Andrew Dickson White

<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2>

White was born on November 7, 1832, in <a href="/facts/Homer,_New_York/Gl7qfhTY">Homer, New York</a>, to Clara (née Dickson) and Horace White.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Clara was the daughter of <a href="/facts/Andrew_Dickson_(politician)/M8XAtLPs">Andrew Dickson</a>, a <a href="/facts/New_York_State_Assembly/jSuz8Br9">New York State Representative</a> in <a href="/facts/55th_New_York_State_Legislature/nr7QRCtX">1832</a> and his wife. Horace was the son of Asa White, a farmer from <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a>, and his wife. Their once-successful farm was ruined by a fire when Horace was 13.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
Despite little formal education and struggles with poverty after his family lost their farm, Horace White became a businessman and wealthy merchant. In 1839, he opened what became <a href="/facts/Syracuse_Savings_Bank_Building/ycYQYRLY">Syracuse Savings Bank</a> in <a href="/facts/Syracuse,_New_York/luD99ChN">Syracuse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Horace and Clara White had two children: Andrew Dickson and his brother. Andrew was baptized in 1835 at the Calvary Episcopal Church on the <a href="/facts/Town_green/RygHWK9s">town green</a> in Homer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
One of Andrew's cousins, <a href="/facts/Edwin_White/6Xqxnusl">Edwin White</a>, became an artist of the <a href="/facts/Luminism_(American_art_style)/cQ5hzuHT">Luminism</a> style and <a href="/facts/Hudson_River_School/1tj87aSd">Hudson River School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> His nephew was <a href="/facts/Horace_White/mtPngICg">Horace White</a>, governor of New York.
Beginning in the fall of 1849, White enrolled as an undergraduate at Geneva College, known today as <a href="/facts/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges/d0AgY8dk">Hobart and William Smith Colleges</a>, at the insistence of his father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> He was inducted as a member of <a href="/facts/Sigma_Phi_Society/FT3fXljH">Sigma Phi Society</a> in 1850 and he served as editor of the fraternity's publication, The Flame. White remained active in the fraternity for the rest of his life, founding the Cornell chapter and serving as the national president from 1913 to 1915.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> In his autobiography, he recalled that he had felt that his time at Geneva was "wasted" by being at the small <a href="/facts/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)/fmF3F2FM">Episcopalian</a> school instead of at "one of the larger New England universities".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> White dropped out in 1850. 
After a period of estrangement, White persuaded his father to let him transfer to <a href="/facts/Yale_College/03WN6t69">Yale College</a>. At Yale, White was a classmate of <a href="/facts/Daniel_Coit_Gilman/YJMjLKWM">Daniel Coit Gilman</a>, who later served as the first president of <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>. The two were members of the <a href="/facts/Skull_and_Bones/aU08J4BE">Skull and Bones</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> secret society and would remain close friends. They traveled together in Europe after graduation and served together on the <a href="/facts/Venezuela_Boundary_Commission/xvzCtpkd">Venezuela Boundary Commission</a> (1895–1896). His roommate was <a href="/facts/Thomas_Frederick_Davies_Sr./va3UucfE">Thomas Frederick Davies Sr.</a>, who later became the third bishop of the <a href="/facts/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Michigan/91kpbfhN">Episcopal Diocese of Michigan</a>, 1889–1905.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Other members of White's graduating year included <a href="/facts/Edmund_Clarence_Stedman/eTmTvBLd">Edmund Clarence Stedman</a>, the poet and essayist; <a href="/facts/Wayne_MacVeagh/MRxKfAFc">Wayne MacVeagh</a>, <a href="/facts/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States/8VaY1rlI">Attorney General of the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Ambassador_to_Italy/DojAx77M">U.S. Ambassador to Italy</a>; and <a href="/facts/Hiram_Bingham_II/ekhJX5SR">Hiram Bingham II</a>, the missionary, collectively comprising the so-called "famous class of '53."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> According to White, he was deeply influenced in his academic career and life by Professor <a href="/facts/Noah_Porter/U0rfK9gb">Noah Porter</a> (later, Yale's president), who personally instructed him in rhetoric and remained a close personal friend until Porter's death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
He also served as an editor of The Lit., known today as the <a href="/facts/Yale_Literary_Magazine/2um9hAez">Yale Literary Magazine</a>. He belonged to <a href="/facts/Linonian_Society/WNqx0UGa">Linonia</a>, a literary and debating society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> As a junior, White won the Yale literary prize for the best essay, writing on the topic "The Greater Distinctions in Statesmanship;" this was a surprise as traditionally a senior was chosen for the winning essay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Also as a junior, White joined the junior society <a href="/facts/Psi_Upsilon/WlV0Q6Td">Psi Upsilon</a>. In his senior year, White won the Clark Prize for English <a href="/facts/Disputation/PYztv1Me">disputation</a> and the De Forest prize for public oratory, speaking on the topic "The Diplomatic History of Modern Times". Valued at $100, the De Forest prize was then the largest prize of its kind at any educational institution, American or otherwise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> In addition to academic pursuits, White was on the Yale <a href="/facts/Rowing_(sport)/vN9AnU2G">crew</a> team, and competed in the first <a href="/facts/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta/1VBnCnMn">Harvard–Yale Regatta</a> in 1852.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
After graduation, White traveled and studied in Europe with his classmate Daniel Coit Gilman. Between 1853 and 1854, he studied at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Paris/yXAx8nlG">Sorbonne</a>, the <a href="/facts/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France/zDuHr8f1">Collège de France</a>, and the <a href="/facts/University_of_Berlin/QE2lhhkd">University of Berlin</a>. He also served as the translator for <a href="/facts/Thomas_H._Seymour/X90YGdBQ">Thomas H. Seymour</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia/sylQKhFQ">U.S. Ambassador to Russia</a>, following Gilman's term as translator, although he had not studied <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> (<a href="/facts/Lingua_franca/dlGrD7ra">the language of diplomacy</a> and the Russian royal court) prior to his studies in Europe. After he returned the United States, White enrolled at Yale to earn a <a href="/facts/Master_of_Arts/ABQoKTLg">MA</a> and be inducted into <a href="/facts/Phi_Beta_Kappa/5TkV3tLw">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in 1856.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>
<h3>Academia</h3>
In October 1858, White accepted a position as a professor of History and English literature at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a>, where he remained on faculty until 1863.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> White made his lasting mark on the grounds of the university by enrolling students to plant <a href="/facts/Elm/jRBEeWEJ">elms</a> along the walkways on <a href="/facts/The_Diag/efJUpqAK">The Diag</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Between 1862 and 1863, he traveled to Europe to lobby France and Britain to assist the United States in the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a> or at least not to aid the <a href="/facts/Confederate_States_of_America/jMSDM4q3">Confederate States</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h3>Founding of Cornell University</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/History_of_Cornell_University/7mHgFWA2">History of Cornell University</a>

