Terence McKenna

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
<h3>Early life</h3>

Terence McKenna was born and raised in <a href="/facts/Paonia%2c_Colorado/Mb3hxCzw">Paonia, Colorado</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
with Irish ancestry on his father's side of the family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
As a youth, McKenna had a hobby of fossil-hunting from which he acquired a deep scientific appreciation of nature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> At the age of 14, he became interested in psychology after reading <a href="/facts/Carl_Jung/k651RvXp">Carl Jung</a>'s book <a href="/facts/Psychology_and_Alchemy/oSf9E6eo">Psychology and Alchemy</a>. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> At the age of 14, McKenna first became aware of magic mushrooms when he read the article "<a href="/facts/Seeking_the_Magic_Mushroom/IKWyJRHB">Seeking the Magic Mushroom</a>" from the May 13, 1957 edition of <a href="/facts/LIFE_magazine/t3r71BEK">LIFE magazine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> He began smoking <a href="/facts/Cannabis_(drug)/241fYAGD">cannabis</a> as a teenager.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
At age 16 McKenna moved to <a href="/facts/Los_Altos%2c_California/HoJN8QHu">Los Altos, California</a> to live with family friends for a year. He finished high school in <a href="/facts/Lancaster%2c_California/cWkV0hVn">Lancaster, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> In 1963, he was introduced to the literary world of psychedelics through <a href="/facts/The_Doors_of_Perception/SW4qdK4p">The Doors of Perception</a> and <a href="/facts/Heaven_and_Hell_(essay)/F8eSpC9D">Heaven and Hell</a> by <a href="/facts/Aldous_Huxley/Dq4XKMz4">Aldous Huxley</a> and certain issues of <a href="/facts/The_Village_Voice/YM7tnkrN">The Village Voice</a> which published articles on psychedelics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
McKenna said that one of his early psychedelic experiences with <a href="/facts/Morning_glory/ePrQH3uB">morning glory</a> seeds showed him "that there was something there worth pursuing."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h3>Studying and traveling</h3>
In 1965, McKenna enrolled in the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a> and was accepted into the <a href="/facts/Tussman_Experimental_College/RoQD2oeR">Tussman Experimental College</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> While in college in 1967 he began studying shamanism through the study of Tibetan folk religion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> That same year, which he called his "opium and <a href="/facts/Kabbalah/sqfKq2wu">kabbala</a> phase",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> he traveled to <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a> where he met Kathleen Harrison, an <a href="/facts/Ethnobotanist/VRLwdGea">ethnobotanist</a> who later became his wife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
In 1969, McKenna traveled to <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a> led by his interest in Tibetan painting and hallucinogenic <a href="/facts/Shamanism/Kq60HV3J">shamanism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> He sought out <a href="/facts/Shaman/Kq60HV3J">shamans</a> of the Tibetan <a href="/facts/Bon/CJqQVn5n">Bon</a> tradition, trying to learn more about the shamanic use of visionary plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> During his time there, he also studied the Tibetan language<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> and worked as a <a href="/facts/Hashish/rHK61hA8">hashish</a> smuggler,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> until "one of his Bombay-to-Aspen shipments fell into the hands of U. S. Customs."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> He then wandered through southeast Asia viewing ruins,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> and spent time as a professional <a href="/facts/Butterfly/qlSgwlRx">butterfly</a> collector in <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
After his mother's death<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> from cancer in 1970,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> McKenna, his brother <a href="/facts/Dennis_McKenna/22FUDcGh">Dennis</a>, and three friends traveled to the <a href="/facts/Colombian_Amazon/rD4gxMIr">Colombian Amazon</a> in search of <a href="/facts/Oo-koo-h%25C3%25A9/T1xju3xT">oo-koo-hé</a>, a plant preparation containing <a href="/facts/Dimethyltryptamine/oIPCXryU">dimethyltryptamine</a> (DMT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Instead of <a href="/facts/Oo-koo-h%25C3%25A9/T1xju3xT">oo-koo-hé</a> they found fields full of gigantic <a href="/facts/Psilocybe_cubensis/6e1Y6Hau">Psilocybe cubensis</a> mushrooms, which became the new focus of the expedition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> In <a href="/facts/La_Chorrera%2c_Colombia/hQbtHk0z">La Chorrera</a>, at the urging of his brother, McKenna was the subject of a psychedelic experiment<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> in which the brothers attempted to "bond <a href="/facts/Harmine/m0LG2KR5">harmine</a> DNA with their own neural DNA" (harmine is another psychedelic compound they used <a href="/facts/Synergistically/lfcwWuAc">synergistically</a> with the mushrooms), through the use of a set specific vocal techniques. They hypothesised this would give them access to the collective memory of the <a href="/facts/Human/rlcTENsr">human</a> <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a>, and would manifest the <a href="/facts/Alchemists/CEx0U1Em">alchemists</a>' <a href="/facts/Philosopher%2527s_Stone/QA0SE7VS">Philosopher's Stone</a> which they viewed as a "hyperdimensional union of spirit and matter".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> McKenna claimed the experiment put him in contact with "<a href="/facts/Logos/Qt6QL1Hs">Logos</a>": an informative, <a href="/facts/Divinity/qU7hCtL5">divine</a> voice he believed was universal to visionary religious experience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> McKenna also often referred to the voice as "the mushroom", and "the teaching voice" amongst other names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> The voice's reputed revelations and his brother's simultaneous peculiar psychedelic experience prompted him to explore the structure of an <a href="/facts/King_Wen_sequence/BhlLbUgF">early form</a> of the I Ching, which led to his "Novelty Theory".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
During their stay in the Amazon, McKenna also became romantically involved with his interpreter, Ev.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
In 1972, McKenna returned to <a href="/facts/U.C._Berkeley/MXVEjklr">U.C. Berkeley</a> to finish his studies<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> and in 1975, he graduated with a degree in ecology, <a href="/facts/Shamanism/Kq60HV3J">shamanism</a>, and conservation of <a href="/facts/Natural_resources/w9WXxMx3">natural resources</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> In the autumn of 1975, after parting with his girlfriend Ev earlier in the year,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> McKenna began a relationship with his future wife and the mother of his two children, Kathleen Harrison.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
Soon after graduating, McKenna and Dennis published a book inspired by their Amazon experiences, The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens and the I Ching.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> The brothers' experiences in the Amazon were the main focus of McKenna's book True Hallucinations, published in 1993.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> McKenna also began lecturing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> locally around <a href="/facts/Berkeley%2c_California/WBVjzd5l">Berkeley</a> and started appearing on some underground radio stations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h3>Psilocybin mushroom cultivation</h3>

McKenna, along with his brother Dennis, developed a technique for <a href="/facts/Cultivating/REm6oG2B">cultivating</a> <a href="/facts/Psilocybin_mushrooms/tJ29VHJY">psilocybin mushrooms</a> using <a href="/facts/Spores/6qDRdcrs">spores</a> they brought to America from the <a href="/facts/Amazon_rainforest/MGVatclX">Amazon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> In 1976, the brothers published what they had learned in the book Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide, under the pseudonyms "O.T. Oss" and "O.N. Oeric".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> McKenna and his brother were the first to come up with a reliable method for cultivating <a href="/facts/Psilocybin/0jGynLUX">psilocybin</a> mushrooms at home.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> As <a href="/facts/Ethnobiologist/cK2m6PPX">ethnobiologist</a> <a href="/facts/Jonathan_Ott/gqA9Pplj">Jonathan Ott</a> explains, "[the] authors adapted San Antonio's technique (for producing <a href="/facts/Edible_mushrooms/CVC20V4U">edible mushrooms</a> by casing <a href="/facts/Mycelium/znB97XNn">mycelial</a> cultures on a rye grain <a href="/facts/Substrate_(biology)/EBDd458H">substrate</a>; San Antonio 1971) to the production of Psilocybe [Stropharia] cubensis. The new technique involved the use of ordinary kitchen implements, and for the first time the layperson was able to produce a potent entheogen in his [or her] own home, without access to sophisticated technology, equipment, or chemical supplies."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> When the 1986 revised edition was published, the Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide had sold over 100,000 copies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>

<h3>Mid- to later life</h3>
<h4>Public speaking</h4>
In the early 1980s, McKenna began to speak publicly on the topic of psychedelic drugs, becoming one of the pioneers of the psychedelic movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> His main focus was on the naturally occurring psychedelics such as <a href="/facts/Psilocybin_mushroom/tJ29VHJY">psilocybin mushrooms</a> (which were the catalyst for his career),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> <a href="/facts/Ayahuasca/jLkugAhS">ayahuasca</a>, <a href="/facts/Cannabis_(drug)/241fYAGD">cannabis</a>, and the plant derivative <a href="/facts/Dimethyltryptamine/oIPCXryU">DMT</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> He conducted lecture tours and workshops<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> promoting natural psychedelics as a way to explore universal mysteries, stimulate the imagination, and re-establish a harmonious relationship with nature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> Though associated with the <a href="/facts/New_Age/6cr8V2zG">New Age</a> and <a href="/facts/Human_Potential_Movement/socvGeRw">Human Potential Movements</a>, McKenna himself had little patience for New Age sensibilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> He repeatedly stressed the importance and primacy of the "felt presence of direct experience", as opposed to <a href="/facts/Dogma/vl3H3Y6C">dogma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>
In addition to psychedelic drugs, McKenna spoke on a wide array of subjects,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> including <a href="/facts/Shamanism/Kq60HV3J">shamanism</a>; <a href="/facts/Metaphysics/fSFt6SHe">metaphysics</a>; <a href="/facts/Alchemy/CEx0U1Em">alchemy</a>; <a href="/facts/Language/IRcTok2q">language</a>; culture; <a href="/facts/Empowerment/JMeo1X3N">self-empowerment</a>; <a href="/facts/Environmentalism/hhFsXTLE">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/facts/Techno-paganism/Wo6m7XgQ">techno-paganism</a>; <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a>; <a href="/facts/Evolution/qE5amP6a">evolution</a>; <a href="/facts/Extraterrestrials/arxCPFTQ">extraterrestrials</a>; science and <a href="/facts/Scientism/Sc4s9Tbb">scientism</a>; <a href="/facts/Worldwide_web/wvnTrWFq">the Web</a>; and <a href="/facts/Virtual_reality/0psDGsxT">virtual reality</a>.

