104m1Tc</td><td colspan="3">69.7(2) keV</td><td>3.5(3) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>104Tc</td><td>(5−)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>104m2Tc</td><td colspan="3">106.1(3) keV</td><td>400(20) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>104Tc</td><td>4#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>105Tc</td><td>43</td><td>62</td><td>104.911662(38)</td><td>7.64(6) min</td><td>β−</td><td>105Ru</td><td>(3/2−)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>106Tc</td><td>43</td><td>63</td><td>105.914357(13)</td><td>35.6(6) s</td><td>β−</td><td>106Ru</td><td>(1,2)(+#)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>107Tc</td><td>43</td><td>64</td><td>106.9154584(93)</td><td>21.2(2) s</td><td>β−</td><td>107Ru</td><td>(3/2−)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>107m1Tc</td><td colspan="3">30.1(1) keV</td><td>3.85(5) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>107Tc</td><td>(1/2+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>107m2Tc</td><td colspan="3">65.72(14) keV</td><td>184(3) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>107Tc</td><td>(5/2+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>108Tc</td><td>43</td><td>65</td><td>107.9184935(94)</td><td>5.17(7) s</td><td>β−</td><td>108Ru</td><td>(2)+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">109Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">66</td><td rowspan="2">108.920254(10)</td><td rowspan="2">905(21) ms</td><td>β− (99.92%)</td><td>109Ru</td><td rowspan="2">(5/2+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, <a href="/facts/Neutron_emission/lXLQRDCQ">n</a> (0.08%)</td><td>108Ru</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">110Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">67</td><td rowspan="2">109.923741(10)</td><td rowspan="2">900(13) ms</td><td>β− (99.96%)</td><td>110Ru</td><td rowspan="2">(2+,3+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (0.04%)</td><td>109Ru</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">111Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">68</td><td rowspan="2">110.925899(11)</td><td rowspan="2">350(11) ms</td><td>β− (99.15%)</td><td>111Ru</td><td rowspan="2">5/2+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (0.85%)</td><td>110Ru</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">112Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">69</td><td rowspan="2">111.9299417(59)</td><td rowspan="2">323(6) ms</td><td>β− (98.5%)</td><td>112Ru</td><td rowspan="2">(2+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (1.5%)</td><td>111Ru</td></tr><tr><td>112mTc</td><td colspan="3">352.3(7) keV</td><td>150(17) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>112Tc</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">113Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">70</td><td rowspan="2">112.9325690(36)</td><td rowspan="2">152(8) ms</td><td>β− (97.9%)</td><td>113Ru</td><td rowspan="2">5/2+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (2.1%)</td><td>112Ru</td></tr><tr><td>113mTc</td><td colspan="3">114.4(5) keV</td><td>527(16) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>113Tc</td><td>5/2−#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">114Tc</td><td rowspan="2">43</td><td rowspan="2">71</td><td rowspan="2">113.93709(47)</td><td rowspan="2">121(9) ms</td><td>β− (98.7%)</td><td>114Ru</td><td rowspan="2">5+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (1.3%)</td><td>113Ru</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">114mTc<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">160(430) keV</td><td rowspan="2">90(20) ms</td><td>β− (98.7%)</td><td>114Ru</td><td rowspan="2">1+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (1.3%)</td><td>113Ru</td></tr><tr><td>115Tc</td><td>43</td><td>72</td><td>114.94010(21)#</td><td>78(2) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>115Ru</td><td>5/2+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>116Tc</td><td>43</td><td>73</td><td>115.94502(32)#</td><td>57(3) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>116Ru</td><td>2+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>117Tc</td><td>43</td><td>74</td><td>116.94832(43)#</td><td>44.5(30) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>117Ru</td><td>5/2+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>118Tc</td><td>43</td><td>75</td><td>117.95353(43)#</td><td>30(4) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>118Ru</td><td>2+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>119Tc</td><td>43</td><td>76</td><td>118.95688(54)#</td><td>22(3) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>119Ru</td><td>5/2+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>120Tc</td><td>43</td><td>77</td><td>119.96243(54)#</td><td>21(5) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>120Ru</td><td>3+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>121Tc</td><td>43</td><td>78</td><td>120.96614(54)#</td><td>22(6) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>121Ru</td><td>5/2+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>122Tc</td><td>43</td><td>79</td><td>121.97176(32)#</td><td>13# ms[>550 