Portable media player

<h2 id="types">Types</h2>

Digital audio players are generally categorised by storage media:

<ul><li>Flash-based players: These are non-mechanical <a href="/facts/Solid-state_(electronics)/US0Qbq28">solid state</a> devices that hold <a href="/facts/Digital_audio_file/hLgkfATf">digital audio files</a> on internal <a href="/facts/Flash_memory/Cn8JsStx">flash memory</a>, removable <a href="/facts/Flash_memory_card/Rwy2lKS2">flash memory cards</a> or a <a href="/facts/USB_flash_drive/Jv0qmTCF">USB flash drive</a>. Due to technological advances in flash memory, these originally low-capacity storage devices are now available commercially ranging up to 128 GB. Because they are solid state and do not have moving parts they require less battery power, will not skip during playback, and may be more resilient to hazards such as <a href="/facts/Mechanical_shock/AjThlASN">mechanical shock</a> or <a href="/facts/File_system_fragmentation/o1LuoP0V">fragmentation</a> than hard disk drive-based players.</li>
<li>Hard-disk-drive-based players: Devices that read digital audio files from a <a href="/facts/Hard_disk_drive/kekLSGSE">hard disk drive</a>. These players have higher capacities as of 2010<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portable_media_player&action=edit">[update]</a> ranging up to 500 GB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> At typical encoding rates, this means that tens of thousands of songs can be stored on one player. The disadvantages with these units is that a hard drive consumes more power, is larger and heavier and is inherently more fragile than solid-state storage.</li>
<li>MP3 CD/DVD players: Portable CD players that can decode and play <a href="/facts/Compressed_audio_optical_disc/D6eukTSE">MP3 audio files stored on CDs</a>. Such players were typically a less expensive alternative than either the hard drive or flash-based players when the first units of these were released. The blank <a href="/facts/CD-R/yjBjpaIM">CD-R</a> media they use is inexpensive. These devices have the feature of being able to play standard <a href="/facts/Audio_CD/FDMqNLw5">audio CDs</a>. A disadvantage is that due to the low rotational disk speed of these devices, they are even more susceptible to skipping or other misreads if they are subjected to acceleration (shaking) during playback. Since a CD can typically hold only around 700 megabytes of data, a large library will require multiple disks to contain. However, some higher-end units are also capable of reading and playing back files stored on larger-capacity DVD; some also have the ability to play video content, such as movies. An additional consideration can be the relatively large width of these devices since they have to be able to fit a CD.</li>
<li>Networked audio players: Players that connect via (Wi-Fi) network to receive and play audio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> These types of units typically do not have any local storage of their own and must rely on a server, typically a personal computer also on the same <a href="/facts/Computer_network/3w5RM99p">network</a>, to provide the audio files for playback.</li></ul>
Some MP3 players can <a href="/facts/Data_compression/gMFuY4FT">encode</a> directly to MP3 or other digital audio formats directly from a <a href="/facts/Line_level/NlS1Y6tp">line-level audio signal</a> (radio, voice, etc.). Devices such as <a href="/facts/CD_player/hp7dWc7l">CD players</a> can be connected to the MP3 player (using the USB port) in order to directly play music from the memory of the player without the use of a computer.
<a href="/facts/Modularity/mptqhanB">Modular</a> MP3 <a href="/facts/Keydrive/Jv0qmTCF">keydrive</a> players are composed of two detachable parts: the head (or reader/writer) and the body (the memory). They can be independently obtained and upgradable (one can change the head or the body; i.e. to add more memory).

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Portable_audio_player/N0pUt1kQ">Portable audio player § History</a>
Today, every smartphone also serves as a portable media player; however, prior to the rise of smartphones in the 2007–2012 time frame, a variety of handheld players were available to store and play music. The immediate predecessor to the portable media player was the <a href="/facts/Portable_CD_player/o3PYAmQH">portable CD player</a> and prior to that, the <a href="/facts/Personal_stereo/nV85V68M">personal stereo</a>. In particular, <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a>'s <a href="/facts/Walkman/psCPm0zv">Walkman</a> and <a href="/facts/Discman/4YzpBbAR">Discman</a> are the ancestors of digital audio players such as the Apple iPod.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
There are several types of MP3 players:

<ul><li>Devices that play <a href="/facts/CD/0IntaWNj">CDs</a>. Often, they can be used to play both audio CDs and homemade data CDs containing MP3 or other digital audio files.</li>
<li>Pocket devices. These are solid-state devices that hold digital audio files on internal or external media, such as <a href="/facts/Memory_card/Rwy2lKS2">memory cards</a>. These are generally low-storage devices, typically ranging from 128MB to 1GB, which can often be extended with additional memory. As they are solid state and do not have moving parts, they can be very resilient. Such players may be integrated into USB flash drives.</li>
<li>Devices that read digital audio files from a hard drive. These players have higher capacities, ranging from 1.5 to 100 GB, depending on the hard drive technology. At typical encoding rates, this means that thousands of songs—perhaps an entire music collection—can be stored in one MP3 player. Apple's popular iPod player is the best-known example.</li></ul>
<h3>Early digital audio players</h3>
British scientist <a href="/facts/Kane_Kramer/uEPxKw4q">Kane Kramer</a> invented the first digital audio player,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> which he called the <a href="/facts/IXI_(digital_audio_player)/VhfPvxCH">IXI</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> His 1979 prototypes were capable of up to one hour of audio playback but did not enter commercial production. His UK patent application was not filed until 1981 and was issued in 1985 in the UK and 1987 in the US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> However, in 1988 Kramer's failure to raise the £60,000 required to renew the patent meant it entered the public domain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> hired Kramer as a consultant and presented his work as an example of <a href="/facts/Prior_art/AEPs7QFA">prior art</a> in the field of digital audio players during their litigation with <a href="/facts/Burst.com/Cp5EzeoV">Burst.com</a> almost two decades later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In 2008, Apple acknowledged Kramer as the inventor of the digital audio player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