<blockquote>It's clearly a crisis of two things: of consciousness and conditioning. These are the two things that the psychedelics attack. We have the technological power, the engineering skills to save our planet, to cure disease, to feed the hungry, to end war. But we lack the intellectual vision, the ability to change our minds. We must decondition ourselves from 10,000 years of bad behavior, and it's not easy.— Terence McKenna, "This World...and Its Double", <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a></blockquote>
McKenna soon became a fixture of popular <a href="/facts/Counterculture/8vyVeL92">counterculture</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> with <a href="/facts/Timothy_Leary/KeHK0FuP">Timothy Leary</a> once introducing him as "one of the five or six most important people on the planet"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> and with comedian <a href="/facts/Bill_Hicks/ou2l6seV">Bill Hicks</a>' referencing him in his stand-up act<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> and building an entire routine around his ideas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> McKenna also became a popular personality in the psychedelic <a href="/facts/Rave/1cBwPCEJ">rave</a>/dance scene of the early 1990s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> with frequent spoken word performances at raves and contributions to psychedelic and <a href="/facts/Goa_trance/7lgEMkAt">goa trance</a> albums by <a href="/facts/The_Shamen/ksst43Tp">The Shamen</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> <a href="/facts/Spacetime_Continuum/DoLSazMB">Spacetime Continuum</a>, <a href="/facts/Alien_Project_(musician)/ulUtQRN8">Alien Project</a>, <a href="/facts/Capsula/Rsbt4yJ7">Capsula</a>, <a href="/facts/Entheogenic_(band)/Ma4bSHvn">Entheogenic</a>, Zuvuya, <a href="/facts/Shpongle/eg41M4xe">Shpongle</a>, and Shakti Twins. In 1994 he appeared as a speaker at the <a href="/facts/Starwood_Festival/gXJdADSb">Starwood Festival</a>, documented in the book Tripping by Charles Hayes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
McKenna published several books in the early-to-mid-1990s including: The Archaic Revival; Food of the Gods; and True Hallucinations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Hundreds of hours of McKenna's public lectures were recorded either <a href="/facts/Professionally/Nmq2oUMU">professionally</a> or <a href="/facts/Bootleg_recording/wBcryPwr">bootlegged</a> and have been produced on <a href="/facts/Cassette_tape/w8I5uyfs">cassette tape</a>, CD and MP3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> Segments of his talks have gone on to be sampled by many musicians and <a href="/facts/DJ%2527s/5YYYRqPB">DJ's</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>
McKenna was a colleague and close friend of <a href="/facts/Chaos_theory/LTC17vsF">chaos mathematician</a> <a href="/facts/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)/3GwuMpup">Ralph Abraham</a>, and author and <a href="/facts/Biologist/yJJGXyKR">biologist</a> <a href="/facts/Rupert_Sheldrake/pR7MzLry">Rupert Sheldrake</a>. He conducted several public and many private <a href="/facts/Debates/B76DJtj3">debates</a> with them from 1982 until his death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> These debates were known as trialogues and some of the discussions were later published in the books: Trialogues at the Edge of the West and The Evolutionary Mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a>

<h4>Botanical Dimensions</h4>

In 1985, McKenna founded Botanical Dimensions with his then-wife, Kathleen Harrison.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> Botanical Dimensions is a nonprofit <a href="/facts/Ethnobotanical/VRLwdGea">ethnobotanical</a> preserve on the Big Island of <a href="/facts/Hawaii_(island)/6CeBU0t6">Hawaii</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> established to collect, protect, <a href="/facts/Plant_propagation/tHTSBRTI">propagate</a>, and understand plants of ethno-medical significance and their <a href="/facts/Folklore/hcBN8qcd">lore</a>, and appreciate, study, and educate others about plants and mushrooms felt to be significant to cultural integrity and <a href="/facts/Spirituality/o2neYDkN">spiritual</a> well-being.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> The 19-acre (7.7 ha) <a href="/facts/Botanical/PaIRoxnb">botanical</a> garden<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> is a repository containing thousands of plants that have been used by <a href="/facts/Indigenous_people/zyzBMXBS">indigenous people</a> of the <a href="/facts/Tropical_regions/Iv1es8Ih">tropical regions</a>, and includes a <a href="/facts/Database/VYcpkevb">database</a> of information related to their purported healing properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> McKenna was involved until 1992, when he retired from the project,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> following his and Kathleen's divorce earlier in the year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> Kathleen still manages Botanical Dimensions as its president and projects director.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a>
After their divorce, McKenna moved to Hawaii permanently, where he built a modernist house<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> and created a <a href="/facts/Gene_bank/JlWyqhja">gene bank</a> of rare plants near his home.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> Previously, he had split his time between Hawaii and <a href="/facts/Occidental%2c_California/Aak5jvwu">Occidental, CA</a>.

<h3>Death</h3>
McKenna was a longtime sufferer of <a href="/facts/Migraine/5XaE1W25">migraines</a>, but on 22 May 1999 he began to have unusually extreme and painful <a href="/facts/Headaches/mdmmC9DP">headaches</a>. He then collapsed due to a <a href="/facts/Seizure/zuIrQyze">seizure</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> McKenna was diagnosed with <a href="/facts/Glioblastoma_multiforme/hJojdA5x">glioblastoma multiforme</a>, a highly aggressive form of <a href="/facts/Brain_tumor/avjI5Nhm">brain cancer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> For the next several months he underwent various treatments, including experimental <a href="/facts/Gamma_knife/kuWjLoph">gamma knife</a> radiation treatment. According to <a href="/facts/Wired_(magazine)/RQb6gcyf">Wired</a> magazine, McKenna was worried that his <a href="/facts/Tumor/K0ytzmPz">tumor</a> may have been caused by his psychedelic drug use, or his 35 years of daily cannabis smoking; however, his doctors assured him there was no causal relation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a>
In late 1999, McKenna described his thoughts concerning his impending death to interviewer <a href="/facts/Erik_Davis/2GShdjv4">Erik Davis</a>:

<blockquote>I always thought death would come on the freeway in a few horrifying moments, so you'd have no time to sort it out. Having months and months to look at it and think about it and talk to people and hear what they have to say, it's a kind of blessing. It's certainly an opportunity to grow up and get a grip and sort it all out. Just being told by an unsmiling guy in a white coat that you're going to be dead in four months definitely turns on the lights. ... It makes life rich and poignant. When it first happened, and I got these diagnoses, I could see the light of eternity, à la <a href="/facts/William_Blake/YQMnyh0G">William Blake</a>, shining through every leaf. I mean, a bug walking across the ground moved me to tears.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a></blockquote>
McKenna died on April 3, 2000, at the age of 53.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a>

<h3>Library fire and insect collection</h3>
McKenna's library of over 3,000 rare books and personal notes was destroyed in a fire in <a href="/facts/Monterey/ssUz4gN8">Monterey</a>, <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a> on February 7, 2007. An <a href="/facts/Collection_catalog/zNJp8Fvl">index</a> of McKenna's library was preserved by his brother Dennis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>
McKenna studied <a href="/facts/Lepidoptera/yPFPsQmL">Lepidoptera</a> and <a href="/facts/Entomology/zTtUNTWm">entomology</a> in the 1960s, and his studies included hunting for butterflies, primarily in <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a> and <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, creating a large collection of insect specimens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> After McKenna's death, his daughter, the artist and photographer <a href="/facts/Klea_McKenna/jSQ36Qj7">Klea McKenna</a>, preserved his insect collection, turning it into a gallery installation, then publishing The Butterfly Hunter, a book of 122 insect photos from a set of over 2,000 specimens McKenna collected between 1969 and 1972, alongside maps of his collecting routes through rainforests in Southeast Asia and South America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> McKenna's insect collection was consistent with his interest in Victorian-era explorers and naturalists, and his worldview based on close observation of nature. In the 1970s, when he was still collecting, he became quite squeamish and guilt-ridden about the necessity of killing butterflies in order to collect and classify them, according to McKenna's daughter, this led him to cease his entomological studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a>