In 1863, White returned to reside in <a href="/facts/Syracuse,_New_York/luD99ChN">Syracuse</a> for business reasons. In November, he was elected to the <a href="/facts/New_York_State_Senate/eaQBUQtD">New York State Senate</a> on the <a href="/facts/National_Union_Party_(United_States)/EJa3XQts">Union Party</a> ticket.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> In the Senate, White met the fellow <a href="/facts/Upstate_New_York/rjNaWzld">upstate</a> Senator <a href="/facts/Ezra_Cornell/WCQ8r3MU">Ezra Cornell</a>, a self-taught <a href="/facts/Quakers/CQFqeKAJ">Quaker</a> farmer from <a href="/facts/Ithaca,_New_York/mPyMCjEd">Ithaca</a> who had made a modest fortune in the <a href="/facts/Telegraph/JhRYDSDu">telegraph</a> industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Around then, the senators were called on to decide how best to use the higher education funding provided by the <a href="/facts/Morrill_Land-Grant_Colleges_Act/9xp9DnEN">Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act</a>, which allocated timberland in the <a href="/facts/Midwestern_United_States/VanHjkw2">Midwest</a>, which states could sell as they saw fit. Through effective management by Cornell, New York, generated about $2.5 million (equivalent to $64 million in today dollars<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>) from its allotted scrip, a greater yield per acre than any state except perhaps <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The senators initially wanted to divvy the funds among the numerous small state colleges of their districts. White fervently argued that the money would be more effectively used if it endowed only one university. Ezra Cornell agreed and told White, "I have about half a million dollars more than my family will need: what is the best thing I can do with it for the State?" White immediately replied, "The best thing you can do with it is to establish or strengthen some institution of higher learning."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The two thus combined their efforts to form a new university.
White pressed for the university to be located on the hill in Syracuse, the current location of <a href="/facts/Syracuse_University/UhpgUjmb">Syracuse University</a>, because of the city's transportation hub. That could help attract faculty, students, and other persons of note. However, as a young carpenter working in Syracuse, Cornell had been robbed of his wages,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> and insisted for the university to be in his hometown of <a href="/facts/Ithaca,_New_York/mPyMCjEd">Ithaca</a>. He proposed to donate land on his large farm on East Hill, overlooking the town and <a href="/facts/Cayuga_Lake/BPHgKzPc">Cayuga Lake</a>. White convinced Cornell to give his name to the university "in accordance with [the] time-honored American usage" of naming universities after their largest initial benefactors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> On February 7, 1865, White introduced a bill "to establish the Cornell University" and, on April 27, 1865, after months of debate, Governor <a href="/facts/Reuben_E._Fenton/5KyxXnKf">Reuben E. Fenton</a> signed into law the bill endowing Cornell University as the state's <a href="/facts/List_of_land-grant_universities/y6gWcRP8">land-grant institution</a>.In 1865, White also authored "...The Negro's Right to Citizenship - a very detailed legal, ethical and logical argument for citizenship for the Negro." A staunch abolitionist, White was also the author of "abolition of Slavery the Right of Government under the War Powers Act" as well as several other legal arguments in favor of the Negro."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
White became the school's first president and served as a professor in the <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Department_of_History/jv5YYnuw">Department of History</a>. He commissioned Cornell's first <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_College_of_Architecture,_Art,_and_Planning/IakeUAsK">architecture student</a>, <a href="/facts/William_Henry_Miller_(architect)/EacEJbmj">William Henry Miller</a>, to build <a href="/facts/Andrew_Dickson_White_House/qDtd5yHz">his president's mansion</a> on campus.
White was elected a member of the <a href="/facts/American_Philosophical_Society/auqTbV2C">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1869<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> and <a href="/facts/American_Antiquarian_Society/pytVdveY">American Antiquarian Society</a> in 1884.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
In 1891, <a href="/facts/Leland_Stanford/znwAfgB8">Leland</a> and Jane Stanford asked White to serve as the first president of <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>, which they had founded in <a href="/facts/Palo_Alto,_California/KJpC7kd8">Palo Alto, California</a>. Although he refused, he recommended his former student <a href="/facts/David_Starr_Jordan/qLNo5UIR">David Starr Jordan</a>.

