Cognitive dimensions of notations

<h2 id="list-of-the-cognitive-dimensions">List of the cognitive dimensions</h2>
<p>Thomas Green originally defined 14 cognitive dimensions:
</p>
Abstraction gradient
What are the minimum and maximum <a href="/facts/Abstraction_(computer_science)/hAnxmJle">levels of abstraction</a> exposed by the notation? Can details be <a href="/facts/Encapsulation_(computer_science)/kzDnbHPe">encapsulated</a>?
Closeness of mapping
How closely does the notation correspond to the <a href="/facts/Domain_knowledge/cbEFRF9v">problem domain</a> world?
Consistency
After part of the notation has been <a href="/facts/Learnability/IqcDlvtB">learned</a>, how much of the rest can be successfully guessed, either by combining the known elements in new ways or by trying to use new elements with related meanings? For example: if there exist a 'max(list)' operation to find the largest item in a list, the user may guess that 'min(list)' will find the smallest.
Diffuseness / terseness
How many <a href="/facts/Symbol_(formal)/NS2oUqEk">symbols</a> or how much space does the notation require to produce a certain result or express a <a href="/facts/Meaning_(semiotics)/Dahshx2k">meaning</a>?
Error-proneness
To what extent does the notation influence the likelihood of <a href="/facts/User_error/IQmYe4Fc">the user making a mistake</a>?
Hard mental operations
How much <a href="/facts/Mental_effort/MAAlVLBs">hard mental processing</a> lies at the notational level, rather than at the <a href="/facts/Semantic/1L4WwLAP">semantic</a> level? Are there places where the user needs to resort to fingers or penciled annotation to keep track of what's happening?
Hidden dependencies
Are <a href="/facts/Coupling_(computer_programming)/QEeSaXF3">dependencies</a> between entities in the notation visible or hidden? Is every dependency indicated in both directions? Does a change in one area of the notation lead to unexpected consequences?
Juxtaposability
Can different parts of the notation be compared side by side at the same time?
Premature commitment
Are there strong constraints on the order in which the user must complete the tasks to use the system?
Are there decisions that must be made before all the necessary information is available? Can those decisions be reversed or corrected later?
Progressive evaluation
How easy is it to evaluate and obtain <a href="/facts/Feedback/XnuWH3zp">feedback</a> on an incomplete solution?
Role-expressiveness
How obvious is the <a href="/facts/Role_(computer_science)/VJhGQ5Qe">role</a> of each component of the notation in the solution as a whole?
Secondary notation and escape from formalism
Can the notation carry extra information <a href="/facts/Secondary_notation/0zjpR3Le">by means not related to syntax</a>, such as layout, color, or other cues?
Viscosity
Are there any inherent barriers to change in the notation? How much effort is required to make a change to a program expressed in the notation?
This dimension can be further classified into the following types:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
<ul><li>'Knock-on viscosity' : a change in the code violates internal constraints in the program, whose resolution may violate further internal constraints.</li>
<li>'Repetition viscosity' : a single action within the user’s conceptual model requires many, repetitive device actions.</li>
<li>'Scope viscosity' : a change in the size of the input data set requires changes to the program structure itself.</li></ul>
Visibility
How readily can required parts of the notation be identified, accessed and made visible?
<h3>Other dimensions</h3>
<p>In addition to the above, new dimensions are sometimes proposed in the HCI research field,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> with different levels of adoption and refinement.
</p><p>Such candidate dimensions include creative ambiguity (does the notation encourage interpreting several meanings of the same element?), indexing (are there elements to guide finding a specific part?), synopsis ("<a href="/facts/Gestalt_psychology/mCFLuhYT">Gestalt view</a>" of the whole annotated structure) or unevenness (some creation paths are easier than others, which bias the expressed ideas in a developed artifact).
</p>
<h2 id="user-activities">User activities</h2>
<p>The authors identify four main user activities with interactive artifacts: <i>incrementation</i> [creation], <i>transcription</i>, <i>modification</i> and <i>exploratory design</i>. Each activity is best served by a different trade-off in the usability on each dimension. For example, a high viscosity (resistance to change) is harmful for modification and exploration activities, but less severe for the one-off tasks performed in transcription and incrementation.