The Listen Up Player was released in 1996 by Audio Highway, an American company led by <a href="/facts/Nathan_Schulhof/EDu6nCW6">Nathan Schulhof</a>. It could store up to an hour of music, but despite getting an award at CES 1997 only 25 of the devices were made.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> That same year <a href="/facts/AT%26T/y3Lo9uhk">AT&T</a> developed the FlashPAC digital audio player which initially used AT&T's <a href="/facts/Perceptual_Audio_Coder/KvVPWUSb">Perceptual Audio Coder</a> (PAC)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> for music compression, but in 1997 switched to <a href="/facts/Advanced_Audio_Coding/VAG9NpI4">AAC</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> At about the same time AT&T also developed an internal Web-based music streaming service that had the ability to download music to FlashPAC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> AAC and such music downloading services later formed the foundation for the Apple iPod and iTunes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
The first production-volume portable digital audio player was The Audible Player (also known as MobilePlayer, or Digital Words To Go) from <a href="/facts/Audible.com/nJUE7obq">Audible.com</a> available for sale at the end of 1997, for $199. It only supported playback of digital audio in Audible's proprietary, low-bitrate format which was developed for spoken word recordings. Capacity was limited to 4 MB of internal flash memory, or about 2 hours of play, using a custom rechargeable battery pack. The unit had no display and rudimentary controls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<h3>The MP3 standard</h3>
<a href="/facts/MP3/yrBpxUSD">MP3</a> was introduced as an <a href="/facts/Audio_coding_standard/qHAhppfD">audio coding standard</a> in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> It was based on several <a href="/facts/Audio_data_compression/gMFuY4FT">audio data compression</a> techniques, including the <a href="/facts/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform/jCaDMSNY">modified discrete cosine transform</a> (MDCT), <a href="/facts/FFT/caT7UUCh">FFT</a> and <a href="/facts/Psychoacoustic/1GRCBbfQ">psychoacoustic</a> methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> MP3 became a popular standard format and as a result most digital audio players after this supported it and hence were often called MP3 players.
While popularly being called MP3 players at the time, most players could play more than just the MP3 file format. Players also sometimes supported <a href="/facts/Windows_Media_Audio/s5zePro7">Windows Media Audio</a> (WMA), <a href="/facts/Advanced_Audio_Coding/VAG9NpI4">Advanced Audio Coding</a> (AAC), <a href="/facts/Vorbis/rqJDTF0T">Vorbis</a>, <a href="/facts/FLAC/TbqpHlWy">FLAC</a>, <a href="/facts/Speex/M7xqnPxN">Speex</a> and <a href="/facts/Ogg/KF4j68N7">Ogg</a>.

<h3>First portable MP3 player</h3>
The first portable MP3 player was launched in 1997 by SaeHan Information Systems,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> which sold its <a href="/facts/MPMan_F10/doMD8Rew">MPMan F10</a> player in <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> in spring 1998.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> In mid-1998, the South Korean company licensed the players for North American distribution to Eiger Labs, which rebranded them as the EigerMan F10 and F20.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The flash-based players were available in 32 MB or 64 MB (6 or 12 songs) storage capacity and had a LCD screen to tell the user the song currently playing.
The first car audio hard drive-based MP3 player was also released in 1997 by MP32Go and was called the MP32Go Player. It consisted of a 3 GB IBM 2.5" hard drive that was housed in a trunk-mounted enclosure connected to the car's radio system. It retailed for $599 and was a commercial failure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

The <a href="/facts/Rio_PMP300/E61K8MPz">Rio PMP300</a> from <a href="/facts/Diamond_Multimedia/D9sW38RA">Diamond Multimedia</a> was introduced in September 1998, a few months after the MPMan, and also featured a 32 MB storage capacity. It was a success during the holiday season, with sales exceeding expectations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Interest and investment in digital music were subsequently spurred from it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> The <a href="/facts/RIAA/8a7K0Ubf">RIAA</a> soon filed a lawsuit alleging that the device abetted illegal copying of music, but Diamond won a legal victory on the shoulders of <a href="/facts/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc./AShAc2zB">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a> and MP3 players were ruled legal devices. Because of the player's notoriety as the target of a major lawsuit,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> the Rio is erroneously assumed to be the first digital audio player.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
Eiger Labs and Diamond went on to establish a new segment in the portable audio player market and the following year saw several new manufacturers enter this market. The PMP300 would be the start of the <a href="/facts/Rio_(digital_audio_players)/0KPFWAqP">Rio</a> line of players. Noticeably, major technology companies did not catch on with the new technology, and instead young startups would come to dominate the early era of MP3 players.

<h3>Other early MP3 portables</h3>
Other early MP3 portables included the <a href="/facts/Creative_Nomad/Jf5WoB65">Creative Labs Nomad</a> and the <a href="/facts/RCA_Lyra/DMhzRu9g">RCA Lyra</a>. These portables were small and light, but had only enough memory to hold around 7 to 20 songs at normal 128 kbit/s compression rates. They also used slower parallel port connections to transfer files from PC to player, necessary as most PCs then used the <a href="/facts/Windows_95/1E1L93qC">Windows 95</a> and <a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">NT</a> operating systems, which did not have native support for <a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a> connections.

<h3>Emergence of hard-drive-based players</h3>
In 1999 the first hard drive based DAP using a 2.5" laptop drive, the <a href="/facts/Personal_Jukebox/S70BQrPw">Personal Jukebox</a> (PJB-100) designed by <a href="/facts/Compaq/6LuhWTE7">Compaq</a> and released by <a href="/facts/Remote_Solution/u1bRyvUX">Hango Electronics Co</a> with 4.8 GB storage, which held about 1,200 songs, and pioneered what would be called the jukebox segment of digital music portables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> This segment eventually became the dominant type of digital music player.
Also at the end of 1999 the first in-dash MP3 player appeared. The <a href="/facts/Empeg_Car/XNszla5w">Empeg Car</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> offered players in several capacities ranging from 5 to 28 GB. The unit did not catch on and was discontinued in the fall of 2001.

<h3>Rise of South Korean companies</h3>
For the next couple of years, there were offerings from <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korean</a> companies, namely the startups <a href="/facts/IRiver/1WAacNNF">iRiver</a> (brand of Reigncom), <a href="/facts/Mpio/feh0mhd0">Mpio</a> (brand of DigitalWay) and <a href="/facts/Cowon/fMUzkoIA">Cowon</a>. At its peak, these Korean makers held as much as 40% world market share in MP3 players.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> These manufacturers however lost their way after 2004 as they failed to compete with new <a href="/facts/IPod/Uagdn1F6">iPods</a>. By 2006 they were also overtaken by the South Korean giant <a href="/facts/Samsung_Electronics/STxnmHwl">Samsung Electronics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h3>Sony's entry in the market</h3>
<a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a> entered the digital audio player market in 1999 with the <a href="/facts/Vaio/Ff1tbv7D">Vaio</a> Music Clip and <a href="/facts/Memory_Stick/QEWa249a">Memory Stick</a> <a href="/facts/Walkman/psCPm0zv">Walkman</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> however they were technically not MP3 players as it did not support the MP3 format but instead Sony's own <a href="/facts/ATRAC/kD9psz23">ATRAC</a> format and <a href="/facts/Windows_Media_Audio/s5zePro7">WMA</a>. The company's first MP3-supporting Walkman player did not come until 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Over the years, various hard-drive-based and flash-based DAPs and PMPs have been released under the Walkman range.

