Paul Philippe Cret

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
<h3>Early life and education</h3>
Born in <a href="/facts/Lyon/hKh6EX67">Lyon</a>, France, Cret was educated at that city's <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_des_Beaux-Arts/copYngLD">École des Beaux-Arts</a>, then in Paris, where he studied at the atelier of <a href="/facts/Jean-Louis_Pascal/EKMcHJTk">Jean-Louis Pascal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> 

<h3>Career</h3>

In 1903, Cret came to the United States to teach at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a>. After having settled in the U.S., Cret was visiting France when <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> broke out. He enlisted and remained in the <a href="/facts/French_Army/NCnjovlu">French Army</a> for the duration of the war, and was awarded the <a href="/facts/Croix_de_guerre_1914%25E2%2580%25931918_(France)/AG38A2Bz">Croix de Guerre</a> and made an officer in the <a href="/facts/Legion_of_Honor/XmLQTz71">Legion of Honor</a>.
Cret's practice in the U.S. began in 1907. His first major commission, designed with <a href="/facts/Albert_Kelsey/UprKC4Sr">Albert Kelsey</a>, was the <a href="/facts/Pan_American_Union_Building/BGVR42E2">Pan American Union Building</a>, (the headquarters of what is now the <a href="/facts/Organization_of_American_States/bxrtCRTI">Organization of American States</a>), in <a href="/facts/Washington_D.C./enXPK156">Washington D.C.</a>, which was built between 1908 and 1910,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> a breakthrough that led to many war memorials, civic buildings, court houses, and other solid, official structures.
His work through the 1920s was firmly in the <a href="/facts/Beaux-Arts_architecture/fgwS00Tr">Beaux-Arts</a> tradition, but with the radically <a href="/facts/Stripped_Classicism/T8Ht3C5k">simplified classical</a> form of the <a href="/facts/Folger_Shakespeare_Library/AnlwmXyx">Folger Shakespeare Library</a>, built between 1929 and 1932, he flexibly adopted and applied monumental classical traditions to <a href="/facts/Modernism/AfPDL45X">modernist</a> innovations. Some of Cret's work is remarkably streamlined and forward thinking, and includes collaborations with sculptors such as <a href="/facts/Alfred_Bottiau/5g4E1aI9">Alfred Bottiau</a> and <a href="/facts/Leon_Hermant/KUKNC3sC">Leon Hermant</a>. In the late 1920s, he was brought in as design consultant on Fellheimer and Wagner's, which is the present-day <a href="/facts/Cincinnati_Union_Terminal/1gbhTdCU">Cincinnati Union Terminal</a>, built between 1929 and 1933 during <a href="/facts/Art_Deco/y1xFeh9t">Art Deco</a>'s peak of popularity in architectural style in the U.S. In 1927, Cret became a U.S. citizen. Cret was elected to the <a href="/facts/American_Philosophical_Society/auqTbV2C">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1928.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
In 1931, the regents of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_at_Austin/6NApstxT">University of Texas at Austin</a> commissioned Cret to design a master plan for the campus, and build the <a href="/facts/Beaux-Arts_architecture/fgwS00Tr">Beaux-Art</a> <a href="/facts/Main_Building_of_The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin/3J3XDEur">Main Building</a>, which was constructed between 1934 and 1937 and is the university's signature building structure. Cret went on to collaborate on about 20 additional buildings on the University of Texas at Austin campus. In 1935, he was elected into the <a href="/facts/National_Academy_of_Design/CoEKwG7y">National Academy of Design</a> as an associate member, and became a full academician in 1938.