</p>
<h2 id="design-maneuvers">Design maneuvers</h2>
<p>A design maneuver is a change made by the designer in the notation design, to alter its position within a particular dimension. Dimensions are created to be pairwise independent, so that the design can be altered in one dimension while keeping a second one constant.
</p><p>But this usually results in a trade-off between dimensions. A modification increasing the usability of the notation in one dimension (while keeping a second one constant) will typically reduce its usability in a third dimension. This reflects an assumption in the framework that there is no perfect interface and that trade-offs are a fundamental part of usability design.
</p><p>An example of a design maneuver is reducing the viscosity of a notation by adding abstraction mechanisms. This can be done by incorporating <a href="/facts/Style_sheet_(desktop_publishing)/JmMdpV1T">style sheets</a>, an abstraction that represent the common styling attributes of items in a document, to a notation where each item in a document has defined its own individual style. After this design maneuver is made, an editor that changes the style sheet will modify all items at once, eliminating the <i>repetition viscosity</i> present in the need to change the style of each individual item.
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Cognitive_walkthrough/YrkHJ01d">Cognitive walkthrough</a> – another method for evaluating the usability of an interface</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Conway%2527s_law/75CbY5VT">Conway's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Deutsch_limit/qVQee02u">Deutsch limit</a> – an adage about the number of elements in a visual language</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Homoiconicity/jNG51mrs">Homoiconicity</a> – a representation feature of some programming languages</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Shotgun_surgery/Gb9bArdf">Shotgun surgery</a> – a development anti-pattern similar to viscosity</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Software_visualization/IrgGTPEV">Software visualization</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/facts/The_Magical_Number_Seven%2c_Plus_or_Minus_Two/Avdfm4Mo">The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two</a>"</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~afb21/CognitiveDimensions/">Cognitive Dimensions of Notation Resource Site</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909184515/http://www.usabilityfirst.com/glossary/term_1193.txl">Cognitive dimensions</a> at usabilityfirst.com glossary</li>
<li><a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~afb21/CognitiveDimensions/CDtutorial.pdf">Cognitive Dimensions of Information Artefacts: a tutorial</a> by <a href="/facts/Thomas_R.G._Green/YybTxGMm">Thomas Green</a> and <a href="/facts/Alan_Blackwell/9VWwGh5j">Alan Blackwell</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.uxbooth.com/articles/a-usable-guide-to-cognitive-dimensions/">A Usable Guide to Cognitive Dimensions</a>, and intuitive explanation of Cognitive Dimensions</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Green, T. R. G.; Petre, M. (1996). "Usability analysis of visual programming environments: A 'cognitive dimensions' framework". Journal of Visual Languages & Computing. 7 (2): 131–174. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.1477. doi:10.1006/jvlc.1996.0009. S2CID 11750514. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R.G._Green" target="_blank">/wiki/Thomas_R.G._Green</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Green, T. R. G. (2000). "Instructions and Descriptions: some cognitive aspects of programming and similar activities". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.32.8003. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R.G._Green" target="_blank">/wiki/Thomas_R.G._Green</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Green, Thomas RG (1989). "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations". People and Computers. V: 443–460. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.128.270. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Green, T. R. G.; Petre, M. (1996). "Usability analysis of visual programming environments: A 'cognitive dimensions' framework". Journal of Visual Languages & Computing. 7 (2): 131–174. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.1477. doi:10.1006/jvlc.1996.0009. S2CID 11750514. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R.G._Green" target="_blank">/wiki/Thomas_R.G._Green</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>A. F. Blackwell, C. Britton, A. Cox, T. R. G. Green, C. Gurr, G. Kadoda, M. S. Kutar, M. Loomes, C. L. Nehaniv, M. Petre, C. Roast, C. Roe, A. Wong, R. M. Young, "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations: Design Tools for Cognitive Technology", Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2117, 325-341, 2001. doi:10.1007/3-540-44617-6_31
 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>"Using Cognitive Dimensions in the Classroom as a Discussion Tool for Visual Language Design". Archived from the original on 2004-07-03. Retrieved 2007-07-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040703082914/http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Wilde/wn_txt.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040703082914/http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Wilde/wn_txt.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Blackwell, Alan F. (2000). "Dealing with New Cognitive Dimensions". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.18.7947. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) <a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Blackwell" target="_blank">/wiki/Alan_F._Blackwell</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Cognitive dimensions of notations open-in-new

Cognitive dimensions of notations