<h3>Samsung's YEPP line and Creative's NOMAD Jukebox</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Samsung_YEPP/G1J9hhG9">Samsung YEPP</a> line was first released in 1999 with the aim of making the smallest music players on the market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> In 2000, <a href="/facts/Creative_Technology/ue0RFFVv">Creative</a> released the 6 GB hard-drive-based <a href="/facts/Creative_NOMAD/Jf5WoB65">Creative NOMAD</a> Jukebox. The name borrowed the <a href="/facts/Jukebox/Wd7KHzrk">jukebox</a> metaphor popularised by Remote Solution, also used by Archos. Later players in the Creative NOMAD range used <a href="/facts/Microdrive/4L0VyQae">microdrives</a> rather than laptop drives. In October 2000, South Korean software company <a href="/facts/Cowon_Systems/fMUzkoIA">Cowon Systems</a> released their first MP3 player, the CW100, under the brand name <a href="/facts/IAUDIO/T0Qz3GuA">iAUDIO</a>. In December 2000, some months after the Creative's NOMAD Jukebox, <a href="/facts/Archos/DbRIVNbM">Archos</a> released its <a href="/facts/Archos_Jukebox_series/NlDMNbNA">Jukebox 6000</a> with a 6 GB hard drive. <a href="/facts/Philips/Xp4uczGg">Philips</a> also released a player called the Rush.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h3>Growth of market</h3>
On 23 October 2001, Apple unveiled the <a href="/facts/First_generation_iPod/aFrmSCun">first generation iPod</a>, a 5 GB hard drive based DAP with a 1.8" hard drive and a 2" monochrome display. With the development of a spartan <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">user interface</a> and a smaller form factor, the iPod was initially popular within the <a href="/facts/Macintosh/8GhnXTK0">Macintosh</a> community. In July 2002, Apple introduced the second generation update to the iPod, which was compatible with <a href="/facts/Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> computers through <a href="/facts/Musicmatch_Jukebox/HVpNCFmm">Musicmatch Jukebox</a>. iPods quickly became the most popular DAP product and led the fast growth of this market during the early and mid 2000s.

In 2002, <a href="/facts/Archos/DbRIVNbM">Archos</a> released the first PMP, the <a href="/facts/Archos_Jukebox_Multimedia/NlDMNbNA">Archos Jukebox Multimedia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> with a little 1.5" colour screen. The next year, Archos released another multimedia jukebox, the <a href="/facts/AV300/DbRIVNbM">AV300</a>, with a 3.8" screen and a 20 GB hard drive. In the same year, <a href="/facts/Toshiba/QHRaw8Tr">Toshiba</a> released the first <a href="/facts/Gigabeat/lQlk4aNh">Gigabeat</a>. In 2003, <a href="/facts/Dell/wLlYNTMM">Dell</a> launched a line of portable digital music players called <a href="/facts/Dell_DJ/LpmqCKJI">Dell DJ</a>. They were discontinued by 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>
The name MP4 player was a marketing term for inexpensive portable media players, usually from little-known or generic device manufacturers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> The name itself is a <a href="/facts/Misnomer/P4TnsX3H">misnomer</a>, since most MP4 players through 2007 were incompatible with the <a href="/facts/MPEG-4_Part_14/PM0FNvUU">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> or the .mp4 container format. Instead, the term refers to their ability to play more file types than just MP3. In this sense, in some markets like Brazil, any new function added to a given media player is followed by an increase in the number, for example an MP5 or MP12 Player,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> despite there being no such corresponding MPEG standards.
<a href="/facts/IRiver/1WAacNNF">iRiver</a> of South Korea originally made portable CD players and then started making digital audio players and portable media players in 2002. Creative also introduced the <a href="/facts/Creative_Zen/cu1x1ya6">ZEN</a> line. Both of these attained high popularity in some regions.
In 2004, <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> attempted to take advantage of the growing PMP market by launching the <a href="/facts/Portable_Media_Center/zMcFDwS6">Portable Media Center</a> (PMC) platform. It was introduced at the 2004 <a href="/facts/Consumer_Electronics_Show/JUmN49Fl">Consumer Electronics Show</a> with the announcement of the <a href="/facts/Zen_Portable_Media_Center/cu1x1ya6">Zen Portable Media Center</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> which was co-developed by <a href="/facts/Creative_Technology/ue0RFFVv">Creative</a>. The Microsoft <a href="/facts/Zune/qbvKhe1R">Zune</a> series would later be based on the <a href="/facts/Gigabeat/lQlk4aNh">Gigabeat S</a>, one of the PMC-implemented players.
In May 2005, flash memory maker SanDisk entered the PMP market with the <a href="/facts/SanDisk_Sansa/Tdu94T6s">Sansa</a> line of players, starting with the e100 series, and then following up with the m200 series, and c100 series.
In 2007, Apple introduced the <a href="/facts/IPod_Touch/PRJabx51">iPod Touch</a>, the first iPod with a multi-touch screen. Some similar products existed before such as the <a href="/facts/IRiver_Clix/U0SE8ocw">iRiver Clix</a> in 2006. In South Korea, sales of MP3 players peaked in 2006, but started declining afterwards. This was driven partly by the launch of mobile television services (DMB), which along with increased demand of movies on the go led to a transition away from music-only players to PMPs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> By 2008, more video-enabled PMPs were sold than audio-only players.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h3>Brands and popularity throughout the world</h3>
By the mid-2000s and the years after, Apple with its iPod was the best-selling DAP or PMP by a significant margin, with one out of four sold worldwide being an iPod. It was especially dominant in the United States where it had over 70% of sales at different points in time,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> is nearest competitor in 2006 being <a href="/facts/SanDisk/ExLEXvQB">SanDisk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Apple also led in Japan over homegrown makers <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a> and <a href="/facts/Panasonic/TqkBQmgj">Panasonic</a> during this time,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> although the gap between Apple and Sony had closed by about 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> In South Korea, the market was led by local brands iRiver, Samsung and <a href="/facts/Cowon/fMUzkoIA">Cowon</a> as of 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>
European buying patterns differed; while Apple was in a particularly strong position in the United Kingdom, continental Western Europe generally preferred cheaper, often Chinese rebranded players under local brands such as <a href="/facts/Grundig/q311BDF2">Grundig</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe including Russia, higher priced players with improved design or functionality were preferred instead. In South Korea makers like iRiver and Samsung were particularly popular, as well as such OEM models under local brands. <a href="/facts/Creative_Labs/ue0RFFVv">Creative</a> was the top-selling maker in its home country of Singapore. In China, local brands Newman, DEC and Aigo were noted as the top vendors as of 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>