<h2 id="thought">Thought</h2>
<h3>Psychedelics</h3>
Terence McKenna advocated the exploration of altered states of mind via the ingestion of naturally occurring psychedelic substances;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> for example, and in particular, as facilitated by the ingestion of high doses of <a href="/facts/Psychedelic_mushrooms/tJ29VHJY">psychedelic mushrooms</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> <a href="/facts/Ayahuasca/jLkugAhS">ayahuasca</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dimethyltryptamine/oIPCXryU">DMT</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> which he believed was the <a href="/facts/Apotheosis/67vWy7Uv">apotheosis</a> of the psychedelic experience.
He was less enthralled with synthetic drugs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> stating, "I think drugs should come from the natural world and be use-tested by shamanically orientated cultures ... one cannot predict the long-term effects of a drug produced in a laboratory."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>

McKenna always stressed the responsible use of psychedelic substances, saying: <blockquote>"Experimenters should be very careful. One must build up to the experience. These are bizarre dimensions of extraordinary power and beauty. There is no set rule to avoid being overwhelmed, but move carefully, reflect a great deal, and always try to map experiences back onto the history of the race and the philosophical and religious accomplishments of the species. All the compounds are potentially dangerous, and all compounds, at sufficient doses or repeated over time, involve risks. The library is the first place to go when looking into taking a new compound."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a></blockquote>
He also recommended, and often spoke of taking, what he called "heroic doses",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> which he defined as five grams of dried psilocybin mushrooms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> taken alone, on an empty stomach, in silent darkness, and with eyes closed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> He believed that when taken this way one could expect a profound visionary experience,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> believing it is only when "slain" by the power of the mushroom that the message becomes clear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a>
Although McKenna avoided giving his allegiance to any one interpretation (part of his rejection of <a href="/facts/Monotheism/scRUM2It">monotheism</a>), he was open to the idea of psychedelics as being "trans-dimensional travel". He proposed that DMT sent one to a "parallel dimension"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> and that psychedelics literally enabled an individual to encounter "higher dimensional <a href="/facts/Non-physical_entity/f28dJbtH">entities</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> or what could be <a href="/facts/Ancestor/oslX3GRb">ancestors</a>, or spirits of the Earth,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> saying that if you can trust your own perceptions it appears that you are entering an "ecology of <a href="/facts/Souls/DJl01SxP">souls</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> McKenna also put forward the idea that psychedelics were "doorways into the <a href="/facts/Gaia_(mythology)/qA5cWFmH">Gaian</a> mind",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> suggesting that "the planet has a kind of intelligence, it can actually open a channel of communication with an individual human being" and that the psychedelic plants were the facilitators of this communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a>

<h4>Machine elves</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/N%2cN-Dimethyltryptamine/oIPCXryU">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine § Reported encounters with external entities</a>
McKenna spoke of hallucinations while on <a href="/facts/Dimethyltryptamine/oIPCXryU">DMT</a> in which he met intelligent <a href="/facts/Non-physical_entity/f28dJbtH">entities</a> he described as "self-transforming machine elves".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>

<h4>Psilocybin panspermia speculation</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Panspermia/4MrcGDYb">Panspermia</a> and <a href="/facts/Francis_Crick/AG05HNKI">Francis Crick § Directed panspermia</a>
In a more radical version of <a href="/facts/Biophysicist/l9u5gqCy">biophysicist</a> <a href="/facts/Francis_Crick/AG05HNKI">Francis Crick</a>'s <a href="/facts/Hypothesis/gMABEJul">hypothesis</a> of directed <a href="/facts/Panspermia/4MrcGDYb">panspermia</a>, McKenna speculated on the idea that psilocybin mushrooms may be a species of high intelligence,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> which may have arrived on this planet as spores migrating through space<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> and which are attempting to establish a <a href="/facts/Symbiotic/MrBArRGa">symbiotic</a> relationship with human beings. He postulated that "intelligence, not life, but intelligence may have come here [to <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">Earth</a>] in this spore-bearing life form". He said, "I think that theory will probably be vindicated. I think in a hundred years if people do biology they will think it quite silly that people once thought that <a href="/facts/Spores/6qDRdcrs">spores</a> could not be blown from one star system to another by cosmic <a href="/facts/Radiation_pressure/xA6japY0">radiation pressure</a>," and also believed that "few people are in a position to judge its extraterrestrial potential, because few people in the orthodox sciences have ever experienced the full spectrum of psychedelic effects that are unleashed".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>

<h4>Opposition to organized religion</h4>
McKenna was opposed to Christianity<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> and most forms of <a href="/facts/Organized_religion/5kave6zj">organized religion</a> or <a href="/facts/Guru/FEoxB7Le">guru</a>-based forms of spiritual awakening, favouring <a href="/facts/Shamanism/Kq60HV3J">shamanism</a>, which he believed was the broadest spiritual paradigm available, stating that:

<blockquote>What I think happened is that in the world of prehistory all religion was experiential, and it was based on the pursuit of ecstasy through plants. And at some time, very early, a group interposed itself between people and direct experience of the 'Other.' This created hierarchies, priesthoods, theological systems, castes, ritual, taboos. Shamanism, on the other hand, is an experiential science that deals with an area where we know nothing. It is important to remember that our epistemological tools have developed very unevenly in the West. We know a tremendous amount about what is going on in the heart of the atom, but we know absolutely nothing about the nature of the mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a></blockquote>
<h4>Technological singularity</h4>
During the final years of his life and career, McKenna became very engaged in the theoretical realm of technology. He was an early proponent of the <a href="/facts/Technological_singularity/xcg4M6AF">technological singularity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> and in his last recorded public talk, Psychedelics in the age of intelligent machines, he outlined ties between psychedelics, computation technology, and humans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> He also became enamored with the Internet, calling it "the birth of [the] global mind",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> believing it to be a place where psychedelic culture could flourish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a>

<h4>Admired writers</h4>
Either philosophically or religiously, he expressed admiration for <a href="/facts/Marshall_McLuhan/XztxTCpM">Marshall McLuhan</a>, <a href="/facts/Alfred_North_Whitehead/7KuylmP3">Alfred North Whitehead</a>, <a href="/facts/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin/lxJNfoam">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a>, <a href="/facts/Carl_Jung/k651RvXp">Carl Jung</a>, <a href="/facts/Plato/sPedMo74">Plato</a>, <a href="/facts/Gnostic_Christianity/gVGVzaAN">Gnostic Christianity</a>, and <a href="/facts/Alchemy/CEx0U1Em">Alchemy</a>, while regarding the Greek philosopher <a href="/facts/Heraclitus/yHv8bcSP">Heraclitus</a> as his favorite philosopher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a>
McKenna also expressed admiration for the works of writers <a href="/facts/Aldous_Huxley/Dq4XKMz4">Aldous Huxley</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> <a href="/facts/James_Joyce/Ty6qh67s">James Joyce</a>, whose book <a href="/facts/Finnegans_Wake/PkFI4RJ7">Finnegans Wake</a> he called "the quintessential work of art, or at least work of literature of the 20th century,"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> science fiction writer <a href="/facts/Philip_K._Dick/9at9kt0N">Philip K. Dick</a>, who he described as an "incredible genius",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> <a href="/facts/Fabulist/VjXy4Ygg">fabulist</a> <a href="/facts/Jorge_Luis_Borges/UgfVLqdk">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, with whom McKenna shared the belief that "scattered through the ordinary world there are books and artifacts and perhaps people who are like doorways into impossible realms, of impossible and contradictory truth"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> and <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Nabokov/6vhLN8Wl">Vladimir Nabokov</a>. McKenna once said that he would have become a Nabokov lecturer if he had never encountered psychedelics.

<h3>"Stoned ape" theory of human evolution </h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Stoned_ape_theory/HyLMSbPI">Stoned ape theory</a>
McKenna's hypothesis concerning the influence of psilocybin mushrooms on human evolution is known as "the 'stoned ape' theory."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a>
In his 1992 book Food of the Gods, McKenna proposed that the transformation from humans' early ancestors <a href="/facts/Homo_erectus/5Xqv3CdP">Homo erectus</a> to the species <a href="/facts/Homo_sapiens/rlcTENsr">Homo sapiens</a> mainly involved the addition of the mushroom <a href="/facts/Psilocybe_cubensis/6e1Y6Hau">Psilocybe cubensis</a> in the diet,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> an event that according to his theory took place about 100,000 <a href="/facts/BCE/e5DpqUoe">BCE</a> (when he believed humans diverged from the genus <a href="/facts/Homo/qvJtEBr2">Homo</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> McKenna based his theory on the effects, or alleged effects, produced by the mushroom<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> while citing studies by <a href="/facts/Roland_L._Fischer/Mu0IXAFL">Roland Fischer</a> et al. from the late 1960s to early 1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a>
McKenna stated that, due to the <a href="/facts/Desertification/N7rdrzFy">desertification</a> of the <a href="/facts/African_continent/XkqQUP9s">African continent</a> at that time, human forerunners were forced from the shrinking tropical <a href="/facts/Canopy_(biology)/P1C0uxKl">canopy</a> into search of new food sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> He believed they would have been following large herds of wild cattle whose dung harbored the insects that, he proposed, were undoubtedly part of their new diet, and would have spotted and started eating <a href="/facts/Psilocybe_cubensis/6e1Y6Hau">Psilocybe cubensis</a>, a dung-loving mushroom often found growing out of <a href="/facts/Cowpat/5g7H0n9b">cowpats</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a>

