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Rosids
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<h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p>The name is based upon the name "<a href="/facts/Rosidae/8WcWIPRL">Rosidae</a>", which had usually been understood to be a subclass. In 1967, <a href="/facts/Armen_Takhtajan/FWqwv9fn">Armen Takhtajan</a> showed that the correct basis for the name "Rosidae" is a description of a <a href="/facts/Taxon/caQC1e87">group</a> of plants published in 1830 by <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Bartling/SAF3ssvd">Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The clade was later renamed "Rosidae" and has been variously <a href="/facts/Circumscription_(taxonomy)/p2zNzcox">delimited</a> by different authors. The name "rosids" is informal and not assumed to have any particular <a href="/facts/Taxonomic_rank/bPFQpe9A">taxonomic rank</a> like the names authorized by the <a href="/facts/ICBN/EbaUF9P5">ICBN</a>. The rosids are <a href="/facts/Monophyletic/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic</a> based upon evidence found by <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetic/FysplHP5">molecular phylogenetic</a> analysis. </p><p>Three different <a href="/facts/Circumscription_(taxonomy)/p2zNzcox">definitions</a> of the rosids were used. Some authors included the orders <a href="/facts/Saxifragales/BETPkF9S">Saxifragales</a> and <a href="/facts/Vitales/FXPHra32">Vitales</a> in the rosids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Others excluded both of these orders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The circumscription used in this article is that of the <a href="/facts/APG_IV/YRp3zPNp">APG IV</a> classification, which includes Vitales, but excludes Saxifragales. </p> <h2 id="relationships">Relationships</h2> <p>The rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> This is one of three groups that comprise the <a href="/facts/Pentapetalae/exlS0I93">Pentapetalae</a> (<a href="/facts/Core_eudicots/exlS0I93">core eudicots</a> minus <a href="/facts/Gunnerales/JMhtd4fJ">Gunnerales</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> the others being <a href="/facts/Dilleniales/pyXk7YRr">Dilleniales</a> and the <a href="/facts/Superasterids/UtBmQBpY">superasterids</a> (<a href="/facts/Berberidopsidales/c6qxuTHX">Berberidopsidales</a>, <a href="/facts/Caryophyllales/D0kzbVhq">Caryophyllales</a>, <a href="/facts/Santalales/gpBDS6ho">Santalales</a>, and <a href="/facts/Asterids/dQK3vQS5">asterids</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>The rosids consist of two groups: the order Vitales and the eurosids (true rosids). The eurosids, in turn, are divided into two groups: fabids (Fabidae, eurosids I) and malvids (Malvidae, eurosids II).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Orders</h3> <p>The rosids consist of 17 orders. In addition to Vitales, there are eight orders in fabids and eight orders in malvids. Some of the orders have only recently been recognized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> These are Vitales,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Zygophyllales,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Crossosomatales,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Picramniales,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and Huerteales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Phylogeny/f5vVEpeY">phylogeny</a> of rosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>rosids</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Vitales/FXPHra32">Vitales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eurosids/QK2awBU0">eurosids</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>fabids</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Zygophyllales/2hpEkHal">Zygophyllales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>COM clade</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Celastrales/sbmR8Pdl">Celastrales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Malpighiales/Cwn9ILSk">Malpighiales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Oxalidales/GUJFylyy">Oxalidales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>nitrogen‑fixing clade</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Fabales/H0aMr1uL">Fabales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Rosales/H73YkSeg">Rosales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Fagales/o8CjmegD">Fagales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Cucurbitales/YWVCjs3z">Cucurbitales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Malvids/QK2awBU0">malvids</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Geraniales/mCx1osqY">Geraniales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Myrtales/WdlbXJSr">Myrtales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Crossosomatales/NuEnXa2R">Crossosomatales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Picramniales/5JFhu51S">Picramniales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Sapindales/Q6kM5Itm">Sapindales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Huerteales/mcw3FecD">Huerteales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Brassicales/9zIQEoKQ">Brassicales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Malvales/Bpjhds4j">Malvales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>nitrogen-fixing clade</i> contains a high number of <a href="/facts/Actinorhizal_plant/emjoPgye">actinorhizal plants</a> (which have root nodules containing <a href="/facts/Nitrogen_fixing/TeLoBpWS">nitrogen fixing</a> bacteria, helping the plant grow in poor soils). Not all plants in this clade are actinorhizal, however.