<h3>Other categories</h3>

The Samsung SPH-M2100, the first mobile phone with built-in MP3 player was produced in <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> in August 1999.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> The Samsung SPH-M100 (UpRoar) launched in 2000 was the first mobile phone to have MP3 music capabilities<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> in the US market. The innovation spread rapidly and by 2005, more than half of all music sold in South Korea was sold directly to mobile phones and all major handset makers in the world had released MP3 playing phones. By 2006, more MP3-playing mobile phones were sold than all stand-alone MP3 players. Apple cited the rapid rise of the media player in phones as a primary reason for developing the <a href="/facts/IPhone/h5WeKRl9">iPhone</a>. In 2007, the number of phones that could play media was over 1 billion. Some companies created music-centric sub-brands for mobile phones, for example the former <a href="/facts/Sony_Ericsson/RX3xYCDy">Sony Ericsson</a>'s <a href="/facts/Walkman/psCPm0zv">Walkman</a> range or <a href="/facts/Nokia/bCleFoF4">Nokia</a>'s <a href="/facts/XpressMusic/rc3w5LbA">XpressMusic</a> range, which have extra emphasis on music playback and typically have features such as dedicated music buttons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
Mobile phones with PMP functionalities such as video playback also started appearing in the 2000s. Other non-phone products such as the <a href="/facts/PlayStation_Portable/dj4sa6wo">PlayStation Portable</a> and <a href="/facts/PlayStation_Vita/KEvRtFjD">PlayStation Vita</a> have also been considered to be PMPs.

<h3>Decline and contemporary</h3>

DAPs and PMPs have declined in popularity after the late 2000s due to increasing worldwide adoption of <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a> that already come with PMP functionalities. Sales peaked in 2007 and market revenue (worth $21.6 billion) peaked in 2008, albeit notably mobile phones that could play music outsold DAPs by almost three to one as of 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
In the <a href="/facts/EU/6GYcR8qM">EU</a>, demand for MP3 players peaked in 2007 with 43.5 million devices sold totalling 3.8 billion euros. Both sales and revenue experienced a double-digit shrinkage for the first time in 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> In India, sales of PMPs decreased for the first time in 2012, a few years after developed economies. The market was led by Apple with a share of about 50%, while Sony and Philips were the other major brands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
Meanwhile, sales of Apple's best selling product, the iPod, were eclipsed by the <a href="/facts/IPhone/h5WeKRl9">iPhone</a> in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>
DAPs continue to be made in lower volumes by manufacturers such as SanDisk, Sony, iRiver, Philips, Cowon, and a range of Chinese manufacturers namely Aigo, Newsmy, PYLE and ONDA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> They often have specific selling points in the smartphone era, such as portability (for small sized players) or for high quality sound suited for <a href="/facts/Audiophile/0SnLaByF">audiophiles</a>.

<h2 id="typical-features">Typical features</h2>
PMPs are capable of playing <a href="/facts/Digital_audio/PgugcLAI">digital audio</a>, <a href="/facts/Digital_image/3TNT47Mv">images</a>, and/or <a href="/facts/Digital_video/xsn9omqG">video</a>. Usually, a colour <a href="/facts/Liquid_crystal_display/8B6xGBEz">liquid crystal display</a> (LCD) or <a href="/facts/Organic_light-emitting_diode/219L1aMJ">organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED) screen is used as a display for PMPs that have a screen. Various players include the ability to record video, usually with the aid of optional accessories or cables, and audio, with a built-in <a href="/facts/Microphone/7YWGlXCl">microphone</a> or from a <a href="/facts/Line_out_(signal)/NlS1Y6tp">line out</a> cable or <a href="/facts/FM_broadcasting/TpKl3FJv">FM tuner</a>. Some players include readers for <a href="/facts/Memory_card/Rwy2lKS2">memory cards</a>, which are advertised to equip players with extra storage or transferring media. In some players, features of a <a href="/facts/Personal_organiser/3XnsjRkU">personal organiser</a> are emulated, or support for <a href="/facts/Video_game/vmTdNASJ">video games</a>, like the iRiver Clix (through compatibility of <a href="/facts/Adobe_Flash_Lite/yMLB60vC">Adobe Flash Lite</a>) or the <a href="/facts/PlayStation_Portable/dj4sa6wo">PlayStation Portable</a>, is included. Only mid-range to high-end players support "savestating" for power-off (i.e. leaves off song/video in progress similar to tape-based media).

<h3>Audio playback</h3>

Nearly all players<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> are compatible with the MP3 audio format, and many others support <a href="/facts/Windows_Media_Audio/s5zePro7">Windows Media Audio</a> (WMA), <a href="/facts/Advanced_Audio_Coding/VAG9NpI4">Advanced Audio Coding</a> (AAC) and <a href="/facts/WAV/ptUfKleW">WAV</a>. Some players are compatible with open-source formats like <a href="/facts/Ogg_Vorbis/rqJDTF0T">Ogg Vorbis</a> and the <a href="/facts/Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec/TbqpHlWy">Free Lossless Audio Codec</a> (FLAC). Audio files purchased from <a href="/facts/Online_store/KaWoKPBI">online stores</a> may include <a href="/facts/Digital_rights_management/4AF8JmDt">digital rights management</a> (DRM) copy protection, which many modern players support.

<h3>Image viewing</h3>
The <a href="/facts/JPEG/HQ8QS3uB">JPEG</a> format is widely supported by players. Some players, like the <a href="/facts/IPod/Uagdn1F6">iPod</a> series, provide compatibility to display additional file formats like <a href="/facts/GIF/HfIBWrIC">GIF</a>, <a href="/facts/PNG/gj0685PR">PNG</a>, and <a href="/facts/TIFF/TjBJcLeT">TIFF</a>, while others are bundled with conversion software.