McKenna's hypothesis was that low doses of psilocybin improve <a href="/facts/Visual_acuity/1hj2u0ej">visual acuity</a>, particularly edge detection, meaning that the presence of psilocybin in the diet of early pack hunting <a href="/facts/Primates/Hl8RNE2X">primates</a> caused the individuals who were consuming psilocybin mushrooms to be better <a href="/facts/Hunters/z1XhJdB2">hunters</a> than those who were not, resulting in an increased food supply and in turn a higher rate of <a href="/facts/Reproductive/nNu0F5Dy">reproductive</a> success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> Then at slightly higher doses, he contended, the mushroom acts to sexually arouse, leading to a higher level of attention, more energy in the <a href="/facts/Organism/j8JkL09u">organism</a>, and potential <a href="/facts/Erection/4vSHr1tU">erection</a> in the <a href="/facts/Male/tl3uj6Y7">males</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> rendering it even more evolutionarily beneficial, as it would result in more <a href="/facts/Offspring/v7LD4qBl">offspring</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> At even higher doses, McKenna proposed that the mushroom would have acted to "dissolve boundaries", promoting community bonding and group sexual activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> Consequently, there would be a mixing of <a href="/facts/Genes/e1swwPY6">genes</a>, greater <a href="/facts/Genetic_diversity/GIymbUr8">genetic diversity</a>, and a communal sense of responsibility for the group offspring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> At these higher doses, McKenna also argued that psilocybin would be triggering activity in the "language-forming region of the brain", manifesting as music and <a href="/facts/Vision_(spirituality)/zKd4jmwe">visions</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> thus catalyzing the emergence of language in early hominids by expanding "their arboreally evolved repertoire of troop signals".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> He also pointed out that psilocybin would dissolve the <a href="/facts/Id%2c_ego_and_super-ego/yxkQ1UJQ">ego</a> and "religious concerns would be at the forefront of the <a href="/facts/Tribe/Jn8tFmPf">tribe</a>'s <a href="/facts/Consciousness/IAxmgt6c">consciousness</a>, simply because of the power and strangeness of the experience itself."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a>
According to McKenna, access to and <a href="/facts/Ingestion/VIsgnlnA">ingestion</a> of mushrooms was an <a href="/facts/Evolutionary/TuWap5IK">evolutionary</a> advantage to humans' <a href="/facts/Omnivorous/b8zcsuJF">omnivorous</a> <a href="/facts/Hunter-gatherer/ghnjoNbJ">hunter-gatherer</a> <a href="/facts/Ancestors/oslX3GRb">ancestors</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a> also providing humanity's first religious impulse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> He believed that psilocybin mushrooms were the "evolutionary catalyst"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> from which language, projective imagination, the arts, religion, philosophy, science, and all of human culture sprang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a>

<h4>Criticism</h4>
McKenna's "stoned ape" theory has not received attention from the scientific community and has been criticized for a relative lack of <a href="/facts/Citation/V9cIWxl8">citation</a> to any of the <a href="/facts/Paleoanthropology/Umjg0sUn">paleoanthropological</a> evidence informing our understanding of human origins. His ideas regarding psilocybin and visual acuity have been criticized as misrepresentations of Fischer et al.'s findings, who published studies of <a href="/facts/Visual_perception/g7Tfaq2l">visual perception</a> <a href="/facts/Parameters/zFvVFMv9">parameters</a> other than acuity. Criticism has also noted a separate study on psilocybin-induced transformation of <a href="/facts/Visual_space/5vQsk96Q">visual space</a>, wherein Fischer et al. stated that psilocybin "may not be conducive to the survival of the <a href="/facts/Organism/j8JkL09u">organism</a>". There is a lack of scientific evidence that psilocybin increases sexual arousal, and even if it does, it would not necessarily entail an evolutionary advantage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> Others have pointed to civilizations such as the <a href="/facts/Aztecs/Tn5vj064">Aztecs</a>, who used psychedelic mushrooms (at least among the Priestly class), that did not reflect McKenna's model of how psychedelic-using cultures would behave, for example, by carrying out <a href="/facts/Human_sacrifice/a5D1u7y1">human sacrifice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> There are also examples of Amazonian tribes such as the <a href="/facts/Jivaroan_peoples/Myf9qMCK">Jivaro</a> and the <a href="/facts/Yanomami/jluXUgGG">Yanomami</a> who use <a href="/facts/Ayahuasca/jLkugAhS">ayahuasca</a> <a href="/facts/Ceremony/c5NTgepr">ceremoniously</a> and who are known to engage in violent behaviour. This, it has been argued, indicates the use of psychedelic plants does not necessarily suppress the ego and create harmonious societies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a>

<h3>Archaic revival</h3>
One of the main themes running through McKenna's work, and the title of his second book, was the idea that <a href="/facts/Western_culture/rPbgAhzI">Western civilization</a> was undergoing what he called an "archaic revival".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a>
His hypothesis was that Western society has become "sick" and is undergoing a "healing process": In the same way that the human body begins to produce <a href="/facts/Antibodies/MX8pdTdP">antibodies</a> when it feels itself to be sick, humanity as a collective whole (in the <a href="/facts/Jungian/QDxb1bFd">Jungian</a> sense) was creating "strategies for overcoming the condition of disease" and trying to cure itself, by what he termed as "a reversion to archaic values". McKenna pointed to phenomena including <a href="/facts/Surrealism/VUJpoo6c">surrealism</a>, <a href="/facts/Abstract_expressionism/MWmgFNSr">abstract expressionism</a>, <a href="/facts/Body_piercing/ECHodBSI">body piercing</a> and <a href="/facts/Tattooing/l5QSeblC">tattooing</a>, <a href="/facts/Psychedelic_drug/aj9GNANW">psychedelic drug</a> use, sexual permissiveness, <a href="/facts/Jazz/lmUzXGq8">jazz</a>, experimental dance, <a href="/facts/Rave_culture/1cBwPCEJ">rave culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Rock_and_roll/hNDC5KwW">rock and roll</a> and <a href="/facts/Catastrophe_theory/9z7AaBVB">catastrophe theory</a>, amongst others, as his evidence that this process was underway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a> This idea is linked to McKenna's "stoned ape" theory of human evolution, with him viewing the "archaic revival" as an impulse to return to the <a href="/facts/Symbiotic/MrBArRGa">symbiotic</a> and blissful relationship he believed humanity once had with the psilocybin mushroom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a>
In differentiating his idea from the "<a href="/facts/New_Age/6cr8V2zG">New Age</a>", a term that he felt trivialized the significance of the next phase in human evolution, McKenna stated that: "The New Age is essentially <a href="/facts/Humanistic_psychology/oFQsrPwv">humanistic psychology</a> '80s-style, with the addition of neo-shamanism, channeling, crystal and herbal healing. The archaic revival is a much larger, more global phenomenon that assumes that we are recovering the social forms of the late <a href="/facts/Neolithic/wRS0Bnh4">neolithic</a>, and reaches far back in the 20th century to <a href="/facts/Freud/KKIYbom9">Freud</a>, to surrealism, to abstract expressionism, even to a phenomenon like <a href="/facts/National_Socialism/JjsMI4lE">National Socialism</a> which is a negative force. But the stress on <a href="/facts/Ritual/EIJngpmf">ritual</a>, on organized activity, on race/ancestor-consciousness – these are themes that have been worked out throughout the entire 20th century, and the archaic revival is an expression of that."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a>

<h3>Novelty theory and Timewave Zero</h3>
"Timewave" redirects here. For the episode of Red Dwarf, see <a href="/facts/Timewave_(Red_Dwarf)/oq85tbdh">Timewave (Red Dwarf)</a>.
Novelty theory is a <a href="/facts/Pseudoscientific/kdNzoLeS">pseudoscientific</a> idea<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a> that purports to predict the ebb and flow of <a href="/facts/Novelty/I3rsa6lg">novelty</a> in the universe as an <a href="/facts/Inherent/FjJrbzGh">inherent</a> quality of time, proposing that time is not a constant but has various qualities tending toward either "habit" or "novelty".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> Habit, in this context, can be thought of as entropic, repetitious, or conservative; and novelty as <a href="/facts/Creativity/8sNGv9no">creative</a>, disjunctive, or progressive <a href="/facts/Phenomena/4CBrlVeW">phenomena</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> McKenna's idea was that the <a href="/facts/Universe/lfoqc5m6">universe</a> is an engine designed for the production and conservation of novelty and that as novelty increases, so does <a href="/facts/Complexity/yaw0UrRj">complexity</a>. With each level of complexity achieved becoming the platform for a further ascent into complexity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>

The basis of the theory was conceived in the mid-1970s after McKenna's experiences with <a href="/facts/Psilocybin/0jGynLUX">psilocybin</a> mushrooms at La Chorrera in the <a href="/facts/Amazon_Basin/kVk5XeHA">Amazon</a> led him to closely study the <a href="/facts/King_Wen_sequence/BhlLbUgF">King Wen sequence</a> of the <a href="/facts/I_Ching/jfEBTfKo">I Ching</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a>
In Asian <a href="/facts/Taoist/Bk79rd9J">Taoist</a> philosophy, opposing phenomena are represented by the <a href="/facts/Yin_and_yang/b0YQXM7U">yin and yang</a>. Both are always present in everything, yet the amount of influence of each varies over time. The individual lines of the I Ching are made up of both Yin (broken lines) and Yang (solid lines).
When examining the King Wen sequence of 64 hexagrams, McKenna noticed a pattern. He analysed the "degree of difference" between the hexagrams in each successive pair and claimed he found a statistical anomaly, which he believed suggested that the King Wen sequence was intentionally constructed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> with the sequence of hexagrams ordered in a highly structured and artificial way, and that this pattern codified the nature of time's flow in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> With the degrees of difference as numerical values, McKenna worked out a mathematical wave form based on the 384 lines of change that make up the 64 hexagrams. He was able to <a href="/facts/Graph_of_a_function/htYX0BGX">graph</a> the data and this became the Novelty Time Wave.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a>

