Archpoet

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
<h3>Identity and nickname</h3>
His existence has been elaborated upon the authorial superscription "Archipoeta" appearing with the poems now ascribed to him in a small number of manuscripts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> While some recent—and so far inconclusive—attempts have been made to identify the Archpoet as either one of two Rodulfuses from the Emperor <a href="/facts/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor/cHAmGDKu">Frederick Barbarossa</a>'s entourage,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> his real identity has never been found and is most likely lost for good.
It has been suggested by W. H. T. Jackson<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> and others<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> that his nickname could be a play on his <a href="/facts/Patronage/7PwxjCXt">patron</a> <a href="/facts/Rainald_of_Dassel/Kx3sDMhU">Rainald of Dassel</a>'s title of Archchancellor (Archicancellarius in Latin), even if its exact origins are ultimately left open to speculation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Moreover, it is not known how he came to earn the nickname or who bestowed it to him: whether as a mark of esteem from the audiences, other poets, Rainald himself; as a satirical jest on his patron's title; or as an ironical mock self-attribution. There has been report of at least two other "clericus vagus", itinerant clerics, bearing the "Archipoeta" pseudonym or title around that time: one Nicholas who briefly resided with the <a href="/facts/Cistercians/dQPQRWTg">Cistercians</a> at their <a href="/facts/Heisterbach_Abbey/xRvonueV">abbey</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> and <a href="/facts/Henry_of_Avranches/ag9nWr4k">Henry of Avranches</a> (around 1250);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> yet both are distinct from the "Archipoeta" of Barbarossa's reigning period (1155–1190).

<h3>Conjectured life</h3>

The Archpoet's living circumstances have been surmised from the indicative content of his poems but mostly from the life of Rainald of Dassel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Because he designates Rainald as <a href="/facts/Archbishop_of_Cologne/3Q70ewU3">Archbishop of Cologne</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> it shows that he must have been alive and active for at least some time between 1159 (when Rainald became <a href="/facts/List_of_bishops_and_archbishops_of_Cologne/3Q70ewU3">archbishop</a>) and 1167 (when he died); furthermore, all of his datable poems fall within 1162 and 1164.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> With the passing of his patron in 1167, no more is heard from the Archpoet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Also, in poem X, <a href="/facts/Peter_Dronke/FK2Jfa8A">Peter Dronke</a> writes, "he counts himself among the iuvenes: while technically a iuvenis can be any age between twenty-one and fifty, it would seem plausible to imagine the Archpoet as thirty or thirty-five at the time of this composition, and to set his birth not too far from 1130."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Several indications concur as to establish that the Archpoet came from a place north of the <a href="/facts/Alps/Q3zdQId4">Alps</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> although no solid claim can be made as to which country,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> even though <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> has repeatedly and traditionally being taken as his birthplace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> He refers to himself as "ortus a militibus",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> of <a href="/facts/Knight/q6oIppem">knightly</a> birth, and, coming from such a high class, was most certainly well-educated in the <a href="/facts/Liberal_arts/YtUI0rgu">liberal arts</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> <a href="/facts/Theology/N71Fyw2M">theology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> and the <a href="/facts/Classics/CXF1ltbH">classics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> In poem IV, he states that he chose the pursuit of <a href="/facts/Poetry/ylGarm6p">poetry</a> (as symbolized by the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> poet <a href="/facts/Virgil/K9zjwwHS">Virgil</a>) over a career in the <a href="/facts/Military/kgNmLUnN">military</a> (as symbolized by the <a href="/facts/Troy/RYze9Kpu">Trojan</a> warrior <a href="/facts/Paris_(mythology)/YWJ23lt8">Paris</a>) as his birth permitted and disposed him to.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> It has been deduced from the same poem that he first traveled to <a href="/facts/Salerno/zqTIXxJk">Salerno</a> in order to pursue <a href="/facts/Medicine/2fnp90Je">medical</a> studies but that due to ill health, he had to abandon this project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
It was probably then that he began working—possibly as a "<a href="/facts/Ars_dictaminis/G8YpezdN">dictamen</a>", a "master of the art of writing letters"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>—at the court of <a href="/facts/Rainald_of_Dassel/Kx3sDMhU">Rainald of Dassel</a>, the <a href="/facts/Bishop/n2QGsDWx">bishop</a> <a href="/facts/Prince-elector/W6rHIgAB">elector</a> of <a href="/facts/Cologne/U2qmyGga">Cologne</a> and Archchancellor to <a href="/facts/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor/cHAmGDKu">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">Holy Roman Emperor</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> about which he wrote, according to <a href="/facts/Ernst_Robert_Curtius/rTtJr6fY">Ernst Robert Curtius</a>, "[t]he most brilliant stanzas"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> among the many written about and/or for him during the 35 years of his reign. His references to <a href="/facts/Salerno/zqTIXxJk">Salerno</a>, <a href="/facts/Vienna/NSpIURsA">Vienna</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cologne/U2qmyGga">Cologne</a> in his poems, as well as several details gleaned from the Archchancellor's court displacements, suggest that he did travel around <a href="/facts/Northern_Italy/paEuCnnf">northern Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Provence/SrlTIbPQ">Provence</a>, <a href="/facts/Burgundy_(region)/59fP404S">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a> and <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> during his life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> It is known that the Archpoet lived for some time—possibly the last years of his life—at the <a href="/facts/Monastery/t8MRXpsM">monastery</a> of <a href="/facts/Great_St._Martin_Church/BtMCLtc1">St. Martin</a> in <a href="/facts/Cologne/U2qmyGga">Cologne</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> As is the case with many medieval and/or anonymous authors, very little else can be said with certainty about his life.