<h3>Video playback</h3>

Most newer players support the <a href="/facts/MPEG-4_Part_2/qrahXdyN">MPEG-4 Part 2</a> video format, and many other players are compatible with <a href="/facts/Windows_Media_Video/dvIxao6b">Windows Media Video</a> (WMV) and <a href="/facts/Audio_Video_Interleave/2pr8AoRT">AVI</a>. Software included with the players may be able to convert video files into a compatible format.

<h3>Recording</h3>

Many players have a built-in <a href="/facts/Electret_microphone/j5omEm2H">electret microphone</a> which allows recording. Usually recording quality is poor, suitable for speech but not music. There are also professional-quality recorders suitable for high-quality music recording with external microphones, at prices starting at a few hundred dollars.

<h3>Radio</h3>
Some DAPs have <a href="/facts/FM_radio/TpKl3FJv">FM radio</a> tuners built in. Many also have an option to change the band from the usual 87.5 – 108.0 MHz to the Japanese band of 76.0 – 90.0 MHz. DAPs typically never have an AM band, or even <a href="/facts/HD_Radio/XtS2tNG5">HD Radio</a> since such features would be either cost-prohibitive for the application, or because of AM's sensitivity to interference.

<h3>Internet access</h3>
Newer portable media players are now coming with Internet access via <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a>. Examples of such devices are <a href="/facts/Android_OS/nNyHb0xz">Android OS</a> devices by various manufacturers, and <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> devices on Apple products like the <a href="/facts/IPhone/h5WeKRl9">iPhone</a>, <a href="/facts/IPod_Touch/PRJabx51">iPod Touch</a>, and <a href="/facts/IPad/Ql67x0Dw">iPad</a>. Internet access has even enabled people to use the Internet as an underlying communications layer for their choice of music for automated music randomisation services like <a href="/facts/Pandora_Radio/zwtCFPlq">Pandora</a>, to on-demand video access (which also has music available) such as YouTube. This technology has enabled casual and hobbyist DJs to cue their tracks from a smaller package from an Internet connection, sometimes they will use two identical devices on a crossfade mixer. Many such devices also tend to be <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a>.

<h3>Last position memory</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Last_position_memory/gUngDF0V">Last position memory</a>
Many mobile digital media players have <a href="/facts/Last_position_memory/gUngDF0V">last position memory</a>, in which when it is powered off, a user does not have to worry about starting at the first track again, or even hearing repeats of others songs when a playlist, album, or whole library is cued for <a href="/facts/Shuffle_play/HsDePRNT">shuffle play</a>, in which shuffle play is a common feature, too. Early playback devices to even remotely have "last position memory" that predated solid-state digital media playback devices were tape-based media, except this kind suffered from having to be "rewound", whereas disc-based media suffered from no native "last position memory", unless disc-players had their own last position memory. However, some models of solid-state flash memory (or hard drive ones with some moving parts) are somewhat the "best of both worlds" in the market.

<h3>Miscellaneous</h3>
Media players' firmware may be equipped with a basic <a href="/facts/File_manager/t7CSQ40a">file manager</a> and a text reader.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h2 id="common-audio-formats">Common audio formats</h2>
There are three categories of audio formats:

<ul><li>Uncompressed <a href="/facts/PCM/5gdfjtH3">PCM</a> audio: Most players can also play uncompressed <a href="/facts/PCM/5gdfjtH3">PCM</a> in a container such as <a href="/facts/WAV/ptUfKleW">WAV</a> or <a href="/facts/Audio_Interchange_File_Format/zNjxHR1C">AIFF</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lossless_audio/gMFuY4FT">Lossless audio</a> formats: These formats maintain the <a href="/facts/Hi-fi/K6kaTHSw">Hi-fi</a> quality of every song or disc. These are the ones used by CDs, many people recommend the use of lossless audio formats to preserve the CD quality in audio files on a desktop. Lossless formats include <a href="/facts/Apple_Lossless/a0D0hzbK">Apple Lossless</a> and <a href="/facts/FLAC/TbqpHlWy">FLAC</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lossy_compression/jHW7DDv3">Lossy compression</a> formats: Most audio formats use <a href="/facts/Lossy_compression/jHW7DDv3">lossy compression</a>, to produce as small as possible a file compatible with the desired sound quality. There is a <a href="/facts/Trade-off/xY3nXnJN">trade-off</a> between size and sound quality of lossily compressed files; most formats allow different combinations—e.g., MP3 files may use between 32 (worst), 128 (reasonable) and 320 (best) kilobits per second.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></li></ul>
There are also royalty-free lossy formats like <a href="/facts/Vorbis/rqJDTF0T">Vorbis</a> for general music and <a href="/facts/Speex/M7xqnPxN">Speex</a> and <a href="/facts/Opus_(audio_format)/VP4KuGre">Opus</a> used for voice recordings. When "ripping" music from CDs, many people recommend the use of <a href="/facts/Lossless_audio/gMFuY4FT">lossless audio</a> formats to preserve the CD quality in audio files on a desktop, and to transcode the music to <a href="/facts/Lossy_compression/jHW7DDv3">lossy compression</a> formats when they are copied to a portable player.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> The formats supported by a particular audio player depends upon its <a href="/facts/Firmware/62UVKIUK">firmware</a>; sometimes a firmware update adds more formats. MP3 and <a href="/facts/Advanced_Audio_Coding/VAG9NpI4">AAC</a> are dominant formats,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> and are almost universally supported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>

<h2 id="software">Software</h2>

PMPs were earlier packaged with an installation CD/DVD that inserts device drivers (and for some players, software that is capable of seamlessly transferring files between the player and the computer). For later players, however, these are usually available online via the manufacturers' websites, or increasingly natively recognised by the operating system through <a href="/facts/USB_mass_storage_device_class/mUCq0A5G">Universal Mass Storage</a> (UMS) or <a href="/facts/Media_Transfer_Protocol/4YoCgT8g">Media Transfer Protocol</a> (MTP).

<h2 id="hardware">Hardware</h2>

See also: <a href="/facts/S1_MP3_player/U3I19JH8">S1 MP3 player</a>

<ul><li>Storage</li></ul>
As with DAPs, PMPs come in either flash or hard disk storage. Storage capacities have reached up to 64 GB for flash memory based PMPs, first reached by the <a href="/facts/IPod_Touch/PRJabx51">3rd Generation iPod Touch</a>, and up to 1 TB for hard disk drive PMPs, first achieved by the <a href="/facts/Archos/DbRIVNbM">Archos</a> 5 Internet Tablet.
A number of players support memory card slots, including <a href="/facts/CompactFlash/0sxFM3qt">CompactFlash</a> (CF), <a href="/facts/Secure_Digital/RLL9UTly">Secure Digital</a> (SD), and <a href="/facts/Memory_Stick/QEWa249a">Memory Sticks</a>. They are used to directly transfer content from external devices, and expand the storage capacity of PMPs.