Peter J. Meyer (Peter Johann Gustav Meyer), in collaboration with McKenna, studied and developed novelty theory, working out a mathematical <a href="/facts/Formula/BosTcKnv">formula</a> and developing the Timewave Zero software (the original version of which was completed by July 1987),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> enabling them to graph and explore its dynamics on a computer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a> The graph was <a href="/facts/Fractal/sXj38JeN">fractal</a>: It exhibited a pattern in which a given small section of the wave was found to be identical in form to a larger section of the wave.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> McKenna called this fractal modeling of time "temporal resonance", proposing it implied that larger intervals, occurring long ago, contained the same amount of information as shorter, more recent, intervals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> He suggested the up-and-down oscillation of the wave shows an ongoing wavering between habit and novelty respectively. With each successive <a href="/facts/Iteration/AMc1p7BL">iteration</a> trending, at an increasing level, towards infinite novelty. So according to novelty theory, the pattern of time itself is speeding up, with a requirement of the theory being that infinite novelty will be reached on a specific date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a>
McKenna believed that events in history could be identified that would help him locate the time wave end date<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a> and attempted to find the <a href="/facts/Best-fit/zrLKw6Xj">best-fit</a> of the graph to the data field of human history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> The last <a href="/facts/Harmonic/9U9REzeR">harmonic</a> of the wave has a duration of 67.29 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> Population growth, <a href="/facts/Peak_oil/s0YlwPS6">peak oil</a>, and pollution statistics were some of the factors that pointed him to an early twenty-first century end date and when looking for a particularly novel event in human history as a signal that the final phase had begun McKenna picked the dropping of the <a href="/facts/Atomic_bomb/QVdBcMdm">atomic bomb</a> on <a href="/facts/Hiroshima/WuFDhz14">Hiroshima</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> This adjusted his graph to reach zero in mid-November 2012. When he later discovered that the end of the 13th baktun in the <a href="/facts/Maya_calendar/VNqrYVjH">Maya calendar</a> had been correlated by Western Maya scholars as December 21, 2012,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a> he adopted their end date instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a>
McKenna saw the <a href="/facts/Universe/lfoqc5m6">universe</a>, in relation to novelty theory, as having a <a href="/facts/Teleological/8YR2sPUf">teleological</a> <a href="/facts/Attractor/FAx5Db4w">attractor</a> at the <a href="/facts/Eschatology/yRyvUt8B">end of time</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a> which increases interconnectedness and would eventually reach a <a href="/facts/Mathematical_singularity/Y5sMQY4I">singularity</a> of infinite complexity. He also frequently referred to this as "the <a href="/facts/Transcendence_(religion)/7XP571KV">transcendental</a> object at the end of time."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a> When describing this model of the universe he stated that: "The universe is not being pushed from behind. The universe is being pulled from the future toward a goal that is as inevitable as a <a href="/facts/Marble/5JEFb0qu">marble</a> reaching the bottom of a bowl when you release it up near the rim. If you do that, you know the marble will roll down the side of the bowl, down, down, down – until eventually it comes to rest at the lowest energy state, which is the bottom of the bowl. That's precisely my model of human history. I'm suggesting that the universe is pulled toward a complex attractor that exists ahead of us in time, and that our ever-accelerating speed through the phenomenal world of connectivity and novelty is based on the fact that we are now very, very close to the attractor."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a> Therefore, according to McKenna's final interpretation of the data and positioning of the graph, on December 21, 2012, we would have been in the unique position in time where maximum novelty would be experienced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a> An event he described as a "concrescence",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> a "tightening '<a href="/facts/Gyre/2luvr3Cp">gyre</a>'" with everything flowing together. Speculating that "when the <a href="/facts/Laws_of_physics/aVtc4wpk">laws of physics</a> are obviated, the universe disappears, and what is left is the tightly bound plenum, the <a href="/facts/Monad_(philosophy)/7hUJlkPj">monad</a>, able to express itself for itself, rather than only able to cast a shadow into <a href="/facts/Physis/xVYuduCQ">physis</a> as its reflection...It will be the entry of our species into '<a href="/facts/Hyperspace_(science_fiction)/RyNnQNdL">hyperspace</a>', but it will appear to be the end of physical laws, accompanied by the release of the mind into the imagination."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a>
Novelty theory is considered to be pseudoscience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a> Among the criticisms are the use of <a href="/facts/Numerology/xsUjpADK">numerology</a> to derive dates of important events in world history,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> the arbitrary rather than calculated end date of the time wave<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a> and the apparent adjustment of the eschaton from November 2012 to December 2012 in order to coincide with the Maya calendar. Other purported dates do not fit the actual time frames: the date claimed for the emergence of Homo sapiens is inaccurate by 70,000 years, and the existence of the ancient <a href="/facts/Sumer/bxRz093q">Sumer</a> and <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">Egyptian</a> civilisations contradict the date he gave for the beginning of "historical time". Some projected dates have been criticized for having seemingly arbitrary labels, such as the "height of the age of mammals"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> and McKenna's analysis of historical events has been criticised for having a <a href="/facts/Eurocentric/TDweDqra">eurocentric</a> and <a href="/facts/Cultural_bias/BeTv4b6h">cultural bias</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a>

<h4>The Watkins Objection</h4>
The British mathematician Matthew Watkins of <a href="/facts/Exeter_University/kKtzMCAM">Exeter University</a> conducted a mathematical analysis of the Time Wave, and claimed there were mathematical flaws in its construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a>

<h2 id="critical-reception">Critical reception</h2>

Judy Corman, vice president of the <a href="/facts/Phoenix_House/klaTIUHG">Phoenix House</a> of New York, attacked McKenna for popularizing "dangerous substances". In a 1993 letter to <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a>, he wrote that: "surely the fact that Terence McKenna says that the psilocybin mushroom 'is the megaphone used by an alien, intergalactic Other to communicate with mankind' is enough for us to wonder if taking LSD has done something to his mental faculties."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a> The same year, in his True Hallucinations review for The New York Times, Peter Conrad wrote: "I suffered hallucinatory agonies of my own while reading his shrilly ecstatic prose".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a>
Reviewing Food of the Gods, <a href="/facts/Richard_Evans_Schultes/CxMrd3H4">Richard Evans Schultes</a> wrote in <a href="/facts/American_Scientist/M40emvcm">American Scientist</a> that the book was "a masterpiece of research and writing" and that it "should be read by every specialist working in the multifarious fields involved with the use of psychoactive drugs". Concluding that, "[i]t is, without question, destined to play a major role in our future considerations of the role of the ancient use of psychoactive drugs, the historical shaping of our modern concerns about drugs and perhaps about man's desire for escape from reality with drugs."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a>
In 1994, Tom Hodgkinson wrote for The New Statesman and Society, that "to write him off as a crazy hippie is a rather lazy approach to a man not only full of fascinating ideas but also blessed with a sense of humor and self-parody".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a>
In a 1992 issue of <a href="/facts/Esquire_(magazine)/cbtwRf8q">Esquire</a> magazine, Mark Jacobson wrote of True Hallucinations that, "it would be hard to find a drug narrative more compellingly perched on a baroquely romantic limb than this passionate Tom-and-Huck-ride-great-mother-river-saga of brotherly bonding," adding "put simply, Terence is a hoot!"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a>
<a href="/facts/Wired_(magazine)/RQb6gcyf">Wired</a> called him a "charismatic talking head" who was "brainy, eloquent, and hilarious",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> and <a href="/facts/Jerry_Garcia/VXW3Hbsy">Jerry Garcia</a> of the <a href="/facts/Grateful_Dead/PjyyRGQt">Grateful Dead</a> also said that he was "the only person who has made a serious effort to objectify the psychedelic experience".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a>