Cret's contributions to the <a href="/facts/Railroad/9nJQbsDV">railroad</a> industry included designing the side fluting on <a href="/facts/Chicago%2c_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad/9NmAud4K">Burlington</a>'s <a href="/facts/Pioneer_Zephyr/70KFoqha">Pioneer Zephyr</a>, which debuted in 1934, and the <a href="/facts/Atchison%2c_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway/74eCYkC8">Santa Fe</a>'s <a href="/facts/Super_Chief/msuP3e5W">Super Chief</a> <a href="/facts/Passenger_car_(rail)/R5HDppQ6">passenger cars</a>, which were completed in 1936.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
He was a contributor to <a href="/facts/Architectural_Record/T6NF2GwF">Architectural Record</a>, American Architect, and <a href="/facts/The_Craftsman_(magazine)/xYGNIkUp">The Craftsman</a>. He wrote the article "Animals in Christian Art" for the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Encyclopedia/GKufVzBf">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
Cret won the <a href="/facts/AIA_Gold_Medal/WBHeDAGH">Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects</a> in 1938.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Ill health forced his resignation from teaching in 1937. He served on the <a href="/facts/U.S._Commission_of_Fine_Arts/f1jtnYf6">U.S. Commission of Fine Arts</a> from 1940 to 1945.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> 
Cret's work was displayed in the exhibit, From the Bastille to Broad Street: The Influence of France on Philadelphia Architecture, at the <a href="/facts/Athenaeum_of_Philadelphia/UTvhwUmf">Athenaeum of Philadelphia</a> in 2011. An exhibit of his train designs, All Aboard! Paul P. Cret's Train Designs, was displayed at the Athenaeum of Philadelphia from July 5, 2012 to August 24, 2012. With a collection of 17,000 drawings and more than 3,000 photographs, the Athenaeum of Philadelphia has the largest archive of Cret's work.

<h3>Death</h3>
After years of limited activity, Cret died in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> of heart disease on September 8, 1945. He was interred at <a href="/facts/The_Woodlands_(Philadelphia)/6CBE3sYV">The Woodlands</a> in Philadelphia.

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>

Cret taught in the Department of Architecture at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a> for over 30 years, and designed the overall design for the <a href="/facts/Ellen_Phillips_Samuel_Memorial/25wg0Dnj">Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial</a> in <a href="/facts/Fairmount_Park/NaXjY3Dm">Fairmount Park</a>, the <a href="/facts/Rodin_Museum/1Dad2SDf">Rodin Museum</a> in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a>, the master plan for the <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_at_Austin/6NApstxT">University of Texas at Austin</a>, the <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge/qBAerICG">Benjamin Franklin Bridge</a>, one of the primary bridges across the <a href="/facts/Delaware_River/7uFoPlAI">Delaware River</a> between Philadelphia and <a href="/facts/South_Jersey/zlE8TbWS">South Jersey</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Duke_Ellington_Bridge/KHMa5a46">Duke Ellington Bridge</a> in <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> 
Cret's students included <a href="/facts/Louis_Kahn/wza8FptA">Louis Kahn</a>, who studied under him at the University of Pennsylvania and worked in Cret's architectural office in 1929 and 1930. Other notable architects who studied under Cret include <a href="/facts/Alfred_Easton_Poor/PaS7sGeP">Alfred Easton Poor</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> <a href="/facts/Charles_I._Barber/oPtYJeMN">Charles I. Barber</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> <a href="/facts/William_Ward_Watkin/m1cf2LJ7">William Ward Watkin</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> <a href="/facts/Edwin_A._Keeble/SHUasAj0">Edwin A. Keeble</a>, <a href="/facts/Alfred_Bendiner/b2CJYEpS">Alfred Bendiner</a>, and Chinese architect <a href="/facts/Lin_Huiyin/YxYps57o">Lin Huiyin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
Cret designed war memorials, including the <a href="/facts/National_Memorial_Arch/gwNhqbUz">National Memorial Arch</a> at <a href="/facts/Valley_Forge_National_Historical_Park/8J6p2l2G">Valley Forge National Historical Park</a> (1914–17), the Pennsylvania Memorial at the <a href="/facts/Meuse-Argonne/aEQxKpHp">Meuse-Argonne Battlefield</a> in Varennes-en-Argonne, France (1927), the <a href="/facts/Chateau-Thierry_American_Monument/xJIJzbmb">Chateau-Thierry American Monument</a> in Aisne, France (1930), the <a href="/facts/American_War_Memorial%2c_Gibraltar/Sw4lKz1I">American War Memorial</a> at <a href="/facts/Gibraltar/ja2yukgq">Gibraltar</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Flanders_Field_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial/QHSrafHq">Flanders Field American Cemetery and Memorial</a> in <a href="/facts/Waregem%2c_Belgium/cqG04YNe">Waregem, Belgium</a> (1937).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> On the 75th anniversary of the <a href="/facts/Gettysburg_Battlefield/402KH20V">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, President <a href="/facts/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/HtG9vMQv">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> dedicated Cret's Eternal Light Peace Memorial (1938).