<ul><li>Interface</li></ul>
A standard PMP uses a 5-way <a href="/facts/D-pad/rA3C2xT0">D-pad</a> to navigate. Many alternatives have been used, most notably the wheel and touch mechanisms seen on players from the <a href="/facts/IPod/Uagdn1F6">iPod</a> and <a href="/facts/SanDisk_Sansa/Tdu94T6s">Sansa series</a>. Another popular mechanism is the swipe-pad, or 'squircle', first seen on the <a href="/facts/Zune/qbvKhe1R">Zune</a>. Additional buttons are commonly seen for features such as volume control.

<ul><li>Screen</li></ul>
Sizes range all the way up to 7 inches (18 cm). Resolutions also vary, going up to <a href="/facts/Wide_VGA/zyMA9HHI">WVGA</a>. Most screens come with a colour depth of 16-bit, but higher quality video-oriented devices may range all the way to 24-bit, otherwise known as <a href="/facts/24-bit_color/0X7zI9BP">true colour</a>, with the ability to display 16.7 million distinct colours. Screens commonly have a matte finish but may also come in glossy to increase colour intensity and contrast. More and more devices are now also coming with touch screen as a form of primary or alternate input. This can be for convenience and/or aesthetic purposes. Certain devices, on the other hand, have no screen whatsoever, reducing costs at the expense of ease of browsing through the media library.

<ul><li>Radio</li></ul>
Some portable media players include a <a href="/facts/Radio_receiver/5olDTxkg">radio receiver</a>, most frequently receiving <a href="/facts/FM_broadcasting/TpKl3FJv">FM</a>. Features for receiving signals from FM stations on MP3 players are common on more premium models.

<ul><li>Other features</li></ul>
Some portable media players have recently added features such as simple camera, built-in game emulation (playing <a href="/facts/Nintendo_Entertainment_System/YD59GCQQ">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> or other game formats from ROM images) and simple text readers and editors. Newer PMPs have been able to tell time, and even automatically adjust time according to radio reception, and some devices like the 6th-gen <a href="/facts/IPod_Nano/qu97zee0">iPod Nano</a> even have wristwatch bands available.
Modern MP4 players can play <a href="/facts/Video/F1AV8ben">video</a> in a multitude of <a href="/facts/Video_format/F1AV8ben">video formats</a> without the need to pre-convert them or downsize them prior to playing them. Some MP4 Players possess <a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a> ports, to allow users to connect it to a <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computer</a> to <a href="/facts/Sideload/JATK5A8M">sideload</a> files. Some models also have <a href="/facts/Memory_card_slot/Rwy2lKS2">memory card slots</a> to expand the memory of the player instead of storing files in the built-in memory.

<h3>Chipsets</h3>
Chipsets and file formats that are particular to some PMPs:

<ul><li>Anyka is a chip that's used by many MP4 Players. It supports the same formats as Rockchip.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fuzhou/cwdq5LnU">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/facts/Rockchip/JlnnEBnY">Rockchip</a> Electronics's <a href="/facts/Video_processing/n08sasRV">video processing</a> <a href="/facts/Rockchip/JlnnEBnY">Rockchip</a> has been incorporated into many MP4 players, supporting <a href="/facts/Audio_Video_Interleave/2pr8AoRT">AVI</a> with no <a href="/facts/B_frames/nv0LBArA">B frames</a> in <a href="/facts/MPEG-4_Part_2/qrahXdyN">MPEG-4 Part 2</a> (not <a href="/facts/MPEG-4_Part_14/PM0FNvUU">Part 14</a>), while <a href="/facts/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II/eBSjFASu">MP2</a> audio compression is used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> The clip must be padded out, if necessary, to fit the resolution of the display. Any slight deviation from the supported format results in a Format Not Supported error message.</li>
<li>Some players, like the Onda VX979+, have started to use chipsets from <a href="/facts/Ingenic/c71BoAld">Ingenic</a>, which are capable of supporting <a href="/facts/RealNetworks/XenxRXL2">RealNetworks</a>'s video formats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Also, players with <a href="/facts/SigmaTel/fQ6WJml2">SigmaTel</a>-based technology are compatible with SMV (SigmaTel Video).</li></ul>
<h4>AMV</h4>

Main article: <a href="/facts/AMV_video_format/DzQlrorM">AMV video format</a>
The image compression algorithm of this format<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> is inefficient by modern standards (about 4 pixels per byte, compared with over 10 pixels per byte for <a href="/facts/MPEG-2/SpuH5FJu">MPEG-2</a>). There are a fixed range of resolutions (96 × 96 to 208 × 176 pixels) and framerates (12 or 16 <a href="/facts/Frames_per_second/sbRkc9xa">frames</a>) available. However it can be used with limited hardware requirements. A 30-minute video would have a filesize of approximately 100 MB at a 160 × 120 resolution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<h4>MTV</h4>
The MTV video format (no relation to the <a href="/facts/MTV/S5gxqCxh">cable network</a>) consists of a 512-byte file header that operates by displaying a series of raw image frames during <a href="/facts/MP3/yrBpxUSD">MP3</a> playback.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> During this process, audio frames are passed to the chipset's decoder, while the memory pointer of the display's hardware is adjusted to the next image within the video stream. This method does not require additional hardware for decoding, though it will lead to a higher amount of memory consumption. For that reason, the storage capacity of an MP4 player that uses MTV files is effectively less than that of a player that decompresses files on the fly.

