Sumantra Ghoshal

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
Born in <a href="/facts/Kolkata/k0HVgEYm">Calcutta</a>, Ghoshal attended the <a href="/facts/Ballygunge_Government_High_School/MfbW5f86">Ballygaunge Government High School</a>, and graduated from <a href="/facts/Delhi_University/BPtgkMXe">Delhi University</a> with <a href="/facts/Physics/a7aH2y08">Physics</a> major and at the <a href="/facts/Indian_Institute_of_Social_Welfare_and_Business_Management/BbwJm7Iz">Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
Ghoshal started his career in industry. He worked for <a href="/facts/Indian_Oil_Corporation/yqeb553W">Indian Oil Corporation</a>, rising through the management ranks before moving to the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> on a <a href="/facts/Fulbright_Fellowship/94E6ee46">Fulbright Fellowship</a> and <a href="/facts/Humphrey_Fellowship/03zHKcbR">Humphrey Fellowship</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> in 1981. Ghoshal was awarded an <a href="/facts/Master_of_Science/5xKwvXjm">S.M.</a> and a PhD from the <a href="/facts/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management/NUu4uzme">MIT Sloan School of Management</a> in 1983 and 1985 respectively, and was also awarded a <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Business_Administration/MwzxNDjc">D.B.A.</a> degree from <a href="/facts/Harvard_Business_School/QjAtYfwj">Harvard Business School</a> in 1986. He worked on these degrees at the same time, writing two distinct dissertations on two different topics.
Ghoshal specialized in Strategic and International Management, often talked about leadership structures and organizational change in large multinational entities. He made a significant contribution to the field of management. He was an influential figure serving on various editorial boards of distinguished journals such as the <a href="/facts/Academy_of_Management_Review/Lkcl4Yus">Academy of Management Review</a> and the European Management Journal. Ghoshal played a significant role in major companies in India and globally, serving as the Chairman Supervisory Board of Duncan-Goenka and held a position on the board of entities like <a href="/facts/Mahindra_British_Telecom/zD30LILt">Mahindra-British Telecom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
In 1985, Ghoshal joined <a href="/facts/INSEAD_Business_School/GGHuwNQq">INSEAD Business School</a> in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> and wrote a stream of influential articles and books. In 1994, he joined the <a href="/facts/London_Business_School/saeoahQ8">London Business School</a>. Ghoshal was a Fellow of the Advanced Institute of Management Research (AIM) in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> and a professor of strategic and international management at the <a href="/facts/London_Business_School/saeoahQ8">London Business School</a>. He served as a member of The Committee of Overseers of the <a href="/facts/Harvard_Business_School/QjAtYfwj">Harvard Business School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h3>Awards</h3>
<ul><li>The Differential Network: Organizing the Multinational Corporation for Value Creation, a book he co-authored with <a href="/facts/Nitin_Nohria/tcczmeoB">Nitin Nohria</a>, won the George Terry Book Award in 1997.</li>
<li>The Individualized Corporation:A Fundamentally New Approach to Management, co-authored with <a href="/facts/Christopher_A._Bartlett/g5dwkL1c">Christopher A. Bartlett</a>, won the Igor Ansoff Award in 1997, and has been translated into seven languages.</li>
<li>His last book Managing Radical Change, won the Management Book of the Year award in <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>. He was described by The Economist as 'Euroguru'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a></li>
<li>He ranks 40th on the list of Top 50 business intellectuals published by the <a href="/facts/Accenture/MQJDvxMn">Accenture</a> consulting company in 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a></li>
<li>In 2002, Ghosha and Bartlett were presented with the Award on Leadership and Corporate Governance from the Association of Executive Search and Leadership Consultants (AESC) for their collaborative article "Building Competitive Advantage Through People."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="work">Work</h2>
Ghoshal developed most of his theories from his personal interactions with managers worldwide. Ghoshal made a controversial theory that companies should not be involve in corporate social responsibilities describing it as "old, tired, and to my mind, useless". He explains that building infrastructure should be the responsibility of the <a href="/facts/Government/N4bYL0VC">government</a>. Ghoshal concluded his explanation by saying job creation, innovation, and economic prosperity is itself a significant societal contribution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
Ghoshal's early work focused on the <a href="/facts/Matrix_structure/cnlCdHsz">matrix structure</a> in <a href="/facts/Multinational_organizations/qrMQSMTb">multinational organizations</a>, and the "conflict and confusion" that reporting along both geographical and functional lines created. His later work is more ambitious, and hence perhaps more important – the idea that it is necessary to halt <a href="/facts/Economics/HYctA2Dn">economics</a> from taking over management. This, he theorised, is important since firms do not play on the periphery of human life today, but have taken a central role.

