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Pancam
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<h2 id="optics">Optics</h2> <p>The focal length of the camera is 43 mm with a field of view (FOV) of 16° x 16°.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The two cameras are separated by 30 cm and are mounted upside-down relative to each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="charge-coupled-device">Charge-Coupled Device</h2> <p>A 1024 x 2048 frame transfer <a href="/facts/Charge-coupled_device/l6xffIcz">Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)</a> detector built by Mitel is used for both cameras. The CCD is front-side illuminated and does not use any anti-reflex or UV-enhancing coatings. Half of the chip is used for storage and readout and is therefore shielded from illumination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="electronics">Electronics</h2> <p>An Actel Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) RT1280 provides the necessary computational abilities for the camera. The signal of the CCD is transformed into a 12-bit digital signal before data processing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="filter-wheel">Filter wheel</h2> <p>The left camera has filters with the following wavelength: (739, 753, 673, 601, 535, 482, 432, 440 nm), while the right camera has the filters for:(436, 754, 803, 864, 904, 934, 1009, 880 nm).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Each filter wheel is driven by a stepper motor to provide rotation of the wheel. </p> <h2 id="calibration-target">Calibration target</h2> <p>The calibration target on the rover is also part of the camera system and contains several areas. Polished areas to reflect the Martian sky, areas with known reflectivity and at the four corners color targets made from silicone. The inorganic pigments for the corners were <a href="/facts/Hematite/716YBzGr">hematite</a>, <a href="/facts/Goethite/6uHDbPae">goethite</a>, chromium oxide and cobalt aluminate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The calibration target is part of the sundial assembly. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Astrionics/UV1vQaaU">Astrionics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers/BzRGn1yd">Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Curiosity_rover/mVLawAfA"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hazcam/YmU2RKlX">Hazcam</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft/USpxeM8I">List of NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Navcam/DLwcScpq">Navcam</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://pancam.sese.asu.edu/index.html">PanCam</a></li> <li><a href="http://marswatch.astro.cornell.edu/Bell_Pancam_JGR.pdf">Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Athena - PanCam <a href="http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html" target="_blank">http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Athena - PanCam <a href="http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html" target="_blank">http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Athena - PanCam <a href="http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html" target="_blank">http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Edwards, Jr., Charles D; Jedrey, Thomas C; Schwartzbaum, Eric; Deveraux, Ann S (October 3, 2003). "The Electra Proximity Link Payload for Mars Relay Telecommunications". 54th International Astronomical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.455.220. doi:10.2514/6.IAC-03-Q.3.a.06. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Edwards, Jr., Charles D; Jedrey, Thomas C; Schwartzbaum, Eric; Deveraux, Ann S (October 3, 2003). "The Electra Proximity Link Payload for Mars Relay Telecommunications". 54th International Astronomical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.455.220. doi:10.2514/6.IAC-03-Q.3.a.06. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"NASA - Spirit's First Color Photos of Mars". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2018-01-24. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/mer-image_feature_107.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/mer-image_feature_107.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bell, J. F; Squyres, S. W; Herkenhoff, K. E; Maki, J. N; Arneson, H. M; Brown, D; Collins, S. A; Dingizian, A; Elliot, S. T; Hagerott, E. C; Hayes, A. G; Johnson, M. J; Johnson, J. R; Joseph, J; Kinch, K; Lemmon, M. T; Morris, R. V; Scherr, L; Schwochert, M; Shepard, M. K; Smith, G. H; Sohl-Dickstein, J. N; Sullivan, R. J; Sullivan, W. T; Wadsworth, M (2003). "Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 108 (E12): 8063. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.8063B. doi:10.1029/2003JE002070. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Athena - PanCam <a href="http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html" target="_blank">http://athena.cornell.edu/the_mission/ins_pancam.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bell, J. F; Squyres, S. W; Herkenhoff, K. E; Maki, J. N; Arneson, H. M; Brown, D; Collins, S. A; Dingizian, A; Elliot, S. T; Hagerott, E. C; Hayes, A. G; Johnson, M. J; Johnson, J. R; Joseph, J; Kinch, K; Lemmon, M. T; Morris, R. V; Scherr, L; Schwochert, M; Shepard, M. K; Smith, G. H; Sohl-Dickstein, J. N; Sullivan, R. J; Sullivan, W. T; Wadsworth, M (2003). "Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 108 (E12): 8063. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.8063B. doi:10.1029/2003JE002070. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bell, J. F; Squyres, S. W; Herkenhoff, K. E; Maki, J. N; Arneson, H. M; Brown, D; Collins, S. A; Dingizian, A; Elliot, S. T; Hagerott, E. C; Hayes, A. G; Johnson, M. J; Johnson, J. R; Joseph, J; Kinch, K; Lemmon, M. T; Morris, R. V; Scherr, L; Schwochert, M; Shepard, M. K; Smith, G. H; Sohl-Dickstein, J. N; Sullivan, R. J; Sullivan, W. T; Wadsworth, M (2003). "Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 108 (E12): 8063. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.8063B. doi:10.1029/2003JE002070. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bell, J. F; Squyres, S. W; Herkenhoff, K. E; Maki, J. N; Arneson, H. M; Brown, D; Collins, S. A; Dingizian, A; Elliot, S. T; Hagerott, E. C; Hayes, A. G; Johnson, M. J; Johnson, J. R; Joseph, J; Kinch, K; Lemmon, M. T; Morris, R. V; Scherr, L; Schwochert, M; Shepard, M. K; Smith, G. H; Sohl-Dickstein, J. N; Sullivan, R. J; Sullivan, W. T; Wadsworth, M (2003). "Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 108 (E12): 8063. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.8063B. doi:10.1029/2003JE002070. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bell, J. F; Squyres, S. W; Herkenhoff, K. E; Maki, J. N; Arneson, H. M; Brown, D; Collins, S. A; Dingizian, A; Elliot, S. T; Hagerott, E. C; Hayes, A. G; Johnson, M. J; Johnson, J. R; Joseph, J; Kinch, K; Lemmon, M. T; Morris, R. V; Scherr, L; Schwochert, M; Shepard, M. K; Smith, G. H; Sohl-Dickstein, J. N; Sullivan, R. J; Sullivan, W. T; Wadsworth, M (2003). "Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 108 (E12): 8063. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.8063B. doi:10.1029/2003JE002070. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JE002070</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>