<h3>Conflict thesis</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Conflict_thesis/bL7JDmBV">Conflict thesis</a>
At the time of Cornell's founding, White announced that it would be "an asylum for Science—where truth shall be sought for truth's sake, not stretched or cut exactly to fit Revealed Religion."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Until then, most of America's private universities had been founded as religious institutions and generally were focused on the <a href="/facts/Liberal_arts/YtUI0rgu">liberal arts</a> and religious training.
In 1869, White gave a lecture on "The Battle-Fields of Science" in which he argued that history showed the negative outcomes resulting from any attempt on the part of <a href="/facts/Religion/cxntrD0R">religion</a> to interfere with the progress of <a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">science</a>. Over the next 30 years, he refined his analysis, expanding his case studies to include nearly every field of science over the entire history of Christianity but also narrowing his target from "religion" through "ecclesiasticism" to "dogmatic theology."
The final result was the two-volume <a href="/facts/A_History_of_the_Warfare_of_Science_with_Theology_in_Christendom/2hX67qUE">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</a> (1896) in which he asserted the <a href="/facts/Conflict_thesis/bL7JDmBV">conflict thesis</a> of science being against <a href="/facts/Dogmatic_theology/Se5jovEb">dogmatic theology</a>. Initially less popular than <a href="/facts/John_William_Draper/HgDtKwP3">John William Draper</a>'s History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874), White's book became an influential text in the 19th century on the <a href="/facts/Relationship_between_religion_and_science/wrfQ774U">relationship between religion and science</a>. White's conflict thesis has been widely rejected among contemporary historians of science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The warfare depiction remains a popular view among critics of religion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h3>Diplomat</h3>

While at Cornell, in 1871, he took leave to serve as a Commissioner to <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Santo Domingo</a>, along with <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Wade/8BdhAucn">Benjamin Wade</a> and <a href="/facts/Samuel_Gridley_Howe/F6PkxS3G">Samuel Howe</a>, at the request of President <a href="/facts/Ulysses_Grant/htCzhMtb">Ulysses Grant</a> to determine the feasibility of an American annexation of the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>. Their report (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUd9AAAAMAAJ">available here</a>) supported the annexation, but Grant was unable to gain sufficient political support to take further action.
Later, White was appointed as the American ambassador to Germany (1879–1881). After returning to the United States, he was elected as the first president of the <a href="/facts/American_Historical_Association/MqdTNn4e">American Historical Association</a> (1884–1886). Upstate <a href="/facts/New_York_Republican_State_Committee/JyTtCKS2">New York Republicans</a> nominated him for <a href="/facts/List_of_Governors_of_New_York/u4KjQ4Do">governor</a> in 1876 and for Congress in 1886, but he did not win either primary.
Following his resignation in 1885 as Cornell's president, White served as the minister to Russia (1892–1894), president of the American delegation to <a href="/facts/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)/h61yeIjd">The Hague Peace Conference (1899)</a>, and again as ambassador to Germany (1897–1902).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
In 1904, White published his Autobiography, which he had written while he was relaxing in Italy after his retirement from the Department of State with the change in administrations. Cornell's third president, <a href="/facts/Jacob_Gould_Schurman/jv8E81TF">Jacob Gould Schurman</a>, was appointed as ambassador to Germany from 1925 to 1929.
At the onset of <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>, White supported the German cause within Europe because he had strong professional and emotional ties to Germany. By the summer of 1915, he retreated from this position and refrained from offering any support either publicly or privately.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> In the fall of 1916, President <a href="/facts/Woodrow_Wilson/zE4yxK2X">Woodrow Wilson</a> appointed White to a peace commission to prepare a treaty with China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> As of December 1916, White had reduced some of his obligations, resigning from the <a href="/facts/Smithsonian_Institution/pqC74ta9">Smithsonian Board of Regents</a> and the trustees of the <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science/zS5MqNUP">Carnegie Institution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h3>Bibliophile</h3>