<h2 id="operation">Operation</h2>

<a href="/facts/Sampling_(signal_processing)/xxck7aLN">Digital sampling</a> is used to convert an audio wave to a sequence of binary numbers that can be stored in a digital format, such as MP3. Common features of all MP3 players are a memory storage device, such as flash memory or a miniature hard disk drive, an <a href="/facts/Embedded_processor/a4muX1wU">embedded processor</a>, and an audio <a href="/facts/Codec/C7b7Am8t">codec</a> microchip to convert the compressed file into an analogue sound signal. During playback, audio files are read from storage into a <a href="/facts/RAM/DuD4bxh6">RAM</a> based memory buffer, and then streamed through an audio codec to produce decoded <a href="/facts/PCM/5gdfjtH3">PCM</a> audio. Typically audio formats decode at double to more than 20 times real speed on portable electronic <a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">processors</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> requiring that the codec output be stored for a time until the <a href="/facts/Digital-to-analog_converter/5loEvAeb">DAC</a> can play it. To save power, portable devices may spend much or nearly all of their time in a low power idle state while waiting for the DAC to deplete the output PCM buffer before briefly powering up to decode additional audio.
Most DAPs are powered by <a href="/facts/Rechargeable_batteries/A6zUkPkW">rechargeable batteries</a>, some of which are not user-replaceable. They have a 3.5 mm stereo jack; music can be listened to with <a href="/facts/Headphones/hLd5e4Kv">earbuds</a> or <a href="/facts/Headphones/hLd5e4Kv">headphones</a>, or played via an external amplifier and <a href="/facts/Loudspeaker/tqEjnJ2z">speakers</a>. Some devices also contain internal speakers, through which music can be listened to, although these built-in speakers are typically of very low quality.

Nearly all DAPs consists of some kind of display screen, although there are exceptions, such as the <a href="/facts/IPod_Shuffle/aN2wHEEx">iPod Shuffle</a>, and a set of controls with which the user can browse through the library of music contained in the device, select a track, and play it back. The display, if the unit even has one, can be anything from a simple one or two line monochrome <a href="/facts/LCD/8B6xGBEz">LCD</a> display, similar to what are found on typical <a href="/facts/Pocket_calculator/eeLfRS8L">pocket calculators</a>, to large, high-resolution, full-color displays capable of displaying photographs or viewing video content on. The controls can range anywhere from the simple buttons as are found on most typical <a href="/facts/CD_player/hp7dWc7l">CD players</a>, such as for skipping through tracks or stopping/starting playback to full touch-screen controls, such as that found on the <a href="/facts/IPod_Touch/PRJabx51">iPod Touch</a> or the <a href="/facts/Zune_HD/NLY8Eqra">Zune HD</a>. One of the more common methods of control is some type of the <a href="/facts/Scroll_wheel/51KCdbYG">scroll wheel</a> with associated buttons. This method of control was first introduced with the Apple iPod and many other manufacturers have created variants of this control scheme for their respective devices.

Content is placed on DAPs typically through a process called "syncing", by connecting the device to a personal computer, typically via <a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a>, and running any special software that is often provided with the DAP on a <a href="/facts/CD-ROM/JwuaYLJv">CD-ROM</a> included with the device, or downloaded from the manufacturer's website. Some devices simply appear as an additional disk drive on the host computer, to which music files are simply copied like any other type of file. Other devices, most notably the Apple iPod or Microsoft <a href="/facts/Zune/qbvKhe1R">Zune</a>, requires the use of special management software, such as <a href="/facts/ITunes/pdXPE33T">iTunes</a> or Zune Software, respectively. The music, or other content such as TV episodes or movies, is added to the software to create a "library". The library is then "synced" to the DAP via the software. The software typically provides options for managing situations when the library is too large to fit on the device being synced to. Such options include allowing manual syncing, in that the user can manually "drag-n-drop" the desired tracks to the device, or allow for the creation of <a href="/facts/Playlist/dV3NlYS8">playlists</a>. In addition to the USB connection, some of the more advanced units are now starting to allow syncing through a wireless connection, such as via <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a> or <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>
Content can also be obtained and placed on some DAPs, such as the iPod Touch or Zune HD by allowing access to a "store" or "marketplace", most notably the <a href="/facts/ITunes_Store/c3XFlT3q">iTunes Store</a> or <a href="/facts/Zune_Marketplace/JvylxoBy">Zune Marketplace</a>, from which content, such as music and video, and even games, can be purchased and downloaded directly to the device.

<h2 id="digital-signal-processing">Digital signal processing</h2>
A growing number of portable media players are including audio processing chips that allow digital effects like <a href="/facts/3D_audio_effect/8McKzRPU">3D audio effects</a>, <a href="/facts/Dynamic_range_compression/oVSzPxFY">dynamic range compression</a> and <a href="/facts/Equalization_(audio)/hHGUDhRR">equalisation</a> of the <a href="/facts/Frequency_response/zsHmnCJ4">frequency response</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> Some devices adjust loudness based on <a href="/facts/Fletcher%E2%80%93Munson_curves/TamhqmSc">Fletcher–Munson curves</a>. Some media players are used with <a href="/facts/Noise-cancelling_headphones/zpwbXLkc">Noise-cancelling headphones</a> that use <a href="/facts/Active_noise_reduction/tVxqLBDs">Active noise reduction</a> to remove background noise.

<h3>De-noise mode</h3>
De-noise mode is an alternative to <a href="/facts/Active_noise_reduction/tVxqLBDs">Active noise reduction</a>. It provides for relatively noise-free listening to audio in a noisy environment. In this mode, audio intelligibility is improved due to selective gain reduction of the ambient noise. This method splits external signals into frequency components by "filterbank" (according to the peculiarities of human perception of specific frequencies) and processing them using adaptive <a href="/facts/Audio_compressor/oVSzPxFY">audio compressors</a>. Operation thresholds in adaptive audio compressors (in contrast to "ordinary" compressors) are regulated depending on <a href="/facts/Ambient_noise_level/0zDawBS7">ambient noise levels</a> for each specific bandwidth. Reshaping of the processed signal from adaptive compressor outputs is realised in a synthesis filterbank. This method improves the intelligibility of speech signals and music. The best effect is obtained while listening to audio in the environment with constant noise (in trains, automobiles, planes), or in environments with fluctuating noise level (e.g. in a metro). Improvement of signal intelligibility in condition of ambient noise allows users to hear audio well and preserve hearing ability, in contrast to regular volume amplification.

<h3>Natural mode</h3>
Natural mode is characterised by subjective effect of balance of different frequency sounds, regardless of level of distortion, appearing in the reproduction device. It is also regardless of personal user's ability to perceive specific sound frequencies (excluding obvious hearing loss). The natural effect is obtained due to special sound processing algorithm (i.e. "formula of subjective equalisation of frequency-response function"). Its principle is to assess <a href="/facts/Frequency_response_function/zsHmnCJ4">frequency response function</a> (FRF) of mediaplayer or any other sound reproduction device, in accordance with audibility threshold in silence (subjective for each person),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> and to apply gain modifying factor. The factor is determined with the help of integrated function to test audibility threshold: the program generates tone signals (with divergent oscillations – from minimum volume 30–45 Hz to maximum volume appr. 16 kHz),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> and user assess their subjective audibility. The principle is similar to <a href="/facts/Audiometry/GrE9EQJD">in situ audiometry</a>, used in medicine to prescribe a hearing aid. However, the results of test may be used to a limited extent as far as FRF of sound devices depends on reproduction volume. It means correction coefficient should be determined several times – for various signal strengths, which is not a particular problem from a practical standpoint.