<h2 id="publications">Publications</h2>
<h3>Books</h3>
<ul><li>McKenna, Terence; <a href="/facts/Dennis_McKenna/22FUDcGh">McKenna, Dennis</a> (1975). The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens, and the I Ching. New York: Seabury. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8164-9249-7.</li>
<li>McKenna, Terence; <a href="/facts/Dennis_McKenna/22FUDcGh">McKenna, Dennis</a> (1976). Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Under the pseudonyms OT Oss and ON Oeric. Berkeley, CA: And/Or Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-915904-13-6.</li>
<li>McKenna, Terence (1991). <a href="https://archive.org/details/archaicrevivalsp00mcke">The Archaic Revival: Speculations on Psychedelic Mushrooms, the Amazon, Virtual Reality, UFOs, Evolution, Shamanism, the Rebirth of the Goddess, and the End of History</a>. San Francisco: <a href="/facts/HarperCollins/HHLz5lk5">Harper San Francisco</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-250613-9.</li>
<li>McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-553-07868-8.</li>
<li>McKenna, Terence (1992b). Synesthesia. Illustrated by <a href="/facts/Timothy_Ely/J3b6rhxh">Ely, Timothy C.</a> New York: Granary Books. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682">30473682</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rupert_Sheldrake/pR7MzLry">Sheldrake, Rupert</a>; McKenna, Terence; <a href="/facts/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)/3GwuMpup">Abraham, Ralph H.</a> (1992). Trialogues at the Edge of the West: Chaos, Creativity, and the Resacralization of the World. Forward by Houston, Jean. Bear & Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-939680-97-9.</li>
<li>McKenna, Terence (1993). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453">True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise</a>. San Francisco: <a href="/facts/HarperCollins/HHLz5lk5">Harper San Francisco</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-250545-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rupert_Sheldrake/pR7MzLry">Sheldrake, Rupert</a>; McKenna, Terence; <a href="/facts/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)/3GwuMpup">Abraham, Ralph H.</a> (1998). The Evolutionary Mind: Conversations on Science, Imagination & Spirit. Monkfish Book Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9749359-7-3.</li></ul>
<h3>Spoken word</h3>
<ul><li>History Ends in Green: Gaia, Psychedelics and the Archaic Revival, 6 audiocassette set, Mystic Fire audio, 1993, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-56176-907-0 (recorded at the <a href="/facts/Esalen_Institute/vByXW7xM">Esalen Institute</a>, 1989)</li>
<li>TechnoPagans at the End of History (transcription of rap with <a href="/facts/Mark_Pesce/Tducy6tB">Mark Pesce</a> from 1998)</li>
<li>Psychedelics in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1999) (DVD) HPX/SurrealStudio</li>
<li>Conversations on the Edge of Magic (1994) (CD & Cassette) <a href="/facts/Association_for_Consciousness_Exploration/T4dDJTn7">ACE</a></li>
<li>Rap-Dancing into the Third Millennium (1994) (Cassette) (Re-issued on CD as The Quintessential Hallucinogen) <a href="/facts/Association_for_Consciousness_Exploration/T4dDJTn7">ACE</a></li>
<li>Packing For the Long Strange Trip (1994) (Audio Cassette) <a href="/facts/Association_for_Consciousness_Exploration/T4dDJTn7">ACE</a></li>
<li>Global Perspectives and Psychedelic Poetics (1994) (Cassette) Sound Horizons Audio-Video, Inc.</li>
<li>The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge (1992) (Cassette) <a href="/facts/Sounds_True/AXpSpX7C">Sounds True</a></li>
<li>The Psychedelic Society (DVD & Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>True Hallucinations Workshop (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>The Vertigo at History's Edge: Who Are We? Where Have We Come From? Where Are We Going? (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Ethnobotany and Shamanism (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Shamanism, Symbiosis and Psychedelics Workshop (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Shamanology (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Shamanology of the Amazon (w/ Nicole Maxwell) (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Beyond Psychology (1983) (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Understanding & the Imagination in the Light of Nature Parts 1 & 2 (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Ethnobotany (a complete course given at The <a href="/facts/California_Institute_of_Integral_Studies/dJTAkNIz">California Institute of Integral Studies</a>) (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Non-ordinary States of Reality Through Vision Plants (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Mind & Time, Spirit & Matter: The Complete Weekend in Santa Fe (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Forms and Mysteries: Morphogenetic Fields and Psychedelic Experiences (w/ <a href="/facts/Rupert_Sheldrake/pR7MzLry">Rupert Sheldrake</a>) (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>UFO: The Inside Outsider (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>A Calendar for The Goddess (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>A Magical Journey: Including Hallucinogens and Culture, Time and The I Ching, and The Human Future (Video Cassette) TAP/Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Aliens and Archetypes (Video Cassette) TAP/Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Angels, Aliens and Archetypes 1987 Symposium: Shamanic Approaches to the UFO, and Fairmont Banquet Talk (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Botanical Dimensions (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Conference on Botanical Intelligence (w/ <a href="/facts/Joan_Halifax/NNXIoPHF">Joan Halifax</a>, Andy Weil, & <a href="/facts/Dennis_McKenna/22FUDcGh">Dennis McKenna</a>) (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Coping With Gaia's Midwife Crisis (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Dreaming Awake at the End of Time (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Evolving Times (DVD, CD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Food of the Gods (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Food of the Gods 2: Drugs, Plants and Destiny (Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Hallucinogens in Shamanism & Anthropology at Bridge Psychedelic Conf.1991 (w/ <a href="/facts/Ralph_Metzner/NoA54GEu">Ralph Metzner</a>, Marlene Dobkin De Rios, Allison Kennedy & Thomas Pinkson) (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Finale – Bridge Psychedelic Conf.1991 (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Man and Woman at the End of History (w/ <a href="/facts/Riane_Eisler/KU8TUc4Q">Riane Eisler</a>) (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Plants, Consciousness, and Transformation (1995) (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Metamorphosis (w/ <a href="/facts/Rupert_Sheldrake/pR7MzLry">Rupert Sheldrake</a> & <a href="/facts/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)/3GwuMpup">Ralph Abraham</a>) (1995) (Video Cassette) Mystic Fire/Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Nature is the Center of the Mandala (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Opening the Doors of Creativity (1990) (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Places I Have Been (CD & Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Plants, Visions and History Lecture (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Psychedelics Before and After History (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Sacred Plants As Guides: New Dimensions of the Soul (at the Jung Society Clairemont, California) (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Seeking the Stone (Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Shamanism: Before and Beyond History – A Weekend at Ojai (w/ <a href="/facts/Ralph_Metzner/NoA54GEu">Ralph Metzner</a>) (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Shedding the Monkey (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>State of the Stone '95 (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>The Ethnobotany of Shamanism Introductory Lecture: The Philosophical Implications of Psychobotony: Past, Present and Future (at <a href="/facts/California_Institute_of_Integral_Studies/dJTAkNIz">CIIS</a>) (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>The Ethnobotany of Shamanism Workshop: Psychedelics Before and After History (at <a href="/facts/California_Institute_of_Integral_Studies/dJTAkNIz">CIIS</a>) (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>The Grammar of Ecstasy – the World Within the Word (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>The Light at the End of History (Audio/Video Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>The State of the Stone Address: Having Archaic and Eating it Too (Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>The Taxonomy of Illusion (at <a href="/facts/UC_Santa_Cruz/ez1IKCYp">UC Santa Cruz</a>) (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>This World ...and Its Double (DVD & Video/Audio Cassette) Sound Photosynthesis</li>
<li>Trialogues at the Edge of the Millennium (w/ <a href="/facts/Rupert_Sheldrake/pR7MzLry">Rupert Sheldrake</a> & <a href="/facts/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)/3GwuMpup">Ralph Abraham</a>) (at <a href="/facts/UC_Santa_Cruz/ez1IKCYp">UC Santa Cruz</a>) (1998) (Video Cassette) Trialogue Press</li></ul>
<h3>Discography</h3>
<ul><li>Re : Evolution with <a href="/facts/The_Shamen/ksst43Tp">The Shamen</a> (1992)</li>
<li>Dream Matrix Telemetry with Zuvuya (1993)</li>
<li>Alien Dreamtime with <a href="/facts/Spacetime_Continuum/DoLSazMB">Spacetime Continuum</a> & <a href="/facts/Stephen_Kent_(musician)/5pSGYCY7">Stephen Kent</a> (2003)</li>
<li>"Reclaim Your Mind" with <a href="/facts/Mark_Pontius/jPVf6zDr">Mark Pontius</a> (2020)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a></li></ul>
<h3>Filmography</h3>