Over the course of his career, White <a href="/facts/Bibliophile/FNdGRw1l">amassed a sizable book collection</a>. His library included an extensive section on <a href="/facts/Architecture/FccThs8G">architecture</a>, which then represented the largest architecture library in the United States. He donated all 4,000 books to the <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Library/96DawNc6">Cornell University Library</a> for the purpose of teaching architecture as well as the remainder of his 30,000-book collection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
In 1879, White enlisted <a href="/facts/George_Lincoln_Burr/mfSqIdtk">George Lincoln Burr</a>, a former undergraduate assistant for one of his seminars, to manage the rare books collection. Though Burr would later hold other positions at the university, such as Professor of History, he remained White's collaborator and head of this collection until 1922 by traveling over Europe, locating and amassing books that White wanted. In particular, he built the collections on the <a href="/facts/Reformation/9ClEbhnL">Reformation</a>, <a href="/facts/Witchcraft/kdbQwmBD">witchcraft</a>, and the <a href="/facts/French_Revolution/PIkDlrC0">French Revolution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Today, White's collection is housed primarily in the Cornell Archives and in the Andrew Dickson White Reading Room (formally known as the "President White Library of History and Political Science") at Uris Library on the Ithaca Campus. The A.D. White Reading Room was designed by <a href="/facts/William_Henry_Miller_(architect)/EacEJbmj">William Henry Miller</a>, who had also designed White's mansion on campus.
While serving in <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, White made the acquaintance of author <a href="/facts/Leo_Tolstoy/lm1GwrL7">Leo Tolstoy</a>. Tolstoy's fascination with <a href="/facts/Mormons/2DPWLeVJ">Mormonism</a> sparked a similar interest in White, who had previously regarded the Latter-Day Saints (LDS) as a dangerous <a href="/facts/Cult/PHvIWkYy">cult</a>. Upon his return to the United States, White took advantage of Cornell's proximity to the religion's birthplace in <a href="/facts/Palmyra_(town),_New_York/LgMty0E0">Palmyra</a> to amass a collection of LDS memorabilia (including many original copies of the <a href="/facts/Book_of_Mormon/jUlLhHE3">Book of Mormon</a>); it is unmatched by any other institution outside the church itself and its flagship <a href="/facts/Brigham_Young_University/aYaXLWt2">Brigham Young University</a>.

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>
White married twice. His first marriage, on September 27, 1857, was to Mary Amanda Outwater (February 10, 1836 – June 8, 1887), daughter of Peter Outwater and Lucia M. Phillips of Syracuse. Mary's maternal grandmother Amanda Danforth, daughter of Asa Danforth Jr. and wife of Elijah Phillips Jr., was the first white child born in what would become <a href="/facts/Onondaga_County,_New_York/RM1Evrbd">Onondaga County, New York</a>. Her great-grandfathers included General Asa Danforth, an early pioneer of upstate New York and leader of the <a href="/facts/State_Militia/STLGCsqL">State Militia</a>, as well as Elijah Philips Sr., who had responded to the alarm to <a href="/facts/Lexington,_Massachusetts/QEMK79lc">Lexington, Massachusetts</a>, in 1775 and later served as the High Sheriff of Onondaga County.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
Andrew and Mary had three children together: Frederick Davies White, who committed <a href="/facts/Suicide/j92cWcay">suicide</a> in his forties in 1901<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> after a prolonged series of illnesses; Clara (White) Newbury, who died before her father; and Ruth (White) Ferry. After his wife died in 1887,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> White went on a lecture tour and traveled in Europe with his close friend, <a href="/facts/Daniel_Willard_Fiske/RUuNqN8y">Daniel Willard Fiske</a>, librarian at Cornell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
After three years as a widower, in 1890, White married <a href="/facts/Helen_Magill_White/0k9gM3JK">Helen Magill</a>, the daughter of Edward Magill, <a href="/facts/Swarthmore_College/QIbYLFx2">Swarthmore College</a>'s second president. She was the first woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Like her husband, Helen was a social scientist and educator; the two met at a conference where she was presenting a paper. Together, Helen and Andrew had three children.

<h2 id="death-and-legacy">Death and legacy</h2>

On October 26, 1918, White suffered a slight paralytic stroke following a severe illness of several days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> On the morning of Monday, November 4, White died at home in Ithaca.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Three days later, on November 7, on what would have been White's 86th birthday, White was interred at <a href="/facts/Sage_Chapel/PgUKYFEw">Sage Chapel</a> on the Cornell campus. The chapel was filled to capacity by faculty, trustees, and other well-wishers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>
White's body resides in a sarcophagus in the Memorial Room with those of other persons deemed influential in the founding and early years of the university, including co-founder <a href="/facts/Ezra_Cornell/WCQ8r3MU">Ezra Cornell</a> and benefactor <a href="/facts/Jennie_McGraw/p5DptWYJ">Jennie McGraw-Fiske</a>. His marble <a href="/facts/Sarcophagus/7gt0eaA9">sarcophagus</a> was designed in the popular <a href="/facts/Art_Nouveau/e2Ahfp05">Art Nouveau</a> style. It features crests of countries and institutions that played important roles in White's life. For example, the adjacent picture shows the crests of the two countries where White was an ambassador; the <a href="/facts/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany/TT3WqmSe">coat of arms of Imperial Germany</a> is on left and <a href="/facts/Saint_George/V83j5eTj">Saint George</a>, a variation on the <a href="/facts/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow/vDtnwh89">coat of arms of Moscow</a>, representing Russia, is on the right.
The sarcophagus was completed in 1926 by sculptor <a href="/facts/Lee_Lawrie/FV8XtEGS">Lee Oskar Lawrie</a> (1877–1963), who also created sculptures adorning Myron Taylor Hall at Cornell. Lawrie is perhaps best known for his <a href="/facts/Atlas_(statue)/7UfSok8P">Atlas</a> statue at <a href="/facts/Rockefeller_Center/pLSH8Mld">Rockefeller Center</a> in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>
In his will, White left $500,000 ($10.5 million in 2024) to Cornell University, in addition to the considerable sums donated to the institution earlier in his life.

