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Outline of computing
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<h2 id="branches-of-computing">Branches of computing</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">Computer science</a> (see also <a href="/facts/Outline_of_computer_science/1lAxBHGF">Outline of computer science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Information_technology/glMzunwe">Information technology</a> – refers to the application (esp in businesses and other organisations) of computer science, that is, its use by mankind (see also <a href="/facts/Outline_of_information_technology/8vcnK3du">Outline of information technology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Information_system/apcSzFLh">Information systems</a> – refers to the study of the application of IT to business processes</li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_engineering/5x1TRKGo">Computer engineering</a> (see also <a href="/facts/Outline_of_computer_engineering/7XwcFwLN">Outline of computer engineering</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_engineering/KX6cE9kz">Software engineering</a> (see also <a href="/facts/Outline_of_software_engineering/FgC24RMV">Outline of software engineering</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">Computer science</a> – (<a href="/facts/Outline_of_computer_science/1lAxBHGF">outline</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Theory_of_computation/xYJd2YeI">Theory of computation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scientific_computing/PnVD19hw">Scientific computing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Metacomputing/EU2Dh1Ax">Metacomputing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Autonomic_computing/DNNtn9X6">Autonomic computing</a></li></ul> <h2 id="computers">Computers</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">Computer</a> and <a href="/facts/Outline_of_computers/nYMUmwUT">Outline of computers</a></p> <p>See information processor for a high-level block diagram. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_hardware/8jSjsCNv">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_computing_hardware/83xXSmuW">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Processor_design/HeNbj78g">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_network/3w5RM99p">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude/BQYxcRYD">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> <h3>Instruction-level taxonomies</h3> <p>After the commoditization of <a href="/facts/Random-access_memory/DuD4bxh6">memory</a>, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include: </p> <ul><li>designing <a href="/facts/Instruction_set_architecture/8p8vwUeE">instruction set architectures</a> with simpler, faster instructions: <a href="/facts/RISC/aQbGM62p">RISC</a> as opposed to <a href="/facts/Complex_instruction_set_computer/Ucvyh2xq">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Superscalar/gPxRAb25">Superscalar</a> instruction execution</li> <li><a href="/facts/Very_long_instruction_word/WJuzewyR">VLIW</a> architectures, which make parallelism explicit</li></ul> <h2 id="software">Software</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Outline_of_software/Io5nV0wn">Outline of software</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Software_engineering/KX6cE9kz">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_programming/QmSsFnu0">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_patent/wI6RrYh3">Software patent</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Firmware/62UVKIUK">Firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/System_software/I5fQq44K">System software</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Device_driver/rDYnHU1G">Device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Utility_software/Hn3XtISQ">Utilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Application_software/YQuj7Kog">Application Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Database/VYcpkevb">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geographic_information_system/PoP1kVoa">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spreadsheet/0cvc1GeB">Spreadsheet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Word_processor/qAR7lagF">Word processor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">Programming languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Interpreter_(computing)/JB85fbyb">interpreters</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">Compilers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Assembler_(computer_programming)/7XuV0cla">Assemblers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Speech_recognition/z7S7Pgk6">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Speech_synthesis/ceTczTv9">Speech synthesis</a></li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-computing">History of computing</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_computing/MLKvPoqn">History of computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_computing_hardware/83xXSmuW">History of computing hardware</a> from the <a href="/facts/Tally_stick/MMCcVnVU">tally stick</a> to the <a href="/facts/Quantum_computer/nbbcgmvq">quantum computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_computer_science/yxHB1I7t">History of computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_computer_animation/vPQ47Sj6">History of computer