<ul><li>Experiment at Petaluma (1990)</li>
<li>Prague Gnosis: Terence McKenna Dialogues (1992)</li>
<li>The Hemp Revolution (1995)</li>
<li>Terence McKenna: The Last Word (1999)</li>
<li>Shamans of the Amazon (2001)</li>
<li>Alien Dreamtime (2003)</li>
<li>2012: The Odyssey (2007)</li>
<li>The Alchemical Dream: Rebirth of the Great Work (2008)</li>
<li>Manifesting the Mind (2009)</li>
<li>Cognition Factor (2009)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/DMT%3a_The_Spirit_Molecule/ANfFguGG">DMT: The Spirit Molecule</a> (2010)</li>
<li>2012: Time for Change (2010)</li>
<li>The Terence McKenna OmniBus (2012)</li>
<li>The Transcendental Object at the End of Time (2014)</li>
<li>Terence McKenna's True Hallucinations (2016)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Benny_Shanon/VtxlpFDk">Benny Shanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/David_E._Nichols/aLlPrQ9V">David E. Nichols</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jeremy_Narby/A3edL1QF">Jeremy Narby</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Ott/gqA9Pplj">Jonathan Ott</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Luis_Eduardo_Luna/ASxPFWSj">Luis Eduardo Luna</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Omega_Point/f7LJbxDC">Omega Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rick_Strassman/FIPTKBYM">Rick Strassman</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christian_R%25C3%25A4tsch/wnUW133z">Christian Rätsch</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikiquote has quotations related to Terence McKenna.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terence McKenna.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1631555/">Terence McKenna</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.botanicaldimensions.org/">Botanical Dimensions</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Brian_Dunning_(author)/d8rJhp62">Dunning, Brian</a> (June 30, 2020). <a href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4734">"Skeptoid #734: The Stoned Ape Theory"</a>. <a href="/facts/Brian_Dunning_(author)/d8rJhp62">Skeptoid</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Erowid/VTWjFycw">Erowid</a>'s <a href="https://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/mckenna_terence/mckenna_terence.shtml">Terence McKenna Vault</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.levity.com/eschaton/">Official website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://psychedelicsalon.com/category/people/terence-mckenna/">Psychedelic Salon</a>, Over 100 podcasts of Terence McKenna lectures</li>
<li><a href="https://www.vice.com/series/tao-of-terence">Tao of Terence</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101711/http://www.vice.com/series/tao-of-terence">Archived</a> August 11, 2016, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, a 12-part series of essays on McKenna by <a href="/facts/Tao_Lin/SA0yJejy">Tao Lin</a> at <a href="/facts/Vice_(magazine)/cfPWAE8z">Vice</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.terencemckenna.com/tmbib/index.php">Terence McKenna Bibliography</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707025604/http://www.terencemckenna.com/tmbib/index.php">Archived</a> July 7, 2015, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, list of references to books, articles, audio, video, interviews and translations by and about Terence McKenna</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MG5gFtZ3U8&t=3293s&ab_channel=WePlantsAreHappyPlants/">Terrence McKenna's True Hallucinations</a> Documentary by Peter Bergmann</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAlaRdrcQcY">The Transcendental Object At The End Of Time</a> Documentary by Peter Bergmann</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Znamenski, Andrei A. (2007). The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-803849-8. <a href="978-0-19-803849-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-803849-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Horgan, John (2004). Rational Mysticism: Spirituality Meets Science in the Search for Enlightenment. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-547-34780-6. <a href="978-0-547-34780-6" target="_blank">978-0-547-34780-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Partridge, Christopher (2006). "Ch. 3: Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Contemporary Sacralization of Psychedelics". Reenchantment of West. Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. Vol. 2. Continuum. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-567-55271-6. <a href="978-0-567-55271-6" target="_blank">978-0-567-55271-6</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Krupp, E.C. (November 2009). "The great 2012 scare" (PDF). Sky & Telescope. pp. 22–26 [25]. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 18, 2016. <a href="/wiki/Ed_Krupp" target="_blank">/wiki/Ed_Krupp</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Bruce, Alexandra (2009). 2012: Science Or Superstition (The Definitive Guide to the Doomsday Phenomenon). Disinformation Movie & Book Guides. Red Wheel Weiser. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-934708-51-4. <a href="978-1-934708-51-4" target="_blank">978-1-934708-51-4</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Normark, Johan (June 16, 2009). "2012: Prophet of nonsense #8: Terence McKenna – Novelty theory and timewave zero". Archaeological Haecceities (blog). <a href="http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/" target="_blank">http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Kent, James (December 2, 2003). "Terence McKenna Interview, Part 1". Tripzine.com. Retrieved June 29, 2011. <a href="http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1" target="_blank">http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Dennis McKenna (2012). The Brotherhood of the Screaming Abyss: My Life with Terence McKenna (ebook) (1st ed.). Polaris Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-87839-637-5. <a href="978-0-87839-637-5" target="_blank">978-0-87839-637-5</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">McKenna, Dennis 2012, p. 115. - Dennis McKenna (2012). The Brotherhood of the Screaming Abyss: My Life with Terence McKenna (ebook) (1st ed.). Polaris Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-87839-637-5. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Lin, Tao (August 13, 2014). "Psilocybin, the Mushroom, and Terence McKenna". Vice. Retrieved July 12, 2018. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Kent, James (December 2, 2003). "Terence McKenna Interview, Part 1". Tripzine.com. Retrieved June 29, 2011. <a href="http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1" target="_blank">http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Kent, James (December 2, 2003). "Terence McKenna Interview, Part 1". Tripzine.com. Retrieved June 29, 2011. <a href="http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1" target="_blank">http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Kent, James (December 2, 2003). "Terence McKenna Interview, Part 1". Tripzine.com. Retrieved June 29, 2011. <a href="http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1" target="_blank">http://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=terence1</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">McKenna 1992a, pp. 204–17. - McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-07868-8. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">McKenna 1993, p. 215. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">McKenna 1993, p. 215. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">McKenna 1993, pp. 55–58. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">McKenna 1993, pp. 55–58. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">McKenna 1993, pp. 22–23. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">McKenna 1993, pp. 22–23. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"Terence McKenna; Promoter of psychedelic drug use". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2000. p. B6. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Terence McKenna". Omni. Vol. 15, no. 7. 1993. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/Omni_(magazine)" target="_blank">/wiki/Omni_(magazine)</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">McKenna 1993, pp. 1–13. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">McKenna 1993, p. 23. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">McKenna 1993, pp. 1–13. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">McKenna 1993, pp. 1–13. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Gyus. "The End of the River: A critical view of Linear Apocalyptic Thought, and how Linearity makes a sneak appearance in Timewave Theory's fractal view of Time..." dreamflesh. The Unlimited Dream Company. Retrieved July 19, 2015. <a href="http://dreamflesh.com/essays/endofriver/" target="_blank">http://dreamflesh.com/essays/endofriver/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">McKenna 1993, p. 194. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Lin, Tao (August 13, 2014). "Psilocybin, the Mushroom, and Terence McKenna". Vice. Retrieved July 12, 2018. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">McKenna 1993, p. 3. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"Terence McKenna; Promoter of psychedelic drug use". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2000. p. B6. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"Terence McKenna". Omni. Vol. 15, no. 7. 1993. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/Omni_(magazine)" target="_blank">/wiki/Omni_(magazine)</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">McKenna 1993, pp. 205–07. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">McKenna 1993, p. 215. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Hancock, Graham (2006) [2005 Hancock]. Supernatural: Meetings with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. London: Arrow. pp. 556–57. ISBN 978-0-09-947415-9. <a href="978-0-09-947415-9" target="_blank">978-0-09-947415-9</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Lin, Tao (August 13, 2014). "Psilocybin, the Mushroom, and Terence McKenna". Vice. Retrieved July 12, 2018. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">McKenna 1993, pp. 205–07. - McKenna, Terence (1993). True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author's Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil's Paradise. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-250545-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062505453</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Letcher 2007, p. 278. - Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Ott J. (1993). Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, their Plant Sources and History. Kennewick, Washington: Natural Products Company. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-9614234-3-8.; see San Antonio JP. (1971). "A laboratory method to obtain fruit from cased grain spawn of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus". Mycologia. 63 (1): 16–21. doi:10.2307/3757680. JSTOR 3757680. PMID 5102274. <a href="978-0-9614234-3-8" target="_blank">978-0-9614234-3-8</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Letcher 2007, p. 278. - Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">McKenna & McKenna 1976, Preface (revised ed.). - McKenna, Terence; McKenna, Dennis (1976). Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. Under the pseudonyms OT Oss and ON Oeric. Berkeley, CA: And/Or Press. ISBN 978-0-915904-13-6. <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Wojtowicz, Slawek (2008). "Ch. 6: Magic Mushrooms". In Strassman, Rick; Wojtowicz, Slawek; Luna, Luis Eduardo; et al. (eds.). Inner Paths To Outer Space: Journeys to Alien Worlds Through Psychedelics and Other Spiritual Technologies. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-59477-224-5. <a href="978-1-59477-224-5" target="_blank">978-1-59477-224-5</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Toop, David (February 18, 1993). "Sounds like a radical vision; The Shamen and Terence McKenna". Rock Music. The Times. <a href="/wiki/David_Toop" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Toop</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Sharkey, Alix (April 15, 2000). "Terence McKenna". The Independent (Obituary). p. 7. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Independent</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">McKenna, Terence (1994). "181-McKennaErosEschatonQA". In Hagerty, Lorenzo (ed.). Psychedelia: Psychedelic Salon ALL Episodes (MP3) (lecture). Event occurs at 32:00. Retrieved April 11, 2014. <a href="https://archive.org/details/PsychedelicSalon-all-" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/PsychedelicSalon-all-</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">McKenna, Terence (September 11, 1993a). This World...and Its Double (DVD). Mill Valley, California: Sound Photosynthesis. Event occurs at 1:30:45. <a href="/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California" target="_blank">/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Toop, David (February 18, 1993). "Sounds like a radical vision; The Shamen and Terence McKenna". Rock Music. The Times. <a href="/wiki/David_Toop" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Toop</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Leary, Timothy (1992). "Unfolding the Stone 1". In Damer, Bruce (ed.). Psychedelia: Raw Archives of Terence McKenna Talks (MP3) (Introduction to lecture by Terence McKenna). Event occurs at 2:08. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" target="_blank">/wiki/Timothy_Leary</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Hicks, Bill (1997) [November 1992 – December 1993]. "Pt. 1: Ch. 2: Gifts of Forgiveness". Rant in E-Minor (CD and MP3). Rykodisc. Event occurs at 0:58. OCLC 38306915. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hicks" target="_blank">/wiki/Bill_Hicks</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">"Terence McKenna; Promoter of psychedelic drug use". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2000. p. B6. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Toop, David (February 18, 1993). "Sounds like a radical vision; The Shamen and Terence McKenna". Rock Music. The Times. <a href="/wiki/David_Toop" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Toop</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Hayes, Charles (2000). Tripping: An Anthology of True-Life Psychedelic Adventures. Penguin. p. 1201. ISBN 978-1-101-15719-0. <a href="978-1-101-15719-0" target="_blank">978-1-101-15719-0</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">"Terence McKenna; Promoter of psychedelic drug use". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2000. p. B6. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Partridge, Christopher (2006). "Ch. 3: Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Contemporary Sacralization of Psychedelics". Reenchantment of West. Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. Vol. 2. Continuum. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-567-55271-6. <a href="978-0-567-55271-6" target="_blank">978-0-567-55271-6</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Sheldrake, McKenna & Abraham 1998, Preface. - Sheldrake, Rupert; McKenna, Terence; Abraham, Ralph H. (1998). The Evolutionary Mind: Conversations on Science, Imagination & Spirit. Monkfish Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9749359-7-3. <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Sheldrake, McKenna & Abraham 1992, p. 11. - Sheldrake, Rupert; McKenna, Terence; Abraham, Ralph H. (1992). Trialogues at the Edge of the West: Chaos, Creativity, and the Resacralization of the World. Forward by Houston, Jean. Bear & Company. ISBN 978-0-939680-97-9. <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Rice, Paddy Rose (ed.). "The Sheldrake – McKenna – Abraham Trialogues". sheldrake.org. Archived from the original on November 28, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131128060018/http://www.sheldrake.org/Trialogues/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131128060018/http://www.sheldrake.org/Trialogues/</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Sheldrake, McKenna & Abraham 1998, Preface. - Sheldrake, Rupert; McKenna, Terence; Abraham, Ralph H. (1998). The Evolutionary Mind: Conversations on Science, Imagination & Spirit. Monkfish Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9749359-7-3. <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">"Terence McKenna; Promoter of psychedelic drug use". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2000. p. B6. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">"Who We Are & Library Hours/Contact Info". Botanical Dimensions. <a href="http://botanicaldimensions.org/contact-botanical-dimensions/#/0/20" target="_blank">http://botanicaldimensions.org/contact-botanical-dimensions/#/0/20</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">"Plants and People: Our Ethnobotany Offerings". Botanical Dimensions. <a href="http://botanicaldimensions.org/#/0/14" target="_blank">http://botanicaldimensions.org/#/0/14</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Nollman, Jim (1994). Why We Garden: Cultivating a sense of place. Henry Holt and Company. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8050-2719-8. <a href="978-0-8050-2719-8" target="_blank">978-0-8050-2719-8</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">"Who We Are & Library Hours/Contact Info". Botanical Dimensions. <a href="http://botanicaldimensions.org/contact-botanical-dimensions/#/0/20" target="_blank">http://botanicaldimensions.org/contact-botanical-dimensions/#/0/20</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">"Plants and People: Our Ethnobotany Offerings". Botanical Dimensions. <a href="http://botanicaldimensions.org/#/0/14" target="_blank">http://botanicaldimensions.org/#/0/14</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">"Terence McKenna; Promoter of psychedelic drug use". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2000. p. B6. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Davis, Erik (January 13, 2005). "Terence McKenna Vs. the Black Hole". techgnosis.com (Excerpts from the CD, Terence McKenna: The Last Interview). Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Frauenfelder, Mark (February 22, 2007). "Terence McKenna's library destroyed in fire". Boing Boing (group blog). Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Frauenfelder" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Frauenfelder</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Davis, Erik. "Terence McKenna's Ex-Library". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131122/http://www.techgnosis.com/chunks.php?sec=journal&cat=&file=chunkfrom-2007-02-13-2307-0.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131122/http://www.techgnosis.com/chunks.php?sec=journal&cat=&file=chunkfrom-2007-02-13-2307-0.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">'The Butterfly Hunter' by Klea McKenna By Tao Lin, Sep 9 2014, 7:36pm, Vice <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-butterfly-hunter-by-klea-mckenna-874/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-butterfly-hunter-by-klea-mckenna-874/</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">'The Butterfly Hunter' by Klea McKenna By Tao Lin, Sep 9 2014, 7:36pm, Vice <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-butterfly-hunter-by-klea-mckenna-874/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-butterfly-hunter-by-klea-mckenna-874/</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">'The Butterfly Hunter' by Klea McKenna By Tao Lin, Sep 9 2014, 7:36pm, Vice <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-butterfly-hunter-by-klea-mckenna-874/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-butterfly-hunter-by-klea-mckenna-874/</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Hancock, Graham (2006) [2005 Hancock]. Supernatural: Meetings with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. London: Arrow. pp. 556–57. ISBN 978-0-09-947415-9. <a href="978-0-09-947415-9" target="_blank">978-0-09-947415-9</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Stamets, Paul (1996). "5. Good tips for great trips". Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An identification guide. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-89815-839-7. <a href="978-0-89815-839-7" target="_blank">978-0-89815-839-7</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">McKenna 1992a, p. 43. - McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-07868-8. <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Hancock, Graham (2006) [2005 Hancock]. Supernatural: Meetings with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. London: Arrow. pp. 556–57. ISBN 978-0-09-947415-9. <a href="978-0-09-947415-9" target="_blank">978-0-09-947415-9</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Wadsworth, Jennifer (May 11, 2016). "Federal approval brings MDMA from club to clinic". Metro Active. Metro Silicon Valley. Retrieved May 17, 2016. <a href="http://www.metroactive.com/features/MDMA-Molly-Drugs-Psychedelic.html" target="_blank">http://www.metroactive.com/features/MDMA-Molly-Drugs-Psychedelic.html</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Stamets, Paul (1996). "5. Good tips for great trips". Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An identification guide. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-89815-839-7. <a href="978-0-89815-839-7" target="_blank">978-0-89815-839-7</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Pinchbeck 2003, p. 193. - Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">McKenna, Terence. "The Invisible Landscape". futurehi.net (lecture). Future Hi. Archived from the original on October 16, 2005.[verification needed][infringing link?] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016224845/http://www.futurehi.net/media/McKenna_The_Invisible_Landscape_1-A.mp3" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051016224845/http://www.futurehi.net/media/McKenna_The_Invisible_Landscape_1-A.mp3</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Pinchbeck 2003, p. 247. - Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Trip, Gabriel (May 2, 1993). "Tripping, but not falling". New York Times. p. A6. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/The_New_York_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Shamen (1992). "Re: Evolution". Boss Drum (CD, MP3). Epic. Event occurs at 4:50. OCLC 27056837. Track 10. <a href="/wiki/The_Shamen" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Shamen</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">McKenna, Terence. "The Gaian mind". deoxy.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 1999. – Cut-up from the works of Terence McKenna. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990203035348/http://deoxy.org/gaia/g_mind.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/19990203035348/http://deoxy.org/gaia/g_mind.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Rick Strassman, M.D. (2001). DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A doctor's revolutionary research into the biology of near-death and mystical experiences (Later printing ed.). Inner Traditions Bear and Company. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-89281-927-0. <a href="978-0-89281-927-0" target="_blank">978-0-89281-927-0</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Pinchbeck 2003, p. 213. - Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Pinchbeck 2003, p. 234. - Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">McKenna 1992a, pp. 204–17. - McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-07868-8. <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Rabey, Steve (August 13, 1994). "Instant karma: Psychedelic drug use on the rise as a quick route to spirituality". Colorado Springs Gazette – Telegraph. p. E1. <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">McKenna 1992a, p. 242. - McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-07868-8. <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">McKenna, Terence (1999). Psychedelics in the age of intelligent machines (lecture) (video). <a href="https://archive.org/details/TerenceMckenna_Seattle199Lecture" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/TerenceMckenna_Seattle199Lecture</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">McKenna, Terence (1992). "Unfolding the Stone 1". In Damer, Bruce (ed.). Psychedelia: Raw Archives of Terence McKenna Talks (lecture) (MP3). Event occurs at 17:30. <a href="https://archive.org/download/PsychedeliaRawArchivesOfTerenceMckennaTalks/UnfoldingTheStone1.mp3" target="_blank">https://archive.org/download/PsychedeliaRawArchivesOfTerenceMckennaTalks/UnfoldingTheStone1.mp3</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">McKenna, Terence (1990–1999). "Surfing Finnegans Wake". In Damer, Bruce (ed.). Psychedelia: Raw archives of Terence McKenna talks (lecture) (MP3). Event occurs at 0:45. <a href="https://archive.org/download/PsychedeliaRawArchivesOfTerenceMckennaTalks/SurfingFinnegansWake.mp3" target="_blank">https://archive.org/download/PsychedeliaRawArchivesOfTerenceMckennaTalks/SurfingFinnegansWake.mp3</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">McKenna, Terence (1991). "Afterword: I understand Philip K. Dick". In Sutin, Lawrence (ed.). In Pursuit of Valis: Selections from the exegesis. Underwood-Miller. ISBN 978-0-88733-091-9. "Convenience copy". sirbacon.org.[verification needed][infringing link?] <a href="978-0-88733-091-9" target="_blank">978-0-88733-091-9</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Lin, Tao (August 13, 2014). "Psilocybin, the Mushroom, and Terence McKenna". Vice. Retrieved July 12, 2018. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Mulvihill, Tom. "Eight things you didn't know about magic mushrooms". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2015. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/11289904/Eight