<h3>Cornell University</h3>
In his 1904 autobiography, The Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White, White wrote:

<blockquote>During my life, which is now extending beyond the allotted span of threescore and ten, I have been engaged after the manner of my countrymen, in many sorts of work, have become interested in many conditions of men have joined in many efforts which I hope have been of use; but, most of all, I have been interested in the founding and maintaining of Cornell University, and by the part, I have taken in that, more than by any other work of my life I hope to be judged.— Andrew Dickson White, The Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White (1904)</blockquote>
Until at least the mid-20th century, Cornell undergraduates with the surname 'White' were traditionally given the nickname 'Andy' in reference to White. Notably, <a href="/facts/E._B._White/UCKumnl6">E. B. White</a>, author of the world-famous children's book <a href="/facts/Charlotte%27s_Web/B0vqWuDE">Charlotte's Web</a>, continued to go by the nickname 'Andy' for the rest of his life after his undergraduate years at Cornell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

<h2 id="legacy-and-honors">Legacy and honors</h2>
Historian Benjamin G, Rader argues that in creating Cornell:<blockquote>White championed nondenominationalism, coeducation, an
elective curriculum, and academic freedom. These positions won him a lasting reputation as a pioneer in the history of higher education.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></blockquote>
According to professor <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_Blodgett/TkynLz3w">Geoffrey Blodgett</a>, White confronted a series of complex challenges in his long career:<blockquote>Above all, the creation from scratch of a large, high-quality, coeducational, nonsectarian public university in the cockpit of post-Civil War, educational politics was an organizational chore of awesome subtlety for man of White's genteel background and soaring ideals."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></blockquote>

White was awarded numerous honorary degrees, including:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Law/Vmzu99Hg">LL.D.</a> (1867)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cornell_University/FGyXuXeI">Cornell University</a>, LL.D. (1886)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a>, LL.D. (1887)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters/kzM0BJF3">L.H.D.</a> (1887)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_Jena/Kv3JXbEL">University of Jena</a>, <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Philosophy/paJumdN8">Ph.D.</a> (1889)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/St._Andrew%27s_University/IwXjmljw">St. Andrew's University</a>, LL.D. (October 1902)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a>, LL.D. (1902)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Civil_Law/Vd3zRm6U">D.C.L.</a> in connection with the <a href="/facts/Bodleian_Library/wxknaMJk">Bodleian Library</a> tercentenary (October 1902)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dartmouth_College/JLk2nNaN">Dartmouth College</a>, LL.D. (1906)</li></ul>
<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="ancestry">Ancestry</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Ancestors of Andrew Dickson White</th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4">Asa White</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4">Horace White</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4">Andrew White1832-1918</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Andrew_Dickson_(politician)/M8XAtLPs">Andrew Dickson</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4">Clara Dickson</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="selected-bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2>
For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/facts/Bibliography_of_Andrew_Dickson_White/JavkL5j5">Bibliography of Andrew Dickson White</a>.
<ul><li>Outlines of a Course of Lectures on History (1861).</li>
<li>Syllabus of Lectures on Modern History (1876).</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/details/fiatmoneyinfranc00whitrich/page/n5/mode/2">Fiat Money Inflation in France: How It Came, What It Brought, and How It Ended; To Which is Added an Extract from Macaulay Showing the Results of the Tempering with the Currency of England</a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1896. Retrieved May 18, 2024 – via <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>.</li>
<li>A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols. (1896), online at Gutenberg <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/505">text file</a>.</li>
<li>Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason (1910).</li>
<li>The Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White (1911), online at Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White: <a href="https://archive.org/details/autobioandrew01whitrich">Vol. 1</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/autobioandrew02whitrich">Vol. 2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://mises.org/books/inflationinfrance.pdf">Fiat Money Inflation in France: How It Came, What It Brought, and How It Ended</a> (PDF) (3rd ed.). New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1933 – via mises.org. , <a href="http://www.libertarianpress.com/fiatmoneyinflation/">e-text</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Andrew_Dickson_White_House/qDtd5yHz">Andrew Dickson White House</a></li></ul>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Sources</h3>