For the Pennsylvania Historical Commission, the predecessor of the <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission/lL5wmUVb">Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission</a> (PHMC), Cret designed <a href="/facts/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers/xDnFDhMV">plaques</a> that would mark places and buildings in <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a> where historical events had transpired.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Following Cret's death in 1945, his four partners assumed the practice under the partnership <a href="/facts/Harbeson%2c_Hough%2c_Livingston_%2526_Larson/Fh10uy8E">Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson</a>, which for years was referred to by staff members as H2L2. The firm officially adopted this nickname as its formal title in 1976. H2L2 celebrated 100 years in 2007.
<a href="/facts/Witold_Rybczynski/dEp2Vk0q">Witold Rybczynski</a> has speculated that Cret is not better known today due to his influence on <a href="/facts/Fascist_architecture/egV7wXzS">fascist</a> and <a href="/facts/Nazi_architecture/vTfXn7dQ">Nazi architecture</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Albert_Speer/VMYu0WaU">Albert Speer</a>'s Zeppelinfeld at the <a href="/facts/Nazi_party_rally_grounds/g6IcD0AK">Nazi party rally grounds</a> in <a href="/facts/Nuremberg/Bht6TsP4">Nuremberg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="major-projects">Major projects</h2>
<ul><li>1908–09: <a href="/facts/Stock_Pavilion/BRPAT4yI">Stock Pavilion</a> in <a href="/facts/Madison%2c_Wisconsin/jcVnNquB">Madison, Wisconsin</a> (with Warren Laird and <a href="/facts/Arthur_Peabody/jLoAEJLw">Arthur Peabody</a>)</li>
<li>1908–10: <a href="/facts/Organization_of_American_States/bxrtCRTI">Organization of American States</a> Building in <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> (with Albert Kelsey)</li>
<li>1914–17: <a href="/facts/National_Memorial_Arch/gwNhqbUz">National Memorial Arch</a> at <a href="/facts/Valley_Forge_National_Historical_Park/8J6p2l2G">Valley Forge National Historical Park</a> in <a href="/facts/Valley_Forge%2c_Pennsylvania/XymY0eae">Valley Forge, Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li>1916–17: <a href="/facts/Central_Library_(Indianapolis)/JgHYD26w">Central Library</a> in <a href="/facts/Indianapolis/r8BQof9G">Indianapolis</a> (with <a href="/facts/Zantzinger%2c_Borie_and_Medary/BYxBSsFB">Zantzinger, Borie and Medary</a>)</li>
<li>1922–26: <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge/qBAerICG">Benjamin Franklin Bridge</a> crossing the <a href="/facts/Delaware_River/7uFoPlAI">Delaware River</a> from <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> to <a href="/facts/Camden%2c_New_Jersey/24Sl1gNH">Camden, New Jersey</a></li>
<li>1923–25: <a href="/facts/Barnes_Foundation/WfYRJkWD">Barnes Foundation</a> in <a href="/facts/Merion%2c_Pennsylvania/rd6aLh2K">Merion, Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li>1923–27: <a href="/facts/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts/Y6lgmWM6">Detroit Institute of Arts</a> in <a href="/facts/Detroit/S84s4PGo">Detroit</a> (with <a href="/facts/Zantzinger%2c_Borie_and_Medary/BYxBSsFB">Zantzinger, Borie and Medary</a>)</li>
<li>1926–29: <a href="/facts/Rodin_Museum/1Dad2SDf">Rodin Museum</a> in Philadelphia (with <a href="/facts/Jacques_Gr%25C3%25A9ber/Xks375h6">Jacques Gréber</a>)</li>
<li>1928–29: <a href="/facts/George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_Bridge/YvCaD6wK">George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge</a> in <a href="/facts/Louisville%2c_Kentucky/n2aJVoJv">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li>
<li>1929: Integrity Trust Company Building in Philadelphia</li>
<li>1929: World War I Memorial in <a href="/facts/Providence%2c_Rhode_Island/77kh9zJT">Providence, Rhode Island</a></li>
<li>1929–32: <a href="/facts/Folger_Shakespeare_Library/AnlwmXyx">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> in Washington, D.C.</li>
<li>1930: <a href="/facts/Chateau-Thierry_American_Monument/xJIJzbmb">Chateau-Thierry American Monument</a> in <a href="/facts/Aisne/zMmU63Ff">Aisne</a>, France</li>