<h3>Forms of the international enterprise</h3>
In collaboration with <a href="/facts/Christopher_A._Bartlett/g5dwkL1c">Christopher A. Bartlett</a>, Ghoshal researched successful enterprises on international markets. They found three types of <a href="/facts/Internationalization/QpnqEC7H">internationalization</a>, differing in structural approach and strategic capabilities. The types were dubbed Multinational, Global and International.

<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Multinational Enterprise</td><td>Global Enterprise</td><td>International Enterprise</td></tr><tr><td>Strategic competency</td><td>responsiveness</td><td>efficiency i.e. output per unit of input</td><td>transfer of learning</td></tr><tr><td>Structures</td><td>loose federations of enterprises; national subsidiaries solve all operative tasks and some strategical.</td><td>tightly centralized enterprise; national subsidiaries primarily seen as distribution centres; all strategic and many operative decisions centralized</td><td>Somewhere in between multinational and global enterprises; some strategic areas centralized, some decentralized</td></tr><tr><td>Samples</td><td><a href="/facts/Unilever/9dnFaVFR">Unilever</a>, <a href="/facts/ITT_Corporation/X2Fhl3IS">ITT</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Exxon/tekt0MYk">Exxon</a>, <a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a></td><td><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a>, <a href="/facts/Ericsson/yJ4oMMp7">Ericsson</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
Due to an ever-faster changing environment, Bartlett and Ghoshal see a further need for adaptation with a drive toward a company, that masters not one, but all three of the strategic capabilities of the named types. The ideal-type thus created, they dubbed the transnational enterprise.

<h3>The Multinational Corporation as an Interorganizational Network.</h3>
In 1990, Ghoshal and <a href="/facts/Christopher_A._Bartlett/g5dwkL1c">Bartlett</a> argues in their article with the <a href="/facts/Academy_of_Management_Review/Lkcl4Yus">Academy of Management Review</a> that major multinational entities will be better understood if they portray themselves as interorganizational alliances, instead of considering itself as one big organization. They also suggested that <a href="/facts/Multinational_corporation/qrMQSMTb">multinational corporation</a> should be viewed as a network of communication between its headquarters and various international branches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h3>The Essence of Megacorporations.</h3>
in 1995, Ghoshal co-authored an article with Moran, P., Almeida-Costa, L., titled "The Essence of the Megacorporations", arguing that <a href="/facts/Megacorporation/k1wHoqzA">megacorporation</a> internal structures should not be view solely on hierarchy and that hierarchy are not the critical elements of internal governance. They continued with their theory, maintaining that company should create an institutional context that motivates individuals to act in the organization's best interests, rather than relying solely on hierarchical control. The article was published with the Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h3>Beyond Strategy to Purpose.</h3>
Ghoshal and <a href="/facts/Christopher_Bartlett/g5dwkL1c">Bartlett</a> co-authored an article titled "Beyond Strategy to Purpose" with the <a href="/facts/Harvard_Business_Review/leWeeqyj">Harvard Business Review</a> where they argued that if a company's values are only self-serving, they lose appeal to both employees and customers. They also insinuated that companies should shift from a purely transactional relationship with their employees to one that fosters mutual respect, commitment, and a sense of belonging. Arguing such an approach will create a mutually beneficial work environment and overall productivity of the organization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h3>Management context and individual behavior model</h3>
Also with Bartlett in 1997, Ghoshal set up a management context and individual behavior model highlighting a context shaped by stretch, trust, support, and discipline. They identified that kind of context as a cornerstone that elicits behaviours of the individual which contribute to an organisation's self-renewal, allowing the organisation to be vigorous and energetic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h3>Bad Management Theories are Destroying Good Management Practices.</h3>
In his final article with the <a href="/facts/Academy_of_Management_Learning_and_Education/LYxfulaY">Academy of Management Learning and Education</a> published in 2005, Ghoshal attributed the recent downward trend of organization practices are a reflection of how research and studies are carried out in the field of business and managements. Ghoshal explains that by promoting theories driven by a particular ideology that lacks moral grounding, business schools have inadvertently absolved their students from ethical accountability. Ghoshal is in the school of thoughts that management theorists should not treat the study of business as physical science because field of business management and physical science are fundamentally different.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>
Ghoshal died March 3, 2004, at a <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a> hospital after a 11-day battle with double brain hemorrhage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> <a href="/facts/Julian_Birkinshaw/tkJ4HE12">Julian Birkinshaw</a>, a fellow professor at the <a href="/facts/London_Business_School/saeoahQ8">London Business School</a>, remembered Ghoshal's warning that large organizations could lose their legitimacy unless they actively contribute positively to the world. While paying tribute to Ghoshal, <a href="/facts/Julian_Birkinshaw/tkJ4HE12">Birkinshaw</a> highlighted Ghoshal's revolutionary approach to traditional management principles. Ghoshal advocated for a compassionate corporate culture that empowered individual workers, viewing them as entrepreneurs, fundamental to any organization. Many of his colleagues saw him as a pleasant unorthodox thinker, consistently challenging prevailing theories and emphasizing the significance of the individual entrepreneur in corporate life. Ghoshal was married to his wife Sushmita, with whom they had two sons Anand and Siddharth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> After his death in 2004, <a href="/facts/The_Economist/KNjzFCVU">The Economist</a> published an article where they described him as a man of boundless energy and inventfullness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