<h3>Modern critical reassessment</h3>

While it is still commonly assumed that the Archpoet was a follower of the <a href="/facts/Goliardic/bcFBzVQc">Goliard</a> tradition—writing student <a href="/facts/Drinking_song/5y6QnCux">drinking songs</a>, <a href="/facts/Parody/xDs59sgV">parodies</a> critical of the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Church</a> and <a href="/facts/Satire/dqFS5vIL">satires</a> on the life of itinerant <a href="/facts/Clergy/IzdAVmsT">clergy</a> in the <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle Ages</a>—, the noted scholar <a href="/facts/Peter_Dronke/FK2Jfa8A">Peter Dronke</a> proposed a very different portrait in his 1968 book The Medieval Lyric:

[H]e was in fact a court poet, perhaps also a civil servant or minor diplomat, in the service of the Imperial Chancellor, and so almost certainly a member of the circle around Frederick Barbarossa himself. I am convinced that his leitmotif of the wayward, wretched vagabond-poet who is compelled to beg from his patron and his audience contains far less autobiography than literary craft... The Archpoet's picture of the vagabond-poet (whatever element of literal truth it may have contained) has been drawn for the sophisticated entertainment of that international set of diplomats and legislators, high-born scholars and prelates who surrounded the Emperor, whose lingua franca was Latin, and among whom the Archpoet probably, by his birth and position, moved as an equal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
This view of the Archpoet and his milieu, severely contrasting with that of the previous generations of researchers and writers such as <a href="/facts/John_Addington_Symonds/Ic15yPJP">J. A. Symonds</a> and <a href="/facts/Helen_Waddell/3M0MLfcM">Helen Waddell</a>, created a break in modern <a href="/facts/High_Middle_Ages/uPRGYdE6">High Middle Ages</a> scholarship about the Goliards and, in spite of not creating consensus within the academic community, has since been embraced by many scholars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Summarizing Dronke's view by using <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">English</a> writer <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_Chaucer/HR7rHQng">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> as an example of differentiation between actual (historical) self and poetic (fictional) <a href="/facts/Persona/lMy54oWx">persona</a>, Jan Ziolkowski wrote that the Archpoet's shenanigans "may be little more than a stance struck by the poet to entertain his audience; the persona could be as far from the reality as that of Chaucer the character was from Chaucer the poet or man."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Dronke further argued that the Archpoet could well have been <a href="/facts/Hugh_Primas/HjrCL6Cv">Hugh Primas</a>'s student in <a href="/facts/Orl%C3%A9ans/4SUnNPuz">Orléans</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> getting acquainted through him with various rare <a href="/facts/Classical_antiquity/JBq8vEX9">Classical</a> poets and also with his personal style (themes and techniques).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

<h2 id="works">Works</h2>
<h3>Overview</h3>
The Archpoet is known to us today through ten Latin poems or carmina (plural form of <a href="/facts/Carmen_(verse)/JzxoQyWb">carmen</a>, Latin equivalent of "<a href="/facts/Song/wm7uRPzQ">song</a>" or "<a href="/facts/Chant/WUXJtIvJ">chant</a>") found in various <a href="/facts/Manuscript/A6XNmrTd">manuscripts</a> dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries. Listed here are the poems, identified, as is customary, by their <a href="/facts/Incipit/qhgvP5vT">incipit</a>:

<table><tbody><tr><td><ul><li>I: "Lingua balbus, hebes ingenio"</li><li>II: "Fama tuba dante sonum"</li><li>III: "Omnia tempus habent"</li><li>IV: "Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis"</li><li>V: "Nocte quadam sabbati somno iam refectus"</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>VI: "En habeo versus te precipiente reversus"</li><li>VII: "Archicancellarie, viris maior ceteris"</li><li>VIII: "Presul urbis Agripine"</li><li>IX: "Salve, mundi domine, Cesar noster, ave!"</li><li>X: "Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> ("Confession")</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
The works of the Archpoet have been found and preserved in the following manuscripts, among others:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen/UTUodvX1">Univ. Bibl. Göttingen</a> Codex philol. 170<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> (12th century): I-VII; first stanza of VIII.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Royal_Library_of_Belgium/YrYo2ffu">Brussels Bibliothèque Royale</a> 2071 (13th century): IX and X; stanzas 1–5 of VII.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Carmina_Burana/84xxQzEa">Codex Buranus</a>: <a href="/facts/Bayerische_Staatsbibliothek/t7T4xXxA">München Bayer. Staatsbibl.</a> Clm 4660/4660a<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> (13th century): X; 4 stanzas of IV.</li></ul>
The <a href="/facts/Carmina_Burana/84xxQzEa">Carmina Burana</a> thus contains the 25-stanza "Estuans intrinsecus" (X) under the reference number CB 191<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> as well as 4 stanzas from "Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis" (IV) under CB 220,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> starting with "Sepe de miseria" in the collection.

<h3>Presentation</h3>

Despite being quite dissimilar from one another in terms of tone and intent, the ten poems are all "<a href="/facts/Occasional_poetry/fx69r6SR">occasional</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> in the sense that they have been written for a specific purpose under precise circumstances, whether to celebrate an event or respond to a request; in the Archpoet's case, concerning the court of his patron: eight of them are directed to Rainald of Dassel, while the two others are addressed to Frederick Barbarossa himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> For example, the fourth poem, "Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis", was most probably written as a plaintive answer to what he felt was the unreasonable demand from Rainald that he write within one week an <a href="/facts/Epic_(genre)/Pyt6QN6J">epic</a> recounting the Emperor's <a href="/facts/Frederick_Barbarossa/cHAmGDKu">campaign in Italy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
The Archpoet's poems are known for appearing "intensely personal":<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> he features in almost all of them, and deals in an outspoken manner with intimate subjects such as his material (e.g. poverty, wandering) and spiritual (e.g. distress, anger, love) condition, his flawed and sinful nature, his wishes and aspirations. Many of his poems, whether <a href="/facts/Panegyric/xcb04j61">panegyric</a> or not, amount to very elaborate pleas to obtain food, drink, clothing, and money from his powerful patron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Yet far from falling into mere <a href="/facts/Lyric_poetry/KeBqhztP">lyricism</a> or honest confidence, they are often undermined by subtle <a href="/facts/Sarcasm/QY2zXJ5X">sarcasm</a> and disguised mockery, fitting with the persona the Archpoet seems to have created for himself as a free-spirited, vagabond <a href="/facts/Hedonism/AGw0FGFN">hedonist</a>, unrepentant in his propensity to overindulge and unblushing in the judgment of his self-worth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Aside from their recognized technical merits,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> the poems are imbued with a strong and pervading <a href="/facts/Humour/XR1rm13y">sense of humor</a> manifested in the consummate use and manipulation of classical and biblical sources for parodic, sarcastic and ironic purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>