<li>1930–32: <a href="/facts/Wissahickon_Memorial_Bridge/1f66UDbE">Henry Avenue Bridge</a> over <a href="/facts/Wissahickon_Creek/bAPH1zbI">Wissahickon Creek</a> in Philadelphia</li>
<li>1931–32: <a href="/facts/Connecticut_Avenue_Bridge_over_Klingle_Valley/UcI9Yldq">Connecticut Avenue Bridge over Klingle Valley</a> in Washington, D.C.</li>
<li>1932: <a href="/facts/Old_Federal_Reserve_Bank_Building_(Philadelphia)/QBlPw0Tt">Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia</a> at 925 <a href="/facts/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)/CRaFvrFe">Chestnut Street</a> in Philadelphia</li>
<li>1932–33: <a href="/facts/Hershey_Community_Center_Building/MqaX40eC">Hershey Community Center Building</a> in <a href="/facts/Hershey%2c_Pennsylvania/JI9LJb5T">Hershey, Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li>1933: United States Courthouse in <a href="/facts/Fort_Worth%2c_Texas/NNBEqVe8">Fort Worth, Texas</a> (consulting architect)</li>
<li>1933–34: <a href="/facts/Central_Heating_Plant_(Washington%2c_D.C.)/Lj13gyj4">Central Heating Plant</a> in Washington, D.C.</li>
<li>1933–61: <a href="/facts/Ellen_Phillips_Samuel_Memorial/25wg0Dnj">Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial</a> in Philadelphia</li>
<li>1934–37: <a href="/facts/Main_Building_of_The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin/3J3XDEur">Main Building of The University of Texas at Austin</a> in <a href="/facts/Austin%2c_Texas/xpVP4t98">Austin, Texas</a></li>
<li>1934–38: <a href="/facts/Tygart_River_Reservoir_Dam/h6qsqMBc">Tygart River Reservoir Dam</a> near <a href="/facts/Grafton%2c_West_Virginia/RavQF5vE">Grafton, West Virginia</a></li>
<li>1935: <a href="/facts/Duke_Ellington_Bridge/KHMa5a46">Duke Ellington Bridge</a> in Washington, D.C.</li>
<li>1935–37: <a href="/facts/Eccles_Building/hr9Je3zv">Eccles Building</a> in Washington, D.C.</li>
<li>1935–37: <a href="/facts/Hipolito_F._Garcia_Federal_Building_and_U.S._Courthouse/6wr3IsoA">Hipolito F. Garcia Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse</a> in <a href="/facts/San_Antonio%2c_Texas/AzJuQzSm">San Antonio, Texas</a></li>
<li>1936: <a href="/facts/Fair_Park/6rmmcenr">Fair Park</a> Texas Centennial Exposition Buildings at the <a href="/facts/Texas_Centennial_Exposition/JaQnbe7S">Texas Centennial Exposition</a> in <a href="/facts/Dallas/f3c7MQn0">Dallas</a> (consulting architect)</li>
<li>1936–39: <a href="/facts/Texas_Memorial_Museum/d4rtPoQK">Texas Memorial Museum</a>, in Austin, Texas (consulting architect)</li>
<li>1937: <a href="/facts/Flanders_Field_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial/QHSrafHq">Flanders Field American Cemetery and Memorial</a> in <a href="/facts/Waregem/cqG04YNe">Waregem</a>, Belgium (with <a href="/facts/Jacques_Gr%25C3%25A9ber/Xks375h6">Jacques Gréber</a>)</li>
<li>1938: <a href="/facts/Eternal_Light_Peace_Memorial/CzIwdqDV">Eternal Light Peace Memorial</a> at <a href="/facts/Gettysburg_Battlefield/402KH20V">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> in <a href="/facts/Gettysburg%2c_Pennsylvania/4j5Mr2j8">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/facts/Lee_Lawrie/FV8XtEGS">Lee Lawrie</a>, sculptor)</li>
<li>1939–44: <a href="/facts/National_Naval_Medical_Center/16hLt4yk">National Naval Medical Center</a>, Buildings 1 and 17, in <a href="/facts/Bethesda%2c_Maryland/6Ap8BkWN">Bethesda, Maryland</a> (consulting architect)</li>
<li>1940: 2601 Parkway in Philadelphia</li></ul>
<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
 Media related to Paul Philippe Cret at Wikimedia Commons

<ul><li><a href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1800s/cret_paul.html">Paul Philippe Cret biography</a> at University of Pennsylvania</li>
<li><a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl295">Paul Philippe Cret Papers, University of Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10193475">Paul Philippe Cret</a> at <a href="/facts/Find_a_Grave/oRU854B1">Find a Grave</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0mPsLYSHqM">Paul Cret – Architect</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display_projects.cfm/22472">Paul Philippe Cret</a> from Philadelphia Architects and Buildings.</li>