<h3>Sound around mode</h3>
Sound around mode allows for real time overlapping of music and the sounds surrounding the listener in their environment, which are captured by a microphone and mixed into the audio signal. As a result, the user may hear playing music and external sounds of the environment at the same time. This can increase user safety (especially in big cities and busy streets), as a user can hear a <a href="/facts/Footpad/Vjgg1fqW">mugger</a> following them or hear an oncoming car.

<h2 id="controversy">Controversy</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/ITunes_Store/c3XFlT3q">iTunes Store § The Consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge</a>, and <a href="/facts/Digital_rights_management/4AF8JmDt">Digital rights management</a>
Although these issues are not usually controversial within digital audio players, they are matters of continuing controversy and litigation, including but not limited to content distribution and protection, and <a href="/facts/Digital_rights_management/4AF8JmDt">digital rights management</a> (DRM).

<h3>Lawsuit with RIAA</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Recording_Industry_Ass%27n_of_America_v._Diamond_Multimedia_Systems,_Inc./vVNTBeeH">Recording Industry Ass'n of America v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc.</a>
The <a href="/facts/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America/8a7K0Ubf">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) filed a lawsuit in late 1998 against <a href="/facts/Diamond_Multimedia/D9sW38RA">Diamond Multimedia</a> for its <a href="/facts/Rio_PMP300/E61K8MPz">Rio</a> players,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> alleging that the device encouraged copying music illegally. But Diamond won a legal victory on the shoulders of the <a href="/facts/Sony_Corp._v._Universal_City_Studios/AShAc2zB">Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios</a> case and DAPs were legally ruled as electronic devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>

<h3>Risk of hearing damage</h3>
According to the <a href="/facts/Scientific_Committee_on_Emerging_and_Newly_Identified_Health_Risks/lAmGoA1E">Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks</a>, the risk of <a href="/facts/Deafness/PT2xcLaX">hearing damage</a> from digital audio players depends on both sound level and listening time. The listening habits of most users are unlikely to cause hearing loss, but some people are putting their hearing at risk, because they set the volume control very high or listen to music at high levels for many hours per day. Such listening habits may result in temporary or permanent hearing loss, <a href="/facts/Tinnitus/QNjx4EJp">tinnitus</a>, and difficulties understanding speech in noisy environments.
The <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a> warns that increasing use of headphones and earphones puts 1.1 billion teenagers and young adults at risk of hearing loss due to unsafe use of personal audio devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Many <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a> and personal media players are sold with earphones that do a poor job of blocking ambient noise, leading some users to turn up the volume to the maximum level to drown out street noise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> People listening to their media players on crowded commutes sometimes play music at high volumes feel a sense of separation, freedom and escape from their surroundings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>
The World Health Organization recommends that "the highest permissible level of noise exposure in the workplace is 85 dB up to a maximum of eight hours per day" and time in "nightclubs, bars and sporting events" should be limited because they can expose patrons to noise levels of 100 dB. The report states

Teenagers and young people can better protect their hearing by keeping the volume down on personal audio devices, wearing earplugs when visiting noisy venues, and using carefully fitted, and, if possible, <a href="/facts/Noise-cancelling_headphones/zpwbXLkc">noise-cancelling earphones/headphones</a>. They can also limit the time spent engaged in noisy activities by taking short listening breaks and restricting the daily use of personal audio devices to less than one hour. With the help of smartphone apps, they can monitor safe listening levels.
The report also recommends that governments raise awareness of hearing loss, and to recommend people visit a hearing specialist if they experience symptoms of hearing loss, which include pain, ringing or buzzing in the ears.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
A study by the <a href="/facts/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health/5WjdDNMN">National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health</a> found that employees at bars, nightclubs or other music venues were exposed to noise levels above the internationally recommended limits of 82–85 dBA per eight hours. This growing phenomena has led to the coining of the term music-induced hearing loss, which includes hearing loss as a result of overexposure to music on personal media players.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>

<h3>FCC issues</h3>
Some MP3 players have electromagnet transmitters, as well as receivers. Many MP3 players have built-in FM radios, but <a href="/facts/Personal_FM_transmitter/C5jJtyUM">personal FM transmitters</a> are not usually built-in due to liability of transmitter <a href="/facts/Audio_feedback/NaMWquWb">feedback</a> from simultaneous transmission and reception of FM. Also, certain features like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth can interfere with professional-grade communications systems such as aircraft at airports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Digital_video_recorder/g8V6BsU5">Digital video recorder</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Internet_radio_device/AGs79sEb">Internet radio device</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mixtape/TslT6lA1">Mixtape</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Notel/NEbFq13g">Notel</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Portable_DVD_player/0gTtY17w">Portable DVD player</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Walkman_Circ/yDoK5N7u">Walkman Circ</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tekpix/rILPk0wm">Tekpix</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portable media players.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.antiqueradio.com/Dec04_Menta_mp3pt1.html">Collecting MP3 Portables – Part I</a>, <a href="http://www.antiqueradio.com/Apr05_Menta_mp3.html">Part II</a> and <a href="http://www.antiqueradio.com/Jul05_Menta_MP3s.html">Part III</a> – <a href="/facts/Richard_Menta/ph9G7uXj">Richard Menta</a>'s three-part article covers the first digital audio players on the market with pictures of each player.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:2">What are the differences in DLNA device classes? Archived 19 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine What are the differences in DLNA device classes? <a href="http://us.en.kb.sony.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/35234" target="_blank">http://us.en.kb.sony.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/35234</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:18">US 4667088, Kramer, Kane N. & Campbell, James S., "Portable data processing and storage system", issued 1987
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<li id="fn:43">Empeg Car was renamed Rio Car after it was acquired by SONICblue and added to its Rio line of MP3 products <a href="/wiki/SONICblue" target="_blank">/wiki/SONICblue</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"Mobile-review.com История компании Mpio". mobile-review.com. <a href="https://mobile-review.com/mp3/articles/mpio-history.shtml" target="_blank">https://mobile-review.com/mp3/articles/mpio-history.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Portable media player open-in-new

Portable media player