<ul><li>White, Andrew Dickson (1904). Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White. The Century Co.</li>
<li>Bishop, Morris (1962). <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcornell00bish_0">A History of Cornell</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Press/qbwTuIJC">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8014-0036-0.</li>
<li>Finch, Henry, ed. (1970). The Andrew Dickson White Papers at Cornell University, 1846–1919. Cornell University Archives.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li> "Sketch of Andrew Dickson White" in <a href="/facts/Popular_Science_Monthly/dE4EBW22">Popular Science Monthly</a> Volume 48, February 1896</li>
<li>Altschuler, Glenn C. (March 1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/andrewdwhiteeduc00alts">Andrew D. White—Educator, Historian, Diplomat</a>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Press/qbwTuIJC">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8014-1156-4.</li>
<li>Altschuler, Glenn C. (1999) "White, Andrew Dickson (1832-1918), university president and diplomat " American National Biography</li>
<li>Beach, Mark B. "Andrew Dickson White as ex-president: The plight of a retired reformer." American Quarterly 17.2 (1965): 239-247.[Beach, Mark B. "Andrew Dickson White as ex-president: The plight of a retired reformer." American Quarterly 17.2 (1965): 239-247. online]</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Wolfgang_Drechsler/qy8AkJAF">Drechsler, Wolfgang J. M.</a> (1989). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ikMAAAAIAAJ">Andrew D. White in Deutschland: der Vertreter der USA in Berlin, 1879–1881 und 1887–1902 (Andrew D. White in Germany. The Representative of the United States in Berlin, 1879–1881 and 1897–1902)</a>. Stuttgart: H.-D. Heinz. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-88099-624-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/David_C._Lindberg/1W8Atto9">Lindberg, David C.</a> and <a href="/facts/Ronald_L._Numbers/6HkGrzaJ">Numbers, Ronald L.</a> (1986). "Introduction". In Lindberg and Numbers (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hs2edDIGCqEC&pg=PA1">God and nature: historical essays on the encounter between Christianity and science</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-05692-3.</li>
<li>Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1987). <a href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1987/PSCF9-87Lindberg.html">"Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science"</a>. <a href="/facts/Perspectives_on_Science_and_Christian_Faith/xakWHctz">Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith</a>. 39 (3): 140–149. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61313836">61313836</a>.</li>
<li>Engst, Elaine D.; Dimunation, Mark (1996). <a href="http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/5416">A Legacy of Ideas: Andrew Dickson White and the Founding of the Cornell University Library</a>. An exhibition celebrating the Thirty-Seventh Preconference of the Rare Books and Manuscripts Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Library.</li>
<li>Ungureanu, James C. <a href="https://upittpress.org/books/9780822945819/">Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition: Retracing the Origins of Conflict</a>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikiquote has quotations related to Andrew Dickson White.

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:Andrew Dickson White

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew Dickson White.

Cornell University links

<ul><li><a href="http://www.cornell.edu/president/history_bio_white.cfm">"Office of the Presidency: Andrew Dickson White"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University/FGyXuXeI">Cornell University</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2007. Brief history of White</li>
<li><a href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/presidents/view_item.php?sec=3&sub=8">"Presidents Exhibition: Andrew Dickson White, Presidency"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Library/96DawNc6">Cornell University Library</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/presidents/view_item.php?sec=4&sub=19">"Presidents Exhibition: Andrew Dickson White, Inauguration"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Library/96DawNc6">Cornell University Library</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="http://resolver.library.cornell.edu/misc/4077228">"Andrew Dickson White Collection of Architectural Photographs"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Library/96DawNc6">Cornell University Library</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="http://libecast.library.cornell.edu/uris/white.html">"Andrew Dickson White Library"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Library/96DawNc6">Cornell University Library</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/footsteps/exhibition/foundingcollections/foundingcollections_1.html">"Andrew Dickson White's Book Collection"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Library/96DawNc6">Cornell University Library</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Aap-exhibit/AAP1.html">"Andrew Dickson White and the History of Cornell's College of Architecture, Art, and Planning"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Library/96DawNc6">Cornell University Library</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820232104/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Aap-exhibit/AAP1.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</li></ul>
Other links