<li><a href="http://assets.cambridge.org/052149/6012/sample/0521496012WSN01.pdf">First chapter of "The Civic Architecture of Paul Cret"</a></li>
<li><a href="https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/3460556/">Paul Philippe Cret architectural drawings, circa 1901-1936</a>. <a href="http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/">Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives</a>, <a href="http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery.html/">Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">White, Theo B., editor, John F Harbeson, forward, Paul Philippe Cret: Author and Teacher, The Art Alliance Press, Philadelphia PA 1973 p 21 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Scott, Pamela and Antoinette J. Lee, Buildings of the District of Columbia, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991 p 208 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved July 27, 2023. <a href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+P.+Cret&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced" target="_blank">https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+P.+Cret&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Johnston, Bob; Welsh, Joe; Schafer, Mike (2001). The Art of the Streamliner. New York: Metro Books. ISBN 978-1-58663-146-8. <a href="978-1-58663-146-8" target="_blank">978-1-58663-146-8</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Cret, Paul Philippe", The Catholic Encyclopedia and Its Makers, New York, the Encyclopedia Press, 1917, p. 36 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZQuAAAAYAAJ&q=W.H.+Grattan+Flood&pg=PA10" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oZQuAAAAYAAJ&q=W.H.+Grattan+Flood&pg=PA10</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Wilson, Richard Guy, The AIA Gold Medal, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1984 p 162 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Thomas E. Luebke, ed., Civic Art: A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013): Appendix B, p. 542. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Art of the Print – Alfred Easton Poor. Retrieved: 17 May 2011. <a href="http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/poor_alfred_easton_malines.htm" target="_blank">http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/poor_alfred_easton_malines.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission, Lyons View Pike Historic District, c. 2002. Retrieved: 16 May 2011. <a href="http://archive.knoxmpc.org/historic/dguides/lyons.pdf" target="_blank">http://archive.knoxmpc.org/historic/dguides/lyons.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Handbook of Texas Online – William Ward Watkin <a href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fwa91" target="_blank">https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fwa91</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Peter G. Rowe, Seng Kuan, Architectural Encounters With Essence and Form in Modern China, MIT Press, 2002, p. 48. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Nishiura, Elizabeth, editor, American Battle Monuments: A Guide to Military Cemeteries and Monuments Maintained By the American Battle Monuments Commission, Omnigrap p 22, 49, 50, 82 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine, Volume XL, Number 4, Fall 2014, A Century of Marking History: 100 Years of the PA Historical Marker Program, by John K. Robinson and Karen Galle <a href="http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/pa-heritage/century-marking-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/pa-heritage/century-marking-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Rybczynski, Witold (October 21, 2014). "The Late, Great Paul Cret". T: The New York Times Style Magazine. Retrieved October 22, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski" target="_blank">/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Paul Philippe Cret open-in-new

Paul Philippe Cret