animation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_computer_graphics/lapBE8wv">History of computer graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_computer_networking/3w5RM99p">History of computer networking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_computer_vision/Tl2Yyk66">History of computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Punched_card/44WsPulQ">Punched card</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unit_record_equipment/xkRvng9j">Unit record equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_700%2f7000_series/8Gh15FSj">IBM 700/7000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_1400_series/LFRzjq7b">IBM 1400 series</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_System%2f360/7znvpy4K">IBM System/360</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_IBM_magnetic_disk_drives/rot8kJdv">History of IBM magnetic disk drives</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="business-computing">Business computing</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Accounting_software/MHASg2lH">Accounting software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer-aided_design/5gSXrmmN">Computer-aided design</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer-aided_manufacturing/gqYHXcK9">Computer-aided manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer-aided_dispatch/fSb8aRob">Computer-aided dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Customer_relationship_management/Y74q0uXB">Customer relationship management</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_warehouse/we5rblq9">Data warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Decision_support_system/HPeJMlRM">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Electronic_data_processing/uJdNxIRS">Electronic data processing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Enterprise_resource_planning/IHhjWH4z">Enterprise resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geographic_information_system/PoP1kVoa">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hospital_information_system/YFnnKKNc">Hospital information system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Human_resource_management_system/Ypktuew1">Human resource management system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Management_information_system/u99Vk7Jt">Management information system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Material_requirements_planning/avnRvuqm">Material requirements planning</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Product_Lifecycle_Management/G3U6gtBv">Product Lifecycle Management</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Strategic_enterprise_management/b4kFnS66">Strategic enterprise management</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supply_chain_management/3bEP00vC">Supply chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Utility_Computing/VoIk5vf3">Utility Computing</a></li></ul> <h2 id="human-factors">Human factors</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Accessible_computing/WgkqJYRL">Accessible computing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer-induced_medical_problems/cmrWbmBh">Computer-induced medical problems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_user_satisfaction/a7jKU9NJ">Computer user satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Human-computer_interaction/EkmIxGCx">Human-computer interaction</a> (<a href="/facts/Outline_of_human%25E2%2580%2593computer_interaction/LlJMpIp9">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Human-centered_computing/C8u8f7GG">Human-centered computing</a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-network">Computer network</h2> <h3>Wired and wireless computer network</h3> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wide_area_network/mAkW4gr3">Wide area network</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Metropolitan_area_network/NtJvkYjf">Metropolitan area network</a></li> <li>City Area Network</li> <li>Village Area Network</li> <li><a href="/facts/Local_area_network/edUDxJ6J">Local area network</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wireless_local_area_network/ooq0WA45">Wireless local area network</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mesh_networking/XnVSy5rK">Mesh networking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Collaborative_workspace/87d5xLFB">Collaborative workspace</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Network_management/w344Ubfp">Network management</a></li></ul> <h3>Computing technology based wireless networking (CbWN)</h3> <p>The main goal of CbWN is to optimize the system performance of the flexible wireless network. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Source_coding/gMFuY4FT">Source coding</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Codebook/X78YE7AS">Codebook</a> design for side information based transmission techniques such as <a href="/facts/Precoding/2Dy3KA4g">Precoding</a></li> <li>Wyner-Ziv coding for <a href="/facts/Cooperative_wireless_communications/z6d8HcNu">cooperative wireless communications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Security/B4uxkyxh">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dirty_paper_coding/XuANaYso">Dirty paper coding</a> for cooperative multiple antenna or user precoding</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Intelligence/gwEhdLnp">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Game_theory/zkEIj1ya">Game theory</a> for wireless networking</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cognitive_radio/U3gWLuQh">Cognitive communications</a></li> <li>Flexible sectorization, <a href="/facts/Beamforming/4VpeHoGc">Beamforming</a> and <a href="/facts/Space-division_multiple_access/hV31bA9a">SDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software/RP79lVSW">Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Software-defined_radio/k7qLq1mu">Software defined radio (SDR)</a></li> <li>Programmable air-interface</li> <li>Downloadable algorithm: e.g., downloadable codebook for <a href="/facts/Precoding/2Dy3KA4g">Precoding</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-security">Computer security</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cryptology/e94PEVau">Cryptology</a> – <a href="/facts/Cryptography/e94PEVau">cryptography</a> – <a href="/facts/Information_theory/qNLH3U5P">information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_cracking/GFHWRHCG">Cracking</a> – <a href="/facts/Demon_dialing/he3qSKT4">demon dialing</a> – <a href="/facts/Hacker_(computer_security)/4bAJ9F1A">Hacking</a> – <a href="/facts/War_dialing/9YdmWYEf">war dialing</a> – <a href="/facts/War_driving/p4LXG6z8">war driving</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Social_engineering_(computer_security)/7obTw773">Social engineering</a> – <a href="/facts/Dumpster_diving/ULjnKd9o">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Physical_security/zMmzXW4w">Physical security</a> – <a href="/facts/Black_bag_job/AaKpNkpE">Black bag job</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_security/7E5dIy7G">Computer security</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_surveillance/kAom0Xn0">Computer surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Defensive_programming/Vt5bb1pY">Defensive programming</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Malware/5ee7TLFR">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Security_engineering/A2lhQ8YF">Security engineering</a></li></ul> <h2 id="data">Data</h2> <h3>Numeric data</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Integral_data_type/zWabo5M9">Integral data types</a> – bit, byte, etc.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Real_data_type/LnUlswXp">Real data types</a>: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Floating_point/eIckahxe">Floating point</a> (<a href="/facts/Single_precision/e6Fez7BM">Single precision</a>, <a href="/facts/Double_precision/JYyXXYFM">Double precision</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fixed-point_arithmetic/pd3RU72P">Fixed point</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rational_number/VJQmyY05">Rational number</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Decimal/7omfVNIM">Decimal</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Binary-coded_decimal/dWTaE7ES">Binary-coded decimal</a> (BCD)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Excess-3/shAvgBtQ">Excess-3</a> BCD (XS-3)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bi-quinary_coded_decimal/3MhwV5CI">Biquinary-coded decimal</a></li></ul></li> <li>representation: <a href="/facts/Binary_numeral_system/a6JDSRPs">Binary</a> – <a href="/facts/Octal/4nRcq0Ce">Octal</a> – <a href="/facts/Decimal/7omfVNIM">Decimal</a> – <a href="/facts/Hexadecimal/02ohQW22">Hexadecimal</a> (hex)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Scientific_computing/PnVD19hw">Computer mathematics</a> – <a href="/facts/Computer_numbering_formats/fmLUI4hh">Computer numbering formats</a></li></ul> <h3>Character data</h3> <ul><li>storage: <a href="/facts/Character_(computing)/X2zKLFFB">Character</a> – <a href="/facts/String_(computer_science)/4ChJu5WS">String</a> – <a href="/facts/Plain_text/TSlSSAg2">text</a> <ul><li>representation: <a href="/facts/ASCII/vGUI33Qu">ASCII</a> – <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> – Multibyte – <a href="/facts/EBCDIC/qAhmvgj0">EBCDIC</a> (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) – <a href="/facts/FIELDATA/wYdP0LCE">FIELDATA</a> – <a href="/facts/Baudot_code/AuCf6WGf">Baudot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Other data topics</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Data_compression/gMFuY4FT">Data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_signal_processing/PEG7azr8">Digital signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Image_processing/zenalNCf">Image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_management/Cykeqxc7">Data management</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Routing/Ml6MVCaC">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_Protection_Act_1998/wKpAe8EH">Data Protection Act</a></li></ul> <h2 id="classes-of-computers">Classes of computers</h2> <p>There are several terms which describe <a href="/facts/Classes_of_computers/9KozIoLb">classes</a>, or categories, of computers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Analog_computer/3NhYoCML">Analog computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Calculator/eeLfRS8L">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Desktop_computer/edFPINdK">Desktop computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Desktop_replacement_computer/LJ80DYXA">Desktop replacement computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_computer/SQe1aK05">Digital computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Embedded_computer/a4muX1wU">Embedded computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Home_computer/CDEPVd1T">Home computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Laptop/3EFwTAb2">Laptop</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mainframe_computer/nrBR6rWa">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minicomputer/g8hvpQxe">Minicomputer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microcomputer/ETW22UTv">Microcomputer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">Personal computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Portable_computer/A4K69e4A">Portable computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Personal_digital_assistant/fLTT1Uqy">Personal digital assistant</a> (aka PDA, or <a href="/facts/Handheld_computer/cNS1Rhvg">Handheld computer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Programmable_logic_controller/bqh0GAdb">Programmable logic controller</a> or PLC</li> <li><a href="/facts/Server_(computing)/dEaYFD7r">Server</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">Smartphone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">Supercomputer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tablet_computer/6pGX2I7b">Tablet computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Video_game_console/K72D1NSS">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Workstation/h5tK4hTt">Workstation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="organizations">Organizations</h2> <h3>Companies – current</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asus/134Qobfp">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Avaya/FcS0TJcg">Avaya</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dell%2c_Inc./wLlYNTMM">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fujitsu/6e5gvNSa">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gateway_Computers/VoMlyFsL">Gateway Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Groupe_Bull/tlbdToLt">Groupe Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hindustan_Computers/7wBl2uuj">HCL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hitachi%2c_Ltd./KeK38e82">Hitachi, Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Intel_Corporation/SMF0gJJX">Intel Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Business_Machines/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lenovo/4UNdKGUU">Lenovo</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NEC_Corporation/YnlUsMBA">NEC Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Novell%2c_Inc./lABGMT7U">Novell</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Panasonic/TqkBQmgj">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Red_Hat/5rhmBLBa">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Silicon_Graphics/DKvkrfLX">Silicon Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unisys/y49ddC6b">Unisys</a></li></ul> <h3>Companies – historic</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Acorn_Computers_Ltd/jCddUElC">Acorn</a>, bought by <a href="/facts/Olivetti/bdoq8XPH">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Amdahl_Corporation/oCbmoP1z">Amdahl Corporation</a>, bought by <a href="/facts/Fujitsu/6e5gvNSa">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bendix_Corporation/lCxQANJX">Bendix Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Burroughs_Corporation/NAEwIvpU">Burroughs Corporation</a>, merged with <a href="/facts/Sperry_Corporation/PkD6zESp">Sperry</a> to become <a href="/facts/Unisys/y49ddC6b">Unisys</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compaq/6LuhWTE7">Compaq</a>, bought by <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Control_Data/ChfGgfPM">Control Data</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cray/coAlupuy">Cray</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_General/EEABV3Gu">Data General</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, bought by <a href="/facts/Compaq/6LuhWTE7">Compaq</a>, later bought by <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_Research/9bYQl2pI">Digital Research</a> – produced system software for early <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> microprocessor-based computers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)/rN9mTIhk">Elliott Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/English_Electric_Company/ojz9aXNh">English Electric Company</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferranti/UA1e5VBN">Ferranti</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/General_Electric/bBm5CzVY">General Electric</a>, computer division bought by <a href="/facts/Honeywell/qjkujlwJ">Honeywell</a>, then <a href="/facts/Groupe_Bull/tlbdToLt">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Honeywell/qjkujlwJ">Honeywell</a>, computer division bought by <a href="/facts/Groupe_Bull/tlbdToLt">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Computers_Limited/2ztan410">ICL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leo_Computers/V9PBt9qA">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lisp_Machines%2c_Inc./rR0dGMAu">Lisp Machines, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Marconi_Company/M3gV8oU8">Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems/c0XWUYIl">Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems</a> produced the first widely sold microcomputer system (kit and assembled)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nixdorf_Computer/t5F5mqaR">Nixdorf