<ul><li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/271">Works by Andrew Dickson White</a> at <a href="/facts/Project_Gutenberg/2l0R6GgQ">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%20Dickson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22White%2C%20A%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20Dickson%20White%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20White%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20Dickson%20White%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20Dickson%20White%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%20Dickson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22White%2C%20A%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22White%2C%20A%2E%20Dickson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20White%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20Dickson%20White%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20White%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20Dickson%20White%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20D%2E%20White%22%20OR%20description%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%20Dickson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%20D%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20White%22%20OR%20description%3A%22White%2C%20Andrew%22%29%20OR%20%28%221832-1918%22%20AND%20White%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Andrew Dickson White</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/17403">Works by Andrew Dickson White</a> at <a href="/facts/LibriVox/FF71kJKC">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ilovethefingerlakes.com/history/famous-people-cornell.htm">"Famous People of the Finger Lakes"</a>. ilovethefingerlakes.com. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928075431/http://www.ilovethefingerlakes.com/history/famous-people-cornell.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007. History of White [Ezra Cornell, Andrew Dickson White and the Establishment of Cornell University]</li>
<li><a href="http://www.bede.org.uk/conflict.htm">"The Mythical Conflict between Science and Religion"</a>. bede.org.uk. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015093058/http://bede.org.uk/conflict.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007. Addresses White's scholarship.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/cornelluniversitylibrary/collections/72157616674562400/">A.D. White's Architectural Photos</a> A collection within <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/cornelluniversitylibrary/">the Flickr stream of Cornell University Library</a>. Specifically includes A.D. White's photographs of European, Latin American, and Middle Eastern architecture.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606173105/http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2008/04/trees.php">"U-M Heritage: Professor White's Trees"</a>. Michigan Today. Archived from <a href="http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2008/04/trees.php">the original</a> on June 6, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010. Essay and slideshow about White's lasting mark on the <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a>'s campus.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Dr. A.D. White Dies. A Cornell Founder. President of University for 18 Years Dies in Ithaca Close to His 86th Birthday. Twice Envoy to Germany. Educator Who Sought to Broaden Scope of Colleges Had Also Served as Minister to Russia. Fought for Reform in Colleges. Spent Many Years in Education". The New York Times. November 5, 1918. Retrieved March 31, 2010. Dr. Andrew D. White, first President of Cornell University, former Ambassador to Germany, and Minister to Russia, died at 8:30 o'clock this morning after a short illness following a stroke of paralysis. <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EEDC113BEE3ABC4D53DFB7678383609EDE" target="_blank">https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EEDC113BEE3ABC4D53DFB7678383609EDE</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"The White Family". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved May 15, 2009. <a href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/13559.html" target="_blank">http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/13559.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"The White Family". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved May 15, 2009. <a href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/13559.html" target="_blank">http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/13559.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, M.A., LL.D., L.H.D." Rootsweb. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Homer, N.Y.: A Town and its Hall" (PDF). Village of Homer, New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107173734/http://www.homerny.org/townhallhistory.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100107173734/http://www.homerny.org/townhallhistory.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske (D. Appleton and Company, 1889), pp. 467–468. With etching image of ADWhite, and signature reproduction. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=takoAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Compact+of+the+%27Mayflower+Edwin+white+museum&pg=RA1-PA468" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=takoAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Compact+of+the+%27Mayflower+Edwin+white+museum&pg=RA1-PA468</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">White (1904), pg. 54 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">ΣΦ. "ΣΦ - Rockledge". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509155651/http://www.alphasig-rockledge.com/history.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080509155651/http://www.alphasig-rockledge.com/history.php</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">White (1904), pg. 54 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">*"Bonesmen 1833–1899". Fleshing Out Skull and Bones. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811190506/http://area907.info/911/index.php?Bonesmen2" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110811190506/http://area907.info/911/index.php?Bonesmen2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, M.A., LL.D., L.H.D." Rootsweb. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Henry Sweetser Burrage, Albert Roscoe Stubbs (1909). Genealogical and Family History of the State of Maine. Lewis historical publishing Company. p. 1174. <a href="https://archive.org/details/genealogicaland00stubgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/genealogicaland00stubgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">White (1904), 31 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, M.A., LL.D., L.H.D." Rootsweb. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, M.A., LL.D., L.H.D." Rootsweb. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080620214234/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyononda/FAMILY/WHITE.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">White (1904), pg. 32 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Yale College—The De Forest Prize.", The New York Times, 18 June 1853, [1] <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1853/06/18/75126916.pdf" target="_blank">https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1853/06/18/75126916.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">White (1904), pg. 33–34 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Charles Elliott Fitch (1916). Encyclopedia of biography of New York. American Historical Society. pp. 321–326. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Elliott_Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Charles_Elliott_Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Finch, pg. 7 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"U-M Heritage: Professor White's trees". Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606173105/http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2008/04/trees.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100606173105/http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2008/04/trees.php</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Finch, pg. 7 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"The State. Miscellaneous Returns" (PDF). The New York Times. November 4, 1863. Retrieved May 27, 2009. <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1863/11/04/79179933.pdf" target="_blank">https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1863/11/04/79179933.