ns]</td><td></td><td></td><td>1+#</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="20"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <ul><li>view</li></ul></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="stability-of-technetium-isotopes">Stability of technetium isotopes</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Beta-decay_stable_isobars/Qc1jTB6H">Beta-decay stable isobars</a></p> <p>Technetium and <a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">promethium</a> are unusual light elements in that they have no stable isotopes. Using the <a href="/facts/Liquid_drop_model/XQhTYz7e">liquid drop model</a> for atomic nuclei, one can derive a semiempirical formula for the binding energy of a nucleus. This formula predicts a "<a href="/facts/Valley_of_stability/hTr4dBSq">valley of beta stability</a>" along which <a href="/facts/Nuclide/97Ykvzr3">nuclides</a> do not undergo beta decay. Nuclides that lie "up the walls" of the valley tend to decay by beta decay towards the center (by emitting an electron, emitting a <a href="/facts/Positron/HgV4zBzA">positron</a>, or capturing an electron). For a fixed number of nucleons <i>A</i>, the binding energies lie on one or more <a href="/facts/Parabola/Cweo3wgw">parabolas</a>, with the most stable nuclide at the bottom. One can have more than one parabola because isotopes with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons are more stable than isotopes with an odd number of neutrons and an odd number of protons. A single beta decay then transforms one into the other. When there is only one parabola, there can be only one stable isotope lying on that parabola. When there are two parabolas, that is, when the number of nucleons is even, it can happen (rarely) that there is a stable nucleus with an odd number of neutrons and an odd number of protons (although this happens only in five instances: <a href="/facts/Deuterium/Bv4wfCkw">2H</a>, <a href="/facts/Lithium-6/XC311sQu">6Li</a>, <a href="/facts/Boron-10/Pmwgd7Mf">10B</a>, <a href="/facts/Nitrogen-14/JdTSL0KH">14N</a> and <a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_tantalum/uPRoIMz1">180mTa</a>). However, if this happens, there can be no stable isotope with an even number of neutrons and an even number of protons. </p><p>For technetium (<i>Z</i> = 43), the valley of beta stability is centered at around 98 nucleons. However, for every number of nucleons from 94 to 102, there is already at least one stable nuclide of either <a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_molybdenum/gpYnY3bx">molybdenum</a> (<i>Z</i> = 42) or <a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_ruthenium/C9GGqqPM">ruthenium</a> (<i>Z</i> = 44), and the <a href="/facts/Mattauch_isobar_rule/LHMt87SC">Mattauch isobar rule</a> states that two adjacent <a href="/facts/Isobar_(nuclide)/25ezJVsq">isobars</a> cannot both be stable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> For the isotopes with odd numbers of nucleons, this immediately rules out a stable isotope of technetium, since there can be only one stable nuclide with a fixed odd number of nucleons. For the isotopes with an even number of nucleons, since technetium has an odd number of protons, any isotope must also have an odd number of neutrons. In such a case, the presence of a stable nuclide having the same number of nucleons and an even number of protons rules out the possibility of a stable nucleus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Isotope masses from: <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li></ul></li> <li>Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from. <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Nuclear_Data_Center/SgVzvxLk">National Nuclear Data Center</a>. <a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">"NuDat 2.x database"</a>. <a href="/facts/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory/L2JrG0K1">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.</li> <li>Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics/qjxzC2Cu">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (85th ed.). <a href="/facts/Boca_Raton,_Florida/9gcNen3S">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-0485-9.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (PDF). IUPAC. p. 1059(13). Retrieved August 11, 2014. – Elements marked with a * have no stable isotope: 43, 61, and 83 and up. <a href="http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/2013/pdf/8505x1047.pdf" target="_blank">http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/2013/pdf/8505x1047.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Icenhower, J.P.; Martin, W.J.; Qafoku, N.P.; Zachara, J.M. (2008). The Geochemistry of Technetium: A Summary of the Behavior of an Artificial Element in the Natural Environment (Report). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: U.S. Department of Energy. p. 2.1. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Livechart - Table of Nuclides - Nuclear structure and decay data". www-nds.iaea.org. Retrieved 2017-11-18. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Nubase 2016". NDS IAEA. 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2016/nubase2016.txt" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2016/nubase2016.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. <a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Data_Center" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Nuclear_Data_Center</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Technetium". EnvironmentalChemistry.com. <a href="https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Tc-pg2.html" target="_blank">https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Tc-pg2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Livechart - Table of Nuclides - Nuclear structure and decay data". www-nds.iaea.org. Retrieved 2017-11-18. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Technetium". EnvironmentalChemistry.com. <a href="https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Tc-pg2.html" target="_blank">https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Tc-pg2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Technetium". EnvironmentalChemistry.com. <a href="https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Tc-pg2.html" target="_blank">https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Tc-pg2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. <a href="978-0-8493-0485-9" target="_blank">978-0-8493-0485-9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bigott, H. M.; Mccarthy, D. W.; Wüst, F. R.; Dahlheimer, J. L.; Piwnica-Worms, D. R.; Welch, M. J. (2001). "Production, processing and uses of 94mTc". Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. 44 (S1): S119 – S121. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580440141. ISSN 1099-1344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Morley, Thomas; Benard, Francois; Schaffer, Paul; Buckley, Kenneth; Hoehr, Cornelia; Gagnon, Katherine; McQuarrie, Steve; Kovacs, Michael; Ruth, Thomas (2011-05-01). "Simple, rapid production of Tc-94m". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 52 (supplement 1): 290. ISSN 0161-5505. <a href="https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/52/supplement_1/290" target="_blank">https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/52/supplement_1/290</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Hayakawa, Takehito; Hatsukawa, Yuichi; Tanimori, Toru (January 2018). "95g Tc and 96g Tc as alternatives to medical radioisotope 99m Tc". Heliyon. 4 (1): e00497. Bibcode:2018Heliy...400497H. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00497. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 5766687. PMID 29349358. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5766687" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5766687</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Mausolf, Edward J.; Johnstone, Erik V.; Mayordomo, Natalia; Williams, David L.; Guan, Eugene Yao Z.; Gary, Charles K. (September 2021). "Fusion-Based Neutron Generator Production of Tc-99m and Tc-101: A Prospective Avenue to Technetium Theranostics". Pharmaceuticals. 14 (9): 875. doi:10.3390/ph14090875. PMC 8467155. PMID 34577575. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8467155" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8467155</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, p. 693, "Toxicology", paragraph 2 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>mTc – Excited nuclear isomer. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" target="_blank">/wiki/Nuclear_isomer</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p># – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" target="_blank">/wiki/Electron_capture</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Long-lived fission product <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Used in medicine <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Johnstone, E.V.; Yates, M.A.; Poineau, F.; Sattelberger, A.P.; Czerwinski, K.R. (2017). "Technetium, the first radioelement on the periodic table". Journal of Chemical Education. 94 (3): 320–326. Bibcode:2017JChEd..94..320J. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00343. OSTI 1368098. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1368098" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1368098</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Johnstone, E.V.; Yates, M.A.; Poineau, F.; Sattelberger, A.P.; Czerwinski, K.R. (2017). "Technetium, the first radioelement on the periodic table". Journal of Chemical Education. 94 (3): 320–326. Bibcode:2017JChEd..94..320J. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00343. OSTI 1368098. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1368098" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1368098</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>