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Rosids at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Wang, Hengchang; Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Brockington, Samuel F.; Alexandre, Roolse; Davis, Charles C.; Latvis, Maribeth; Manchester, Steven R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (10 March 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (10): 3853–8, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W, doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106, PMC 2644257, PMID 19223592 <a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis" target="_blank">/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Scotland, Robert W.; Wortley, Alexandra H. (2003), "How many species of seed plants are there?", Taxon, 52 (1): 101–4, doi:10.2307/3647306, JSTOR 3647306 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Peter K. Endress; Mark W. Chase (2005), Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms, Sunderland, Massachusetts, US: Sinauer, ISBN 978-0-87893-817-9 <a href="978-0-87893-817-9" target="_blank">978-0-87893-817-9</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Davies, T.J.; Barraclough, T.G.; Chase, M.W.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E.; Savolainen, V. (2004), "Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101 (7): 1904–9, Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.1904D, doi:10.1073/pnas.0308127100, PMC 357025, PMID 14766971 <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Magallón, Susana; Castillo, Amanda (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", American Journal of Botany, 96 (1): 349–365, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060, PMID 21628193 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Folk, Ryan A.; Sun, Miao; Soltis, Pamela S.; Smith, Stephen A.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Guralnick, Robert P. (March 2018). "Challenges of comprehensive taxon sampling in comparative biology: Wrestling with rosids". American Journal of Botany. 105 (3): 433–445. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1059. hdl:2027.42/143800. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 29665035. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajb2.1059" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajb2.1059</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Reveal, James L. (2008), "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants", Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome <a href="http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html" target="_blank">http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Burleigh, J. Gordon; Hilu, Khidir W.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2009), "Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1), File 7: 61, Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9...61B, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-61, PMC 2674047, PMID 19292928 <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Stevens, Peter F. (2001), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website <a href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wang, Hengchang; Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Brockington, Samuel F.; Alexandre, Roolse; Davis, Charles C.; Latvis, Maribeth; Manchester, Steven R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (10 March 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (10): 3853–8, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W, doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106, PMC 2644257, PMID 19223592 <a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis" target="_blank">/wiki/Pamela_S._Soltis</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Stevens, Peter F. (2001), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website <a href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007), "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta" (PDF), Taxon, 56 (3): 822–846, doi:10.2307/25065865, JSTOR 25065865, archived from the original on July 5, 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705223344/http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080705223344/http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Stevens, Peter F. (2001), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website <a href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Stevens, Peter F. (2001), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website <a href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Stevens, Peter F. (2001), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website <a href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Reveal, James L. (1995), "Newly required suprageneric names in vascular plants", Phytologia, 79 (2): 68–76 See p. 72 <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/34206" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/34206</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Chalk, L. (1983), "Wood structure", in Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (eds.), Wood Structure and Conclusion of the General Introduction, Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, vol. II (2nd ed.), Clarendon Press, pp. 1–51 [1-2 by C. R. Melcalfe], ISBN 978-0-19-854559-0 <a href="978-0-19-854559-0" target="_blank">978-0-19-854559-0</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kubitzki, Klaus, ed. (2007), "Introduction to Crossosomatales", Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. IX, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-32219-1 <a href="978-3-540-32219-1" target="_blank">978-3-540-32219-1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Hutchinson, John (1979) [1973], The Families of Flowering Plants (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 9783874291606 <a href="9783874291606" target="_blank">9783874291606</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Worberg, Andreas; Alford, Mac H.; Quandt, Dietmar; Borsch, Thomas (2009), "Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia", Taxon, 58 (2): 468–478, doi:10.1002/tax.582012 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Stevens, Peter F. (2001), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website <a href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Wall, L. (2000), "The actinorhizal symbiosis", Journal of Plant Growth and Regulation, 19 (2): 167–182, doi:10.1007/s003440000027, hdl:11336/71779, PMID 11038226, S2CID 12887261 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>