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Andrew Dickson White (PDF). Cornell Alumni Magazine. November–December 1918. Retrieved May 20, 2009. <a href="http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf" target="_blank">http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" target="_blank">/wiki/John_J._McCusker</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Clarence J. Karier (1986). The Individual, Society, and Education. University of Illinois Press. p. 68. <a href="https://archive.org/details/individualsociet0002kari" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/individualsociet0002kari</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Andrew Dickson White (PDF). Cornell Alumni Magazine. November–December 1918. Retrieved May 20, 2009. <a href="http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf" target="_blank">http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Goldwin Smith, Reminiscences (New York, 1911), p.371;quoted in Morris Bishop(1962), p.11, A History of Cornell. Cornell University Press <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Andrew Dickson White (PDF). Cornell Alumni Magazine. November–December 1918. Retrieved May 20, 2009. <a href="http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf" target="_blank">http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">SWANN Printed & Manuscript African Americana. March 1, 2012. p. 69. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 26, 2021. <a href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1869;year-max=1869;smode=advanced;startDoc=1" target="_blank">https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1869;year-max=1869;smode=advanced;startDoc=1</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"MemberList: W". www.americanantiquarian.org. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved February 7, 2023. <a href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistw" target="_blank">https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistw</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Lindberg and Numbers 1986, pp. 2–3 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Quotation: "The conflict thesis, at least in its simple form, is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science". (p. 7), Colin A. Russell "The Conflict Thesis", Science & Religion: A Historical Introduction, Gary Ferngren, ed., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8018-7038-5". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Quotation: "In the late Victorian period it was common to write about the 'warfare between science and religion' and to presume that the two bodies of culture must always have been in conflict. However, it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science". (p. 195) Shapin, S. (1996). The Scientific Revolution. University of Chicago Press Chicago, Ill. ISBN 9780226750200. <a href="9780226750200" target="_blank">9780226750200</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Quotation: "In its traditional forms, the conflict thesis has been largely discredited." (p. 42) Brooke, J.H. (1991). Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/John_Hedley_Brooke" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Hedley_Brooke</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"... while [John] Brooke's view [of a complexity thesis rather than an historical conflict thesis] has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science, the traditional view remains strong elsewhere, not least in the popular mind." p. x, Science & Religion: A Historical Introduction, Gary Ferngren, ed., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8018-7038-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Andrew Dickson White, President, 1866-1885". Cornell University. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610110419/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/presidents/view_item.php?sec=3&sub=8" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070610110419/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/presidents/view_item.php?sec=3&sub=8</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Finch, pg. 65 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Finch, pg. 66 <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Finch, pg. 66 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Architecture Clientele". Cornell University Fine Arts Library. Archived from the original on July 7, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707050306/http://www.arlisna.org/pubs/onlinepubs/colldevpol/cornell.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100707050306/http://www.arlisna.org/pubs/onlinepubs/colldevpol/cornell.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Andrew Dickson White Library". Cornell University Library. <a href="http://libecast.library.cornell.edu/uris/white.html" target="_blank">http://libecast.library.cornell.edu/uris/white.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Andrew Dickson White (PDF). Cornell Alumni Magazine. November–December 1918. Retrieved May 20, 2009. <a href="http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf" target="_blank">http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"Ambassador White's Only Son a Suicide" (PDF). The New York Times. July 9, 1901. <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/07/09/117968311.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0" target="_blank">https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/07/09/117968311.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"Mrs. A.D. White Falls Dead". The New York Times. June 9, 1887. p. 4. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1887/06/09/archives/mrs-ad-white-falls-dead.html?pagewanted=all" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1887/06/09/archives/mrs-ad-white-falls-dead.html?pagewanted=all</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Andrew Dickson White (PDF). Cornell Alumni Magazine. November–December 1918. Retrieved May 20, 2009. <a href="http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf" target="_blank">http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">White, Andrew Dickson (1896). A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. D. Appleton and Company. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcETAAAAYAAJ&q=%22She+was+the+first+woman+in+the+United+States+to+earn+a+Ph.D.%5Bcitation+needed%5D+Like+her+husband,+Helen+was+a+social+scientist+and+educator;+the+two+met+at+a+conference+where+she+was+presenting+a+paper%22+-wikipedia" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LcETAAAAYAAJ&q=%22She+was+the+first+woman+in+the+United+States+to+earn+a+Ph.D.%5Bcitation+needed%5D+Like+her+husband,+Helen+was+a+social+scientist+and+educator;+the+two+met+at+a+conference+where+she+was+presenting+a+paper%22+-wikipedia</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Andrew Dickson White (PDF). Cornell Alumni Magazine. November–December 1918. Retrieved May 20, 2009. <a href="http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf" target="_blank">http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3536/34/021_07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"Cornell University-Office of the President-Andrew Dickson White". Cornell University Office of the President. Retrieved May 20, 2009. <a href="http://www.cornell.edu/president/history_bio_white.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.cornell.edu/president/history_bio_white.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Jacob Gould Schurman (1918). 26th Annual Report of the President. Cornell University. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman" target="_blank">/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Gregory Paul Harm, Cited from a page from the Lee Lawrie Archives, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Stephen, Charles (August 11, 2011). "Review: 'Story of Charlotte's Web' tells of author's love affair with the creatures of the natural world". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved August 12, 2011. <a href="https://journalstar.com/entertainment/arts-and-culture/books/article_f83b6e5c-030f-5e0e-8176-a0567c7fcfbe.html" target="_blank">https://journalstar.com/entertainment/arts-and-culture/books/article_f83b6e5c-030f-5e0e-8176-a0567c7fcfbe.html</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Benjamin G, Rader, "Review" Journal of American History (March 1980) 66#4 p. 958. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Geoffrey Blodgett, ”Review” in ‘’American Historical Review’’ (Feb. 1980) 85#1 p. 226. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"University intelligence". The Times. No. 36906. London. October 23, 1902. p. 9. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"University intelligence". The Times. No. 36893. London. October 8, 1902. p. 4. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Andrew Dickson White open-in-new

Andrew Dickson White