Labraunda

<h2 id="labraunda-and-labrys">Labraunda and labrys</h2>

Main article: <a href="/facts/Labrys/cMfuApth">Labrys</a>
The first occurrence of "labrys" in English (1901) noted by the <a href="/facts/Oxford_English_Dictionary/qaxKX8Bc">OED</a> concerns this sanctuary:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><blockquote>It seems natural to interpret names of Carian sanctuaries like Labranda in the most literal sense as the place of the sacred labrys, which was the Lydian (or Carian) name for the Greek πέλεκυς, or double-edged axe.</blockquote>
The same root labr- appears in the <a href="/facts/Labyrinth/mRXBS2t1">labyrinth</a> of Knossos, which is interpreted as the "place of the axe." The double-headed axe was a central <a href="/facts/Icon/d5am7oen">iconic</a> motif at Labraunda. The axe cast of gold had been kept in the Lydian capital <a href="/facts/Sardes/Kk8zXw4r">Sardes</a> for centuries. The Lydian king <a href="/facts/Gyges_of_Lydia/sC072S3D">Gyges</a> awarded it to the Carians, to commemorate Carian support in a battle. This is the mythic anecdote: the social and political reality may have been more complicated, for such ritual objects are never lightly passed from hand to hand or moved from their fixed abode. Upon receiving this precious, purely ritual axe, the Carians kept it in the Temple of Zeus at Labraunda.
The figure of a double-sided axe is a feature of many coins of <a href="/facts/Halicarnassus/ytVIfKqX">Halicarnassus</a>. Coins at the museum at <a href="/facts/Bodrum/V4FmDb1l">Bodrum</a> bear the head of Apollo on the obverse and on the reverse the name of the reigning Carian ruler inscribed next to the figure of Zeus Labraunda carrying the double-bladed Carian axe.

<h2 id="site">Site</h2>
The <a href="/facts/Swedish_Institute_at_Athens/g0kUXqTK">Swedish Institute at Athens</a> has been in charge of archeology at Labraunda, notably in a series of campaigns in 1948-53, initiated by <a href="/facts/Axel_W._Persson/mkTrTXAB">Axel W. Persson</a> and taken up, after the latter's sudden death, by Gösta Säflund, has published its findings in a long series, grouped as four volumes, from 1955 onwards. Reports documenting the archaeological fieldwork have been published in the Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> 
The hieron, one of the best-preserved and most complete series of 4th century BCE structures, contained a series of buildings of unusual construction, ranged on several formal terraces. In its synthesis of <a href="/facts/Achaemenid/avlzWxF0">Achaemenid</a> and <a href="/facts/Ionic_order/rG6Ajtkr">Ionian</a> features it foreshadowed <a href="/facts/Hellenistic/q6BgQsaF">Hellenistic</a> style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
The sacred precinct was entered through one of two marble Ionic <a href="/facts/Propylea/46gU6CFs">propylea</a> at the southeast corner of the site. The <a href="/facts/Ionic_order/rG6Ajtkr">Ionic temple</a> of <a href="/facts/Zeus/9wTwkEDt">Zeus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> bore a dedicatory inscription of the brother of <a href="/facts/Mausolus/BtVxhuKa">Mausolus</a>, Idrieus (351-44 BCE);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> it had a simplified, two-part <a href="/facts/Architrave/RwC27HKw">architrave</a>, and a low ceiling to the small <a href="/facts/Cella/LDNC0NH3">cella</a>.
As of 2018, the site was being excavated by an international team led by archaeologists Olivier Henry and Ömür Dünya Çakmaklı.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li>Karlsson, Lars; Carlsson, Susanne, eds. (2011). Labraunda & Karia. Proceedings of the International Symposium Commemorating Sixty Years of Swedish Archaeological Work in Labraunda. The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm, November 20-21, 2008. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Boreas. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations. Vol. 32. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-91-554-7997-8.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Labraunda at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a href="http://www.labraunda.org">The official website of the Labraunda excavations in French</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.labraunda.org/Labraunda.org/Tour_of_the_ruins_eng.html">Excellent information on what must be the official website, but in English</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.labraunda.org/Labraunda.org/Welcome_to_Labraunda.html">Start page for English, but with choices for Turkish and French of that official site</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/Research/Projects/Labraunda/?languageId=1">The Labraunda Project of the department of Archaeology and Ancient History of Uppsala University</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.attalus.org/docs/search.html#Labraunda">Greek inscriptions from Labraunda, in English translation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/labranda">Labraunda in over 200 pictures</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Herodotus, v.119 <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" target="_blank">/wiki/Herodotus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">The cultural background is presented in S. Hornblower, Mausolus (Oxford: Clarendon Press) 1982. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Alfred Westholm, Labraunda I.2 The Architecture of the Hieron, inscription no. 6 (1963). <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">quoting Journal of Hellenic Studies XXI. 108 (1901). <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Labraunda 2008". Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome. 2009-12-02. doi:10.30549/opathrom-02-04. Retrieved 2022-03-29. <a href="http://ecsi.se/opathrom-02-04/" target="_blank">http://ecsi.se/opathrom-02-04/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Labraunda 2009". Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome. 2010-12-02. doi:10.30549/opathrom-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-29. <a href="http://ecsi.se/opathrom-03-05/" target="_blank">http://ecsi.se/opathrom-03-05/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Labraunda 2010". Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome. 2011-12-02. doi:10.30549/opathrom-04-03. S2CID 166074173. Retrieved 2022-03-29. <a href="http://ecsi.se/opathrom-04-03/" target="_blank">http://ecsi.se/opathrom-04-03/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Labraunda 2011". Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome. 2012-12-02. doi:10.30549/opathrom-05-03. Retrieved 2022-03-29. <a href="http://ecsi.se/opathrom-05-03/" target="_blank">http://ecsi.se/opathrom-05-03/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Karlsson, Lars (2014). "Labraunda 2012-2013". Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome. 7: 23–59. doi:10.30549/opathrom-07-03. <a href="https://doi.org/10.30549%2Fopathrom-07-03" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.30549%2Fopathrom-07-03</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Roos, Paavo (2016-12-02). "The rock-cut chamber tombs of Labraunda". Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome. 9: 271–284. doi:10.30549/opathrom-09-10. S2CID 135010545. Retrieved 2022-03-29. <a href="http://ecsi.se/opathrom-09-10/" target="_blank">http://ecsi.se/opathrom-09-10/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Roos, Paavo (2017-12-02). "The stadion of Labraunda". Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome. 10: 107–127. doi:10.30549/opathrom-10-05. Retrieved 2022-03-29. <a href="http://ecsi.se/opathrom-10-05/" target="_blank">http://ecsi.se/opathrom-10-05/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Hellström, Pontus (2019). The Andrones. Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. ISBN 978-91-978813-6-4. <a href="978-91-978813-6-4" target="_blank">978-91-978813-6-4</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Published by Pontus Hellström and Thomas Theime, Labraunda I.3, The Temple of Zeus Labraunda: Swedish Excavations and Researches) 1982. ISBN 91-970338-2-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Fragmentary inscriptions on the propylea are also restored as dedications of Idrieus. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Team_eng". www.labraunda.org. Retrieved 14 April 2018. <a href="http://www.labraunda.org/Labraunda.org/Team_eng.html" target="_blank">http://www.labraunda.org/Labraunda.org/Team_eng.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Labraunda open-in-new

Labraunda