<h3>"Confession"</h3>
Described as "the prototype of the goliardic songs"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> as well as "the masterpiece of the [Goliardic] school",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> the best known poem of the Archpoet is his tenth, "Estuans intrinsecus", commonly called the Goliardic "Confession" (sometimes "Confessio", "Confessio Goliae" or "Confession of Golias"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> a metrical composition of <a href="/facts/Irony/w8oHsT9Q">ironical</a> tone wherein he confesses his love of women, gambling, and drinking. It is purported to have been written in <a href="/facts/Pavia/gVzFpug5">Pavia</a> around the year 1163 for his patron as a <a href="/facts/Confession_(religion)/lWqjNazG">confession</a> and defense of his sins after a rival of the Archpoet witnessed and subsequently reported his reprobate behavior.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> For example, the oft-cited twelfth stanza<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> goes:

<table><tbody><tr><th>Latin original</th><th>English literal translation</th><th>English metrical translation</th></tr><tr><td>Meum est propositum in taberna mori,ut sint vina proxima morientis ori.tunc cantabunt letius angelorum chori:"Sit Deus propitius huic potatori."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></td><td>My purpose is to die in a tavern,so that wine might be close to my dying mouth.Then a choir of angels will happily sing,"May God be merciful toward this drinker."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></td><td>I am resolved to die in a tavern,so wine will be close to my dying mouth.Will sing gaily the angels' choir then:"May God be merciful to this drunkard."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
The parodic and satirical effect is mainly produced by the replacement of peccatori ("sinner") by potatori ("drunkard"), a reference to the <a href="/facts/Bible/SqkRTKCh">Scripture</a>: "Deus propitius esto mihi peccatori."<a href="http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=1&b=3&c=18">(Luke 18:13)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> The poem relies heavily on <a href="/facts/Ambiguity/mgn4oEoQ">ambiguity</a> for its overall effect: on one hand, the narrator poses as a penitent dissolute, while on the other he is not being apologetic at all.
The "Confession" was very famous in the Archpoet's time: compared to his other poems, which are mostly found in only one manuscript, "Estuans intrinsecus" has been copied in more than thirty,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> and it almost single-handedly accounts for his enduring appeal as the writer of one of the most popular medieval Latin poems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>

<h2 id="interpretation-and-appraisal">Interpretation and appraisal</h2>

<ul><li>In her influential study <a href="/facts/The_Wandering_Scholars/4sbzeH6n">The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/facts/Helen_Waddell/3M0MLfcM">Helen Waddell</a> laudingly writes of the poem, stating that "Confessio Goliae is something more than the arch-type of a generation of vagabond scholars, or the greatest drinking song in the world: it is the first defiance by the artist of that society which it is his thankless business to amuse: the first cry from the House of the Potter, "Why hast thou made me thus?"."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li>
<li>Reading the medieval "Confession" with the perspective of a modern cultural critic, philosopher <a href="/facts/Herbert_Marcuse/KNTX9fkF">Herbert Marcuse</a> wrote of the Archpoet's artistic posture and keen sense of his particular situation: "Archipoeta is perhaps the first artist with the artist's genuine awareness of himself, who comprehended and openly emphasized that his vagabond life and his opposition to the surrounding world were an artistic necessity... The splendid strophes of his vagabond's confession resonate with the elevated consciousness of the authentic lifestyle of the freelance artist".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2>
<ul><li>A section of the "Confession" supplies the text for the <a href="/facts/Aria/qrrLEAqm">aria</a> Estuans interius ira vehementi ("Burning with inner rage") that was set to music by <a href="/facts/Carl_Orff/N3XMUdYa">Carl Orff</a> in his <a href="/facts/1935_in_music/qrjDmDG2">1935</a>–<a href="/facts/1936_in_music/BNBJ4Rog">1936</a> <a href="/facts/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)/26ArP1uu">Carmina Burana</a> <a href="/facts/Cantata/hLyyqTjV">cantata</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Myers_Myers/4xr0lVvf">John Myers Myers</a>'s <a href="/facts/1949_in_literature/5plArJ8t">1949</a> novel <a href="/facts/Silverlock/dt0xgWDx">Silverlock</a> features Golias, the mythical <a href="/facts/Patron_saint/Gw1cv1vH">patron saint</a> of the Goliardic ordo vagorum, as one of the main characters, drawing heavily on the Archpoet's "Confession" for his portrayal.</li>
<li>An old <a href="/facts/Commercium_song/0CJMq2fU">commercium song</a> titled <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308082622/http://www.academic-corporations.org/songs/meumestpropositum.html">"Meum est propositum"</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boZEOH1b74w">Video</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a>) is composed from stanzas 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 18 of the "Confession".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a></li>
<li>The Archpoet is a character in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italian</a> <a href="/facts/Writer/3xKMB3yB">writer</a> <a href="/facts/Umberto_Eco/tDTJHXe6">Umberto Eco</a>'s <a href="/facts/2000_in_literature/y4r4M4bl">2000</a> novel <a href="/facts/Baudolino/YMFvv6zs">Baudolino</a>.</li>
<li>Mystics, Spirit, Voices, the <a href="/facts/2000_in_music/Tcop174t">2000</a> debut album of the German musical project <a href="/facts/Lesi%C3%ABm/tSbTIhdW">Lesiëm</a>, features a song titled "In Taberna Mori" (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DljGj821APU">Video</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a>) which contains a fragment of the "Confession".</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">German</a> <a href="/facts/Darkwave/W4mshkVE">darkwave</a> band <a href="/facts/Helium_Vola/5bTJ94rj">Helium Vola</a> recorded versions of "Fama tuba" (II) on their <a href="/facts/2001_in_music/nhm5L1hP">2001</a> studio album Helium Vola (track 7, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2OlB_Pb-ucw">"Fama Tuba"</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a>), and of "Estuans intrinsecus" (X) on their <a href="/facts/2004_in_music/7AlDcImU">2004</a> studio album Liod (track 10, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l05UUu23Xd8">"Vagantenbeichte"</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="works-cited">Works cited</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Fleur_Adcock/B6oAxKy4">Adcock, Fleur</a>, ed. (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC">Hugh Primas and the Archpoet</a>. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-39546-1.</li>
<li>Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C">"Archpoet"</a>. Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8240-7644-3.</li>
<li>Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, ed. (November 1997) [1925]. "The Archpoet: Confession". <a href="https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr">Medieval Latin</a>. Revised by Joseph Pucci (2nd ed.). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr/page/n294">566</a>–571. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-226-31713-7.</li>
<li>Sidwell, Keith, ed. (2002) [1995]. "Section 20.4: The Archpoet (fl. 1160)". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky_-G75VH80C">Reading Medieval Latin</a> (Reprint of the 1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–352. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-44747-X.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<h3>Texts and translations</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/John_Addington_Symonds/Ic15yPJP">Symonds, J. A.</a> (2002) [1884]. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210084138/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486419134.html">"Chapter V: The Confession of Golias"</a>. Wine, Women, and Song. Students' Songs of the Middle Ages (Reprint of the 1907 ed.). Mineola: <a href="/facts/Dover_Publications/RwjvlSFv">Dover Publications</a>. pp. 53–62. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-486-41913-4. Archived from <a href="http://store.doverpublications.com/0486419134.html">the original</a> on 2010-12-10. Retrieved August 8, 2010. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEousDZ-bIoC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Watenphul, Heinrich; Krefeld, Heinrich, eds. (1958). Die Gedichte des Archipoeta [The Poetry of the Archpoet] (in German) (1st ed.). Heidelberg: Carl Winter / Universitätsverlag.</li>
<li>Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: <a href="/facts/New_Directions_Publishing/jE7xlWnh">New Directions</a>.</li>
<li>Wolff, Étienne, ed. (1995). Carmina Burana (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: <a href="/facts/Imprimerie_nationale/m5MnwMXh">Imprimerie nationale</a> Éditions, coll. La Salamandre. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-7433-0000-0.</li></ul>
<h3>Primary critical sources</h3>
<ul><li>Cairns, Francis (1975). "The Archpoet's Confession". Mittelateinisches Jahrbuch. 10: 100–105.</li>
<li>Cairns, Francis (1980). "The Archpoet's Confession: Sources, Interpretation and Historical Context". Mittelateinisches Jahrbuch. 15: 87–103.</li>
<li>Cairns, Francis (1983). "The Archpoet's 'Jonah-Confession' (Poem II): Literary, Exegetical, and Historical Aspects". Mittelateinisches Jahrbuch. 18: 168–193.</li>
<li>Dronke, Peter (1968). The Medieval Lyric (1st ed.). London: <a href="/facts/Hutchinson_(publisher)/hVwRjpYJ">Hutchinson University Library</a>.
<ul><li>Re-edition: ——— (2002). The Medieval Lyric (Reprint of 1996's 3rd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Derek_Brewer/RQCjhBQA">D. S. Brewer</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85991-484-4. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQQwSjZE96MC">Google Books</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peter_Dronke/FK2Jfa8A">Dronke, Peter</a> (1980). "The Art of the Archpoet: A Reading of "Lingua Balbus"". In Jackson, W. T. H. (ed.). The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry (in Latin) (1st ed.). New York & London: <a href="/facts/Columbia_University_Press/5dVrKLey">Columbia University Press</a> & <a href="/facts/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)/TU1Mj824">Macmillan</a>. pp. 22–43. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-333-24816-3.
<ul><li>S. Westphal-Wihl (January 1982). "Reviewed Work: The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry". The German Quarterly. 55 (1): 108–110. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F405599">10.2307/405599</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/405599">405599</a>.</li></ul></li>
<li>Dronke, Peter (1984). The Medieval Poet and His World. Raccolta di Studi e Testi (in English and French). Vol. 164 (1st ed.). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUPQKFD1fuIC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Dronke, Peter (1990). "The Archpoet and the Classics". In Godman, Peter; Murray, Oswyn (eds.). Latin Poetry and the Classical Tradition. Essays in Medieval and Renaissance Literature (1st ed.). Oxford: <a href="/facts/Clarendon_Press/CYyTzzWG">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 57–72. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-920174-9.
<ul><li>Re-edition: ——— (1997). "The Archpoet and the Classics". Sources of Inspiration: Studies in Literary Transformations, 400–1500. Raccolta di Studi e Testi. Vol. 196 (1st ed.). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 83–100. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFnF1IDcUpUC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Paul Pascal (1991). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505020728/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1991/02.03.10.html">"Peter Godman, Oswyn Murray, Latin Poetry and the Classical Tradition: Essays in Medieval and Renaissance Literature"</a>. Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Archived from <a href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1991/02.03.10.html">the original</a> on 2010-05-05.</li></ul></li>
<li>Godman, Peter (2000). <a href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6840.html">"Chapter VI: Archness"</a>. The Silent Masters: Latin Literature and Its Censors in the High Middle Ages (1st ed.). Princeton: <a href="/facts/Princeton_University_Press/kwvFlKEj">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 191–227. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-00977-5. Retrieved August 6, 2010. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEFBoAnJcb4C">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Godman, Peter (2009). <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521519113">Paradoxes of Conscience in the High Middle Ages: Abelard, Heloise and the Archpoet</a>. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature. Vol. 75 (1st ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-51911-3. Retrieved August 6, 2010.</li>
<li>Godman, Peter (2014). <a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780198719229.do">The Archpoet and Medieval Culture</a> (1st ed.). Oxford: <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-871922-9. Retrieved November 23, 2015. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp_HBAAAQBAJ">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Hardin, James; Will, Hasty, eds. (December 1994). <a href="https://archive.org/details/germanwriterswor148hast/page/8">"The Archpoet"</a>. <a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography/ENyGdtGI">Dictionary of Literary Biography</a>: German Writers and Works of the Early Middle Ages: 800–1170. Vol. 148 (1st ed.). <a href="/facts/Gale_(Cengage)/kKSW05y4">Gale</a>. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/germanwriterswor148hast/page/8">8–9</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8103-5709-9. Retrieved 24 May 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Charles_Homer_Haskins/y3ud97cg">Haskins, Charles Homer</a> (1971) [1927]. <a href="/facts/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century/aGnEkJnf">The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century</a>. Cambridge & London: <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-674-76075-1. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOeCYCqdf0EC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Heller, J. L. (April 1933). "A Note on the So-Called Confession of Golias". Speculum. 8 (2). Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Medieval_Academy_of_America/UXjWMLB7">Medieval Academy of America</a>: 257–258. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2846758">10.2307/2846758</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846758">2846758</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163206890">163206890</a>.</li>
<li>Jackson, William Thomas Hobdell (1976). "The Politics of a Poet: the Archipoeta as Revealed by his Imagery". In Mahoney, Edward P. (ed.). Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller (in Latin) (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/facts/Columbia_University_Press/5dVrKLey">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 320–338. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-04-04378-0. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc4UAAAAIAAJ">Google Books</a>)
<ul><li>Denys Hay (Spring 1978). "Reviewed Work: Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller". Renaissance Quarterly. 31 (1): 50–53. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2860330">2860330</a>.</li></ul></li>
<li>Jackson, William Thomas Hobdell (1980). "Introduction". In Jackson, W. T. H. (ed.). The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry (1st ed.). New York & London: <a href="/facts/Columbia_University_Press/5dVrKLey">Columbia University Press</a> & <a href="/facts/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)/TU1Mj824">Macmillan</a>. pp. 1–21. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-333-24816-3.</li>
<li>Miner, Priscilla Ann (1960). Tradition and originality in the extant poems of the Archpoet. Berkeley: <a href="/facts/University_of_California/M9AWowUd">University of California</a>.</li>
<li>Pucci, Joseph (1989). "Job and Ovid in the Archpoet's Confession". <a href="/facts/Classica_et_Mediaevalia/rnjChk6F">Classica et Mediaevalia</a>. 40. Copenhagen S: Museum Tusculanum Press: 235–250. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0106-5815">0106-5815</a>.</li>
<li>Sammel, Rebecca E. (1997). "Carnival Confession: The Archpoet and Chaucer's Pardoner". In Müller, Beate (ed.). Parody: Dimensions and Perspectives. Rodopi Perspectives on Modern Literature (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 169–190. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-420-0181-X. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-IiMGznuKEC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Shcheglov, Yu (IUrii Konstantinovich); Zholkovsky (Zholkovskiī), A. (Aleksandr Konstantinovich) (1987). <a href="http://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/llsee.18/main">"II. The Archpoet of Cologne's arch poetics: Deep and surface structures of his "Confession" in service of an ambivalent theme"</a>. Poetics of Expressiveness: A Theory and Application. Linguistic and Literary Studies in Eastern Europe. Vol. 18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 255–304. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fllsee.18">10.1075/llsee.18</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-272-1522-7. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-7712">0165-7712</a>. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VLow5C4ImfoC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Shurtleff, Steven (September 22, 1994). <a href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3362/is_n4_v73/ai_n28650256/">"The Archpoet as Poet, Persona, and Self: The Problem of Individuality in the Confession"</a>. Philological Quarterly. 73 (4). Iowa City: <a href="/facts/The_University_of_Iowa/pBzJ1vxe">The University of Iowa</a>, Department of English: 373–384. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7977">0031-7977</a>. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1762267">1762267</a>. Retrieved August 6, 2010.</li>
<li>Skinner, Marilyn B. (January 1973). "The Archpoet's use of the Jonah-figure". Neophilologus. 57 (1): 1–5. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01515779">10.1007/BF01515779</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-2677">0028-2677</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162262306">162262306</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Helen_Waddell/3M0MLfcM">Waddell, Helen</a> (1992) [1927]. <a href="http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=23708">The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages</a>. Ann Arbor Paperbacks. Vol. 199 (Third reprint of 1989's ed.). Ann Arbor: <a href="/facts/The_University_of_Michigan_Press/vdfn8W3b">The University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-472-06412-0. Retrieved August 8, 2010. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsR6cP09wQkC">Google Books</a>)
<ul><li>Re-edition: ——— (2000) [1927]. "Chapter VII: The Archpoet". <a href="/facts/The_Wandering_Scholars/4sbzeH6n">The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages</a> (Reprint of 1936's 6th ed.). Mineola: <a href="/facts/Dover_Publications/RwjvlSFv">Dover Publications</a>. pp. 161–176. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-486-41436-1.</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Secondary critical sources</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Ernst_Robert_Curtius/rTtJr6fY">Curtius, Ernst Robert</a> (1990) [1948]. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724074111/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/404.html">European Literature and the Middle Ages</a>. Bolligen Series. Vol. 36. Translated from the German by William R. Trask. With a New Afterword by Peter Godman. Princeton: <a href="/facts/Princeton_University_Press/kwvFlKEj">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-01899-5. Archived from <a href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/404.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.</li>
<li>Dronke, Peter (July 2007). "Le antologie liriche del Medioevo latino". Forms and Imaginings: From Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century. Raccolta di Studi e Testi (in Italian). Vol. 243 (1st ed.). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 129–144. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-88-8498-371-8. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRij78Blc2AC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Emmerson, Richard K., ed. (2006). <a href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415973854/">"Archpoet"</a>. Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Sandra Clayton-Emmerson, Associate Editor (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>/Taylor & Francis Group. p. 44. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-415-97385-6. Retrieved August 6, 2010. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqhHVb2zp7oC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Fuhrmann, Horst (2001) [1986]. Germany in the high Middle Ages c.1050–1200. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (Reprint of 1995's 3rd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-31980-3. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlapxde55rAC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>Godman, Peter (2014). The Archpoet and Medieval Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0198719229.</li>
<li>Godman, Peter (2009). "The World of the Archpoet". Mediaeval Studies. Vol. 71. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 113–156.</li>
<li>Hardin, James; Hasty, Will, eds. (December 1994). <a href="http://www.gale.cengage.com/servlet/ItemDetailServlet?region=9&imprint=000&cf=p&titleCode=DLB&type=3&dc=null&dewey=null&id=007483">"The Archpoet"</a>. <a href="https://archive.org/details/germanwriterswor148hast/page/8">German Writers and Works of the Early Middle Ages 800–1170</a>. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 148. <a href="/facts/Gale_(publisher)/kKSW05y4">Gale</a>. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/germanwriterswor148hast/page/8">8–9</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8103-5709-7. Retrieved August 8, 2010. (<a href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/the-archpoet-dlb/">Summary of the article</a> at BookRags.com)</li>
<li>Henshaw, Millett (November 1937). "Review: [untitled]". Modern Philology. 35 (2). <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago_Press/6se0Ezfb">University of Chicago Press</a>: 195–197. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F388299">10.1086/388299</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/434431">434431</a>.</li>
<li>Lejay, Paul (1910). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Classical_Latin_Literature_in_the_Church">"Classical Latin Literature in the Church" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/facts/Catholic_Encyclopedia/GKufVzBf">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Herbert_Marcuse/KNTX9fkF">Marcuse, Herbert</a> (2007). "The German Artist Novel: Introduction". <a href="https://archive.org/details/artliberationcol00marc">Art and Liberation</a> (1st ed.). Abingdon / New York: Routledge. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/artliberationcol00marc/page/n77">71</a>–81. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-13783-6. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97154404">97154404</a>. (Preview available on <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1ODBDcOVkYC">Google Books</a>)</li>
<li>McDonald, William C.; Goebel, Ulrich (1973). German Medieval Literary Patronage from Charlemagne to Maximilian I. Amsterdam: Rodopi.</li>
<li>Morris, Colin (2004) [1972]. The Discovery of the Individual, 1050–1200. Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching (Fourth reprint of 1987's ed.). Toronto: <a href="/facts/University_of_Toronto_Press/fSM2fkTh">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8020-6665-8.</li>
<li>Sayce, Olive (February 2008). <a href="http://www.urpress.com/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=8620">"Latin Poets from Antiquity to the Middle Ages"</a>. Exemplary Comparison from Homer to Petrarch (1st ed.). <a href="/facts/Cambridge/gNRdbmwK">Cambridge</a>: D. S. Brewer / Boydell Press. pp. 84–140 (esp. section 113–115). <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84384-099-2. Retrieved 9 February 2012. (Preview available on <a href="https://archive.org/details/exemplarycompari0000sayc">Internet Archive</a>)</li>
<li>Scheid, Nikolaus (1910). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Latin_Literature_in_Christianity_(Sixth_to_Twentieth_Century)">"Latin Literature in Christianity (Sixth to Twentieth Century)" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/facts/Catholic_Encyclopedia/GKufVzBf">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Latin <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
Archpoet

Wikiquote has quotations related to Archpoet.

<ul>
<li>Middle Ages portal</li><li>Literature portal</li><li>Poetry portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="http://people.bu.edu/bobl/archend.htm">Transcription of the article "The Archpoet"</a> from the <a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography/ENyGdtGI">Dictionary of Literary Biography</a>.</li>
<li>J. A. Symonds' English translation of <a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/golias1.html">"The Confession of Golias"</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook/k3mx5pbM">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a>.</li>
<li>Helen Waddell's English translation of <a href="http://www.thehypertexts.com/The%20Archpoet.htm">"His Confession"</a> at TheHyperTexts.</li>
<li>F. J. E. Raby's English translation of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235049/http://fetusveneris.com/?p=20">"Aestuans intrinsecus"</a> posted on the FETUSVENERIS blog.</li>
<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/1463">Works by Archpoet</a> at <a href="/facts/LibriVox/FF71kJKC">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>
<li>(in Latin) The <a href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/archpoet.html">ten known poems of the Archpoet</a> at <a href="/facts/The_Latin_Library/A97GABrM">The Latin Library</a>.</li>
<li>(in Latin) The <a href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/arc_intr.html">Archpoet's page</a> at the Bibliotheca Augustana.</li>
<li>(in Latin) The Archpoet's <a href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cpo1.html#191">"Estuans intrinsecus"</a> (CB 191) in the Carmina Burana at the Bibliotheca Augustana.</li>
<li>(in Latin) The Archpoet's <a href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cpo2.html#220">"Sepe de miseria"</a> (CB 220) in the Carmina Burana at the Bibliotheca Augustana.</li>
<li>(in Latin) The Archpoet's <a href="http://homepages.wmich.edu/~johnsorh/MedievalLatin/Texts/Arch.html">"Aestuans intrinsecus"</a> with some notes at <a href="/facts/Western_Michigan_University/Jxt7tSpc">Western Michigan University</a> by Professor Rand Johnson.</li>
<li>(in Latin) The complete <a href="http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/faculty/stampe/Oral-Lit/Latin/carmina-burana.htm">Carmina Burana</a> collection at (retired) <a href="/facts/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa/yRIDEapv">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a> Associate Professor David Stampe's website.</li>
<li>(in Latin) Recitation of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADesCoswIfE">Archipoetae Confessio Vagantis</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a> by Claudia Sperlich.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Adcock 1994: xix; Waddell 2000: 295. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Jeep 2001: 21. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Various sources (for example, see Lejay 1913: 33) have erroneously taken "Archipoeta" to be an alias or pen name of Hugh of Orléans while in fact there are numerous indications establishing their being two different individuals. Peter Dronke goes even as far as to call the Archpoet Hugh's "brillante discepolo e successore" (Dronke 2007: 137), brilliant disciple and successor. - Lejay, Paul (1910). "Classical Latin Literature in the Church" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Classical_Latin_Literature_in_the_Church" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Classical_Latin_Literature_in_the_Church</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Whicher 1949: 102; Haskins 1971: 179–181; Adcock 1994: ix; Harrington and Pucci 1997: 566. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Sidwell 2002: 347. - Sidwell, Keith, ed. (2002) [1995]. "Section 20.4: The Archpoet (fl. 1160)". Reading Medieval Latin (Reprint of the 1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–352. ISBN 0-521-44747-X. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky_-G75VH80C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky_-G75VH80C</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Adcock 1994: xxii; Jeep 2001: 21. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">See poem IV, line 70 (CB 220, line 10). <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Adcock 1994: xxi–xxii. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567. - Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, ed. (November 1997) [1925]. "The Archpoet: Confession". Medieval Latin. Revised by Joseph Pucci (2nd ed.). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 566–571. ISBN 0-226-31713-7. <a href="https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Haskins 1971: 181; Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567; Adcock 1994: xix; Emmerson 2006: 44. - Haskins, Charles Homer (1971) [1927]. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-76075-1. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Adcock 1994: xii. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Adcock 1994: xii, xvii. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Sidwell 2002: 347. - Sidwell, Keith, ed. (2002) [1995]. "Section 20.4: The Archpoet (fl. 1160)". Reading Medieval Latin (Reprint of the 1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–352. ISBN 0-521-44747-X. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky_-G75VH80C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky_-G75VH80C</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Jeep 2001: 21; Emmerson 2006: 44. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Dronke 1968: 21–22. - Dronke, Peter (1968). The Medieval Lyric (1st ed.). London: Hutchinson University Library. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Adcock 1994: xxii; Jeep 2001: 21. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Adcock 1994: xx. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Jackson 1976: 320. - Jackson, William Thomas Hobdell (1976). "The Politics of a Poet: the Archipoeta as Revealed by his Imagery". In Mahoney, Edward P. (ed.). Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller (in Latin) (1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 320–338. ISBN 90-04-04378-0. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Whicher 1949: 102. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Adcock 1994: xii. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Waddell 2000: 209. - ——— (2000) [1927]. "Chapter VII: The Archpoet". The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages (Reprint of 1936's 6th ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. pp. 161–176. ISBN 0-486-41436-1. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Henshaw 1937: 195. - Henshaw, Millett (November 1937). "Review: [untitled]". Modern Philology. 35 (2). University of Chicago Press: 195–197. doi:10.1086/388299. JSTOR 434431. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F388299" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F388299</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Adcock 1994: xii, xvii. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Keeping in line with the hypothesis that his nickname or pseudonym was inspired by the titles of his patron, it explains why he is sometimes referred to as the "Archpoet of Cologne"; for example, see Whicher 1949: 102–103 and Curtius 1990: 29. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Adcock 1994: xix. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Jeep 2001: 22. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Adcock 1994: xix. See poem X (CB 191), line 27. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">The main evidence being his using the word "transmontanos" (meaning "which lives or comes from beyond the mountains" in Latin) in line 14 of poem III, when it is made clear that he is writing from within Italy and thus south of the Alps. <a href="/wiki/Italy" target="_blank">/wiki/Italy</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Adcock 1994: xxi–xxii. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567. - Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, ed. (November 1997) [1925]. "The Archpoet: Confession". Medieval Latin. Revised by Joseph Pucci (2nd ed.). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 566–571. ISBN 0-226-31713-7. <a href="https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">See poem IV, line 70 (CB 220, line 10). <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Haskins 1971: 181; Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567; Adcock 1994: xix; Emmerson 2006: 44. - Haskins, Charles Homer (1971) [1927]. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-76075-1. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Jeep 2001: 21. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Adcock 1994: xii. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Jeep 2001: 21. See poem IV, lines 69–72 (CB 220, lines 9–12). - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Haskins 1971: 181; Adcock 1994: xix. - Haskins, Charles Homer (1971) [1927]. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-76075-1. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Whicher 1949: 102. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Haskins 1971: 181; Adcock 1994: xix. - Haskins, Charles Homer (1971) [1927]. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-76075-1. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Curtius 1990: 29. - Curtius, Ernst Robert (1990) [1948]. European Literature and the Middle Ages. Bolligen Series. Vol. 36. Translated from the German by William R. Trask. With a New Afterword by Peter Godman. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01899-5. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724074111/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/404.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100724074111/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/404.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Haskins 1971: 53, 181; Adcock 1994: xix; Jeep 2001: 21; Emmerson 2006: 44. - Haskins, Charles Homer (1971) [1927]. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-76075-1. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Waddell 2000: 172; Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567. - ——— (2000) [1927]. "Chapter VII: The Archpoet". The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages (Reprint of 1936's 6th ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. pp. 161–176. ISBN 0-486-41436-1. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Dronke 1968: 21–22. - Dronke, Peter (1968). The Medieval Lyric (1st ed.). London: Hutchinson University Library. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">See Jackson 1980: 2–3; Adcock 1994: xx; Godwin 2000: 191–192. - Jackson, William Thomas Hobdell (1980). "Introduction". In Jackson, W. T. H. (ed.). The Interpretation of Medieval Lyric Poetry (1st ed.). New York & London: Columbia University Press & Macmillan. pp. 1–21. ISBN 0-333-24816-3. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Jeep 2001: 21–22. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Various sources (for example, see Lejay 1913: 33) have erroneously taken "Archipoeta" to be an alias or pen name of Hugh of Orléans while in fact there are numerous indications establishing their being two different individuals. Peter Dronke goes even as far as to call the Archpoet Hugh's "brillante discepolo e successore" (Dronke 2007: 137), brilliant disciple and successor. - Lejay, Paul (1910). "Classical Latin Literature in the Church" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Classical_Latin_Literature_in_the_Church" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Classical_Latin_Literature_in_the_Church</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Adcock 1994: xxi–xxii; Dronke 2007: 137. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"Aestuans intrinsecus" is also found as a variant to "Estuans intrinsecus" since medieval manuscripts do not always use the same spelling for the same texts. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Adcock 1994: xxii, 129. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Dronke 1984: 249. - Dronke, Peter (1984). The Medieval Poet and His World. Raccolta di Studi e Testi (in English and French). Vol. 164 (1st ed.). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">While CB 191 is sometimes presented as having 30 stanzas, the last 5 (often put under CB 191a) are believed not to be the Archpoet's own work. See Wolff 1995: 529. - Wolff, Étienne, ed. (1995). Carmina Burana (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: Imprimerie nationale Éditions, coll. La Salamandre. ISBN 2-7433-0000-0. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">As with the other poem, CB 220a (or sometimes CB 221) is believed to be another anonymous author's work. See Wolff 1995: 533. Both the Bibliotheca Augustana's and David Stampe's (reproducing Bischoff's) versions display these poems of contested origin as 191a and 220a. - Wolff, Étienne, ed. (1995). Carmina Burana (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: Imprimerie nationale Éditions, coll. La Salamandre. ISBN 2-7433-0000-0. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Jeep 2001: 21; Emmerson 2006: 44. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Sidwell 2002: 347. - Sidwell, Keith, ed. (2002) [1995]. "Section 20.4: The Archpoet (fl. 1160)". Reading Medieval Latin (Reprint of the 1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–352. ISBN 0-521-44747-X. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky_-G75VH80C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky_-G75VH80C</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Waddell 2000: 167; Sidwell 2002: 347; Whicher 1949: 103. - ——— (2000) [1927]. "Chapter VII: The Archpoet". The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages (Reprint of 1936's 6th ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. pp. 161–176. ISBN 0-486-41436-1. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Jackson 1976: 320. - Jackson, William Thomas Hobdell (1976). "The Politics of a Poet: the Archipoeta as Revealed by his Imagery". In Mahoney, Edward P. (ed.). Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller (in Latin) (1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 320–338. ISBN 90-04-04378-0. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Jeep 2001: 21; Whicher 1949: 102–103. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Adcock 1994: xiii–xv. - Adcock, Fleur, ed. (1994). Hugh Primas and the Archpoet. Cambridge Medieval Classics. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39546-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rzt3cCwf8vgC</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Whicher 1949: 103; Dronke 1980: 22, 39–40; Adcock 1994: xiii, xv. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Whicher 1949: 102–103; Adcock 1994: xiv; Jeep 2001: 21. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Scheid 1910: 29. - Scheid, Nikolaus (1910). "Latin Literature in Christianity (Sixth to Twentieth Century)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Latin_Literature_in_Christianity_(Sixth_to_Twentieth_Century)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Latin_Literature_in_Christianity_(Sixth_to_Twentieth_Century)</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Whicher 1949: 102. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Harrington and Pucci 1997: 567; both Symonds and Whicher used this last title in their respective books. - Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, ed. (November 1997) [1925]. "The Archpoet: Confession". Medieval Latin. Revised by Joseph Pucci (2nd ed.). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 566–571. ISBN 0-226-31713-7. <a href="https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Fuhrmann 2000: 155. - Fuhrmann, Horst (2001) [1986]. Germany in the high Middle Ages c.1050–1200. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (Reprint of 1995's 3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31980-3. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">There are numerous and significant variants in the different versions of the Latin text depending on the source manuscripts and the editorial choices of scholars, as is often the case with the bulk of medieval literature. The one chosen here is in no way the sole, authoritative form. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Harrington and Pucci 1997: 570. - Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, ed. (November 1997) [1925]. "The Archpoet: Confession". Medieval Latin. Revised by Joseph Pucci (2nd ed.). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 566–571. ISBN 0-226-31713-7. <a href="https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/medievallatinsec00harr</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Note that both English translations have no official, authoritative sources; they are the free work of anonymous editors, and serve only as illustrations of the Latin original. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Note that both English translations have no official, authoritative sources; they are the free work of anonymous editors, and serve only as illustrations of the Latin original. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Whicher 1949: 103. - Whicher, George Frisbie (1949). The Goliard Poets: Medieval Latin Songs and Satires. New York: New Directions. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Jeep 2001: 21; Emmerson 2006: 44. - Jeep, John M., ed. (January 2001). "Archpoet". Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sdo1gNF4D8C</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">"His 'confession', with its eloquent plea that the poet's inspiration is bound up with his freedom to live freely, to live dangerously, is perhaps the best-known poem in Medieval Latin." (Dronke 1968: 21) See also Morris 2004: 131. - Dronke, Peter (1968). The Medieval Lyric (1st ed.). London: Hutchinson University Library. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Waddell 2000: 169. - ——— (2000) [1927]. "Chapter VII: The Archpoet". The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages (Reprint of 1936's 6th ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. pp. 161–176. ISBN 0-486-41436-1. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Marcuse 2007: 75. - Marcuse, Herbert (2007). "The German Artist Novel: Introduction". Art and Liberation (1st ed.). Abingdon / New York: Routledge. pp. 71–81. ISBN 978-0-415-13783-6. LCCN 97154404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/artliberationcol00marc" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/artliberationcol00marc</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">The song has been published in the German Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (152nd edition, 1956, p. 381). <a href="/wiki/Allgemeines_Deutsches_Kommersbuch" target="_blank">/wiki/Allgemeines_Deutsches_Kommersbuch</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Artist page on MusicBrainz.org. <a href="http://musicbrainz.org/artist/e0a1ff5e-3737-4569-b0e5-46079545fa20.html" target="_blank">http://musicbrainz.org/artist/e0a1ff5e-3737-4569-b0e5-46079545fa20.html</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Archpoet open-in-new

Archpoet