Design science

<h2 id="design-science-relationship">Design-science relationship</h2>
There has been recurrent concern to differentiate design from science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> <a href="/facts/Nigel_Cross/hQKIGo7C">Nigel Cross</a> differentiated between scientific design, design science and a science of design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> A science of design (the scientific study of design) does not require or assume that the acts of designing are themselves scientific, and an increasing number of research programs take this view.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> To some extent the two uses of the term design science (systematic designing and the study of designing) have co-mingled to the point where there can be some confusion, and design science sometimes may be referred to either as meaning a science of design or design as a science.

<h2 id="a-science-of-design">A science of design</h2>
Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> first published in 1969, built on previous developments and motivated the further development of systematic and formalized <a href="/facts/Design_methods/zSG0uP0f">design methodologies</a> relevant to many design disciplines, for example architecture, engineering, urban planning, computer science, and management studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Simon's ideas about the science of design also encouraged the development of <a href="/facts/Design/kR4GNeja">design research</a> and the scientific study of designing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="design-as-a-science">Design as a science</h2>
The design-science relationship continues to be debated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> and there continue to be many efforts to reframe or reform design as science. For example, the <a href="/facts/Axiomatic_design/RsxLbkHr">axiomatic theory of design</a> by Suh<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> presents a domain independent theory that can explain or prescribe the design process. The <a href="/facts/Function-Behaviour-Structure_ontology/9PWKhWKA">Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) ontology</a> by Gero,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> presenting a domain independent ontology of design and designing, is another example. There have also been many domain-specific developments of design science, for example in architectural design,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> product design<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> and information systems design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Design science in information systems</h3>
There has been a particular emphasis on design as a science within information systems. Hevner and Chatterjee provide a reference on design science research (DSR) in Information Systems,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> including a selection of papers from the DESRIST conferences, a look at key principles of DSR, and the integration of <a href="/facts/Action_research/MjoYmUEB">action research</a> with design research. Vaishnavi and Kuechler offer a resource on design science research in information systems that outlines the origins and philosophical grounding for design science research, explains the design science methodology, and offers a bibliography of articles that discuss design science methods or offer exemplars of design science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> In 2010, 122 German professors promoted design science in information system research by signing a memorandum <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> subsequently submitted in english to the European Journal of Information Systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> In the same issue the then Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS) Rickard Baskerville, along with the then Editor-in-Chief of the Information Systems Research (ISR) Vallabh Sambamurthy, with the then Editor-in-Chief of Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ) Detmar Straub, and the former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS) Kalle Lyytinen together authored a rebuttal <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> to some of the claims made in the memorandum regarding bias against DSR.
Hevner et al. provide a set of seven guidelines which help information systems researchers conduct, evaluate and present design-science research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The seven guidelines address design as an artifact, problem relevance, design evaluation, research contributions, research rigor, design as a search process, and research communication.
Later extensions of the design science research approach detail how design and research problems can be rationally decomposed by means of nested problem solving.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> It is also explained how the regulative cycle (problem investigation, solution design, design validation, solution implementation, and implementation evaluation) fits in the framework. Peffers et al.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> developed a model for producing and presenting information systems research that they called the design science research process. The Peffers et al. model has been used extensively and Adams provides an example of the process model being applied to create a digital forensic process model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Citizen_Design_Science/8S1XdnKD">Citizen Design Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Descriptive_science/hXzGGxdp">Descriptive science § Descriptive versus design sciences</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Design_methods/zSG0uP0f">Design methods</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Design_research/YfM9MUC0">Design research</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Design_science_research/HdERmkmN">Design science research</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Design_thinking/8a481c2b">Design thinking</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Fuller, R. Buckminster (1957). "A Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science". Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. 34. Retrieved 2016-09-14 – via Google Books. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnxUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+comprehensive+anticipatory+design+science%22" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TnxUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+comprehensive+anticipatory+design+science%22</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Fuller, R. Buckminster (1957). "Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science". Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Journal. 34 (9). J. F. Sullivan: 357–361. hdl:10222/74680. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Fuller, R. Buckminster. "Fuller on Design Science". Buckminster Fuller Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2016-09-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023152325/https://www.bfi.org/design-science/primer/fuller-design-science" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211023152325/https://www.bfi.org/design-science/primer/fuller-design-science</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Design Science | Cambridge Core". <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/design-science" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/design-science</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Gregory, Sydney (1966). The Design Method. UK: Butterworth. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Cross; Naughton, Walker (1981). "Design method and scientific method". 2 (4). Design Studies: 195–201. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Willem (1990). "Design and Science". Design Studies. 11 (1). Butterworth and Co.: 43–47. doi:10.1016/0142-694X(90)90013-3. S2CID 108568620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Cross (2001). "Designerly Ways of Knowing: Design Discipline versus Design Science" (PDF). Design Issues. 17 (3): 49–55. doi:10.1162/074793601750357196. S2CID 17912382. <a href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/3281/1/Designerly-_DisciplinevScience.pdf" target="_blank">http://oro.open.ac.uk/3281/1/Designerly-_DisciplinevScience.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Gero (2004). The PhD Program in Design Science at the University of Sydney, Development and Prospects of PhD Programme in Design Science Education. Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Baldwin; Clarke (2000). Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02466-2. <a href="978-0-262-02466-2" target="_blank">978-0-262-02466-2</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Banathy (1996). Designing Social Systems in a Changing World. Plenum, New York. ISBN 978-0-306-45251-2. <a href="978-0-306-45251-2" target="_blank">978-0-306-45251-2</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Long; Dowell (1998). Conceptions of the discipline of HCI: Craft, applied science, and engineering. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/15292/" target="_blank">https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/15292/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Romme, A. Georges L. (October 2003). "Making a Difference: Organization as Design". Organization Science. 14 (5): 558–573. doi:10.1287/orsc.14.5.558.16769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Van Aken (2004). "Management research based on the paradigm of the design sciences: The quest for field-tested and grounded technological Rules". Journal of Management Studies. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Warfield (1990). "A Science of Generic Design". Intersystems Publishers. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Cross, Nigel (2007). "Forty years of design research". Design Studies. 28 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2006.11.004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Farrell, R. and C. Hooker (2012)
'The Simon—Kroes model of technical artifacts and the distinction between science and design',
Design Studies, 33 (5) pp. 480-495
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.05.001 <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.05.001" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.05.001</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Galle, P. and P. Kroes (2014) 'Science and design. Identical twins?' Design Studies, 35 (3) pp. 201-231
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.12.002 <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.12.002" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.12.002</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Suh (1990). The Axiomatic Theory of Design. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504345-7. <a href="978-0-19-504345-7" target="_blank">978-0-19-504345-7</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Gero, John (1990). "Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design". AI Magazine. 11 (4): 26. doi:10.1609/aimag.v11i4.854. S2CID 11350025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Gero (2004). "The situated function-behaviour-structure framework". Design Studies. 25 (4). Butterworth and Co.: 373–391. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2003.10.010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Aburamadan, Rania; Trillo, Claudia (March 2020). "Applying design science approach to architectural design development". Frontiers of Architectural Research. 9 (1): 216–235. doi:10.1016/j.foar.2019.07.008. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2019.07.008" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2019.07.008</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Zeng, Y.; Gu, P. (August 1999). "A science-based approach to product design theory Part I: formulation and formalization of design process". Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 15 (4): 331–339. doi:10.1016/S0736-5845(99)00028-9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Hevner; Chatterjee (2010). Design Research in Information Systems. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-5652-1. <a href="978-1-4419-5652-1" target="_blank">978-1-4419-5652-1</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Aparicio, J.T.; Aparicio, M.; Costa, C.J. (2023). "Design Science in Information Systems and Computing". In Anwar, S.; Ullah, A.; Rocha, Á.; Sousa, M.J. (eds.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology and Applications. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Vol. 614. Springer, Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9331-2_35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Hevner; Chatterjee (2010). Design Research in Information Systems. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-5652-1. <a href="978-1-4419-5652-1" target="_blank">978-1-4419-5652-1</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Vaishnavi, V. and Kuechler, W. (2004/21). "Design Science Research in Information Systems" January 20, 2004; last updated November 21, 2021. URL: http://desrist.org/design-research-in-information-systems <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Vaishnavi" target="_blank">/wiki/Vijay_Vaishnavi</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Österle, H., Becker, J., Frank, U., Hess, T., Karagiannis, D., Krcmar, H., Loos, P., Mertens, P., Oberweis, A. and Sinz, E.J. (2010). "Memorandum zur gestaltungsorientierten Wirtschaftsinformatik". Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung. 62 (6): 664–672.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.springerprofessional.de/memorandum-zur-gestaltungsorientierten-wirtschaftsinformatik/10834506" target="_blank">https://www.springerprofessional.de/memorandum-zur-gestaltungsorientierten-wirtschaftsinformatik/10834506</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Österle, Hubert; Becker, Jörg; Frank, Ulrich; Hess, Thomas; Karagiannis, Dimitris; Krcmar, Helmut; Loos, Peter; Mertens, Peter; Oberweis, Andreas; Sinz, Elmar J (January 2011). "Memorandum on design-oriented information systems research". European Journal of Information Systems. 20 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.55. S2CID 3471461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Baskerville, Richard; Lyytinen, Kalle; Sambamurthy, Vallabh; Straub, Detmar (January 2011). "A response to the design-oriented information systems research memorandum". European Journal of Information Systems. 20 (1): 11–15. doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.56. S2CID 16653089. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Hevner; Salvatore T. March; Jinsoo Park; Sudha Ram (2004). "Design science in information systems research". MIS Quarterly. 28 (1): 75–105. doi:10.2307/25148625. JSTOR 25148625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Wieringa (2009). Design Science as nested problem solving. 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Peffers; Tuunanen, Gengler; Rossi, Hui; Virtanen, Bragge (2006). "The Design Science Research Process: A Model for Producing and Presenting Information Systems Research" (PDF). springer.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="http://6a.1b.7aae.static.theplanet.com/sites/default/files/documents/000designscresearchproc_desrist_2006.pdf" target="_blank">http://6a.1b.7aae.static.theplanet.com/sites/default/files/documents/000designscresearchproc_desrist_2006.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Adams (2013). "The Advanced Data Acquisition Model (ADAM): A process model for digital forensic practice" (PDF). Murdoch University. <a href="http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/14422/2/02Whole.pdf" target="_blank">http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/14422/2/02Whole.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Design science open-in-new

Design science