Computer</a>, bought by <a href="/facts/Siemens_AG/coa80TQn">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Norsk_Data/7QK0WYJk">Norsk Data</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Olivetti/bdoq8XPH">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Osborne_Computer_Corporation/XtSb8P5f">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Packard_Bell/JGynofbG">Packard Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/PERQ/ncKu1HYW">PERQ</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Prime_Computer/BnmgcHA8">Prime Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Raytheon/wGGxdMoD">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Royal_McBee/Xx1sgeMC">Royal McBee</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RCA/NWyjNN6R">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scientific_Data_Systems/E6m5jUpC">Scientific Data Systems</a>, sold to <a href="/facts/Xerox/qyxVVqaa">Xerox</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Siemens_AG/coa80TQn">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sinclair_Research_Ltd/yrpr4FGp">Sinclair Research</a>, created the <a href="/facts/ZX_Spectrum/JVbaDHrU">ZX Spectrum</a>, <a href="/facts/ZX80/n7G0FJeW">ZX80</a>, and <a href="/facts/ZX81/I0uDYb3n">ZX81</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SWTPC/Kmao93E5">Southweat Technical products Corporation</a> produced microcomputers systems (kit and assembled), peripherals, and software based on <a href="/facts/Motorola/ztqczx68">Motorola</a> <a href="/facts/Motorola_6800/0D4BNIha">6800</a> and <a href="/facts/Motorola_6809/AM6UosAk">6809</a> microcomputer chips</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sperry_Corporation/PkD6zESp">Sperry</a>, which bought <a href="/facts/UNIVAC/FhJlhtva">UNIVAC</a>, and later merged with <a href="/facts/Burroughs_Corporation/NAEwIvpU">Burroughs</a> to become <a href="/facts/Unisys/y49ddC6b">Unisys</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Symbolics/U8cJjbwb">Symbolics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/UNIVAC/FhJlhtva">UNIVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Varian_Data_Machines/RuaKsUwQ">Varian Data Machines</a>, a division of <a href="/facts/Varian_Associates/m5Xu6tUu">Varian Associates</a> which was bought by <a href="/facts/Sperry_Corporation/PkD6zESp">Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wang_Laboratories/8xc1hoDz">Wang</a></li></ul> <h3>Professional organizations</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Association_for_Computing_Machinery/abI2atlP">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="http://www.asc.org.uk/">Association for Survey Computing</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/facts/British_Computer_Society/2Fy6gNq9">British Computer Society</a> (BCS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Canadian_Information_Processing_Society/Ic794E5R">Canadian Information Processing Society</a> (CIPS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_Measurement_Group/AJe0Y8I3">Computer Measurement Group</a> (CMG)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers/UddC4pUW">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE), in particular the <a href="/facts/IEEE_Computer_Society/asUJfKHp">IEEE Computer Society</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers/7KbKwEQb">Institution of Electrical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Electrotechnical_Commission/hSK0kjwI">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC)</li></ul> <h3>Standards bodies</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Standardization/vS9AhNMS">Standardization</a> and <a href="/facts/Standards_organization/8o7wGeYg">Standards organization</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/International_Electrotechnical_Commission/hSK0kjwI">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC)</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers/UddC4pUW">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force/tIcCsFhX">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web_Consortium/lGWmhF6M">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</li></ul> <h3>Open standards bodies</h3> <p><i>See also <a href="/facts/Open_standard/RGvhGQVI">Open standard</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apdex/L7jL7cIv">Apdex Alliance</a> – <i>Application Performance Index</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Application_Response_Measurement/ANGXynVU">Application Response Measurement</a> (ARM)</li></ul> <h2 id="computing-publications">Computing publications</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Digital_Bibliography_%2526_Library_Project/JLAIuLQQ">Digital Bibliography & Library Project</a> – as of July 2007, lists over 910,000 bibliographic entries on computer science and several thousand links to the home pages of <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientists</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="persons-influential-in-computing">Persons influential in computing</h2> <p><i>Major figures associated with making personal computers popular.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_Allen/S0euHIKT">Paul Allen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Steve_Jobs/fQpja1hx">Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Steve_Wozniak/qSHwIrMz">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>FOLDOC: the Free On-Line Dictionary Of Computing</li></ul>