<h3>Legacy</h3>
Ghoshal's treatment of management issues at the level of the individual led him to conclude that management theory that focuses on the economic aspects of man to the exclusion of all others is incorrect at best. According to him, "A theory that assumes that managers cannot be relied upon by <a href="/facts/Shareholder/LjuL2KPt">shareholders</a> can make managers less reliable."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
Such theory, Ghoshal warned, would become a <a href="/facts/Self-fulfilling_prophecy/peQYRjlP">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>, a particularly stinging critique of the output of a majority of his colleagues in business schools that made him controversial. To his death, his fight was against the "narrow idea" that led to today's management theory being "undersocialized and one-dimensional, a parody of the human condition more appropriate to a prison or a madhouse than an institution which should be a force for good."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="publications">Publications</h2>
Ghoshal published 10 books, over 70 articles, and several award-winning case studies. Books, a selection:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Christopher_A._Bartlett/g5dwkL1c">Bartlett, Christopher A.</a>; Ghoshal, Sumantra (1999). Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Vol. 2. Harvard Business School Press.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bartlett,_Christopher_A./g5dwkL1c">Bartlett, Christopher A.</a>, and Sumantra Ghoshal. Transnational management. Vol. 4. McGraw Hill, 2000.</li></ul>
Articles, a selection:

<ul><li>Ghoshal, Sumantra. "Global strategy: An organizing framework." Strategic management journal 8.5 (1987): 425–440.</li>
<li>Ghoshal, Sumantra, and <a href="/facts/Christopher_A._Bartlett/g5dwkL1c">Christopher A. Bartlett</a>. "The multinational corporation as an inter-organizational network." Academy of management review 15.4 (1990): 603–626.</li>
<li>Ghoshal, Sumantra, and Peter Moran. "Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost theory." Academy of management Review 21.1 (1996): 13–47.</li>
<li>Tsai, Wenpin, and Sumantra Ghoshal. "Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks." Academy of management Journal 41.4 (1998): 464–476.</li>
<li>Nahapiet, Janine, and Sumantra Ghoshal. "Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage." Academy of management review 23.2 (1998): 242–266.</li>
<li>Ghoshal, Sumantra. "Bad management theories are destroying good management practices." Academy of Management Learning & Education 4.1 (2005): 75–91.</li>
<li>Rocha, Hector and Ghoshal, Sumantra. "Beyond Self-Interest Revisited." Journal of Management Studies 43(3) (2006): 585–619.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christopher_A._Bartlett/g5dwkL1c">Bartlett, C. A.</a>, & Ghoshal, S. (1994). Changing the role of top management: Beyond strategy to purpose. Harvard business review, 72(6), 79–88.</li>
<li>Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1987). Managing across borders: new strategic requirements. Sloan management review, 28(4), 7–17.</li>
<li>Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (2002). Building competitive advantage through people. MIT Sloan management review.</li>
<li>Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1993). Beyond the M‐form: Toward a managerial theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 14(S2), 23–46.</li>
<li>Lovas, B., & Ghoshal, S. (2000). Strategy as guided evolution. Strategic management journal, 21(9), 875–896.</li>
<li>Ghoshal, S. (1987). Global strategy: An organizing framework. Strategic management journal, 8(5), 425–440.</li>
<li>Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (2000). Going global: lessons from late movers. Reading, 1(3), 75–84.</li>
<li>Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1988). Organizing for worldwide effectiveness: The transnational solution. California management review, 31(1), 54–74.</li>
<li>Ghoshal, S., & Bartlett, C. A. (1995). Changing the role of management. Harvard Business Review, 73(1), 86–96.</li>
<li>Ghoshal featured on the list of The Case Centre's all-time top authors list (covering 40 years) released in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Sumantra Ghoshal Conference". London Business School. <a href="https://www.london.edu/faculty-and-research/strategy-and-entrepreneurship/events/sumantra-ghoshal-conference" target="_blank">https://www.london.edu/faculty-and-research/strategy-and-entrepreneurship/events/sumantra-ghoshal-conference</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Caulkin, Simon (8 March 2004). "Sumantra Ghoshal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 October 2023. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/08/guardianobituaries.india" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/08/guardianobituaries.india</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">(Bartlett & Ghoshal 1999) - Bartlett, Christopher A.; Ghoshal, Sumantra (1999). Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Vol. 2. Harvard Business School Press. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management history Archived 6 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 10 April 2009. <a href="http://www.iiswbm.edu/about-iiswbm/history/default.asp" target="_blank">http://www.iiswbm.edu/about-iiswbm/history/default.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Sumantra Ghoshal: A tribute". www.rediff.com. <a href="https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/07diary.htm" target="_blank">https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/07diary.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Sumantra Ghoshal Conference". London Business School. <a href="https://www.london.edu/faculty-and-research/strategy-and-entrepreneurship/events/sumantra-ghoshal-conference" target="_blank">https://www.london.edu/faculty-and-research/strategy-and-entrepreneurship/events/sumantra-ghoshal-conference</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">AIB Fellow biography Accessed 7 April 2007. <a href="http://aib.msu.edu/fellow.asp?FellowID=23" target="_blank">http://aib.msu.edu/fellow.asp?FellowID=23</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Leadership's loss". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.economist.com/business/2004/03/11/leaderships-loss" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/business/2004/03/11/leaderships-loss</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Accenture Study Yields Top 50 'Business Intellectuals' Ranking of Top Thinkers and Writers on Management Topics, Accenture news release of 22 May 2002 <a href="http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=3898" target="_blank">http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=3898</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Newsmakers". Harvard Gazette. 9 January 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2023. <a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/01/newsmakers-10-3/" target="_blank">https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/01/newsmakers-10-3/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Sumantra Ghoshal https://evolution.skf.com/sumantra-ghoshal/ Accessed 11-08-2023 <a href="https://evolution.skf.com/sumantra-ghoshal/" target="_blank">https://evolution.skf.com/sumantra-ghoshal/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Ghoshal, S., & Bartlett, C. A. (1990). The multinational corporation as an interorganizational network. Academy of management review, 15(4), 603-626. Retrieved 2023-10-23 <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Bartlett" target="_blank">/wiki/Christopher_A._Bartlett</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Ghoshal, Sumantra; Moran, Peter; Almeida-Costa, Luis (1995). "The Essence of the Megacorporation: Shared Context, not Structural Hierarchy". Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft. 151 (4): 748–759. ISSN 0932-4569. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751857" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751857</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Bartlett, Christopher A.; Ghoshal, Sumantra (1 November 1994). "Beyond Strategy to Purpose". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 23 October 2023. <a href="https://hbr.org/1994/11/beyond-strategy-to-purpose" target="_blank">https://hbr.org/1994/11/beyond-strategy-to-purpose</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Edward J. Szewczak; Coral R. Snodgrass (2003). Managing the Human Side of Information Technology: Challenges and Solutions. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 206. ISBN 978-1-931777-74-2. <a href="978-1-931777-74-2" target="_blank">978-1-931777-74-2</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Ghoshal, S. (2005). Bad management theories are destroying good management practices. Academy of Management learning & education, 4(1), 75-91. Retrieved 2023-10-23 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Caulkin, Simon (8 March 2004). "Sumantra Ghoshal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 October 2023. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/08/guardianobituaries.india" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/08/guardianobituaries.india</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Sumantra Ghoshal-A Visionary Management Guru|Leadership|Enterpreneurship|Case Study|Case Studies". www.icmrindia.org. Retrieved 8 November 2023. <a href="https://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/leadership%20and%20entrepreneurship/Sumantra%20Ghoshal-A%20Visionary%20Management%20Guru-Leadership%20and%20Entrepreneurship.htm" target="_blank">https://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/leadership%20and%20entrepreneurship/Sumantra%20Ghoshal-A%20Visionary%20Management%20Guru-Leadership%20and%20Entrepreneurship.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Ahmed, Rashmee Z. (3 March 2004). "India's global management guru Sumantra Ghoshal is dead". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 23 October 2023. <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indias-global-management-guru-sumantra-ghoshal-is-dead/articleshow/534634.cms" target="_blank">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indias-global-management-guru-sumantra-ghoshal-is-dead/articleshow/534634.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Leadership's loss". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 3 October 2023. <a href="https://www.economist.com/business/2004/03/11/leaderships-loss" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/business/2004/03/11/leaderships-loss</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Julian M. Birkinshaw, Gita Piramal (2005) Sumantra Ghoshal on Management: A Force for Good, p. 22 <a href="/wiki/Julian_Birkinshaw" target="_blank">/wiki/Julian_Birkinshaw</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Morgen Witzel, Malcolm Warner (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Management Theorists. p. 542 <a href="/wiki/Morgen_Witzel" target="_blank">/wiki/Morgen_Witzel</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"40th anniversary bestselling author: Christopher Bartlett". thecasecentre.org. Retrieved 18 June 2020. <a href="https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/aboutus/40anniversary/bestsellingauthors/bartlett" target="_blank">https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/aboutus/40anniversary/bestsellingauthors/bartlett</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Sumantra Ghoshal open-in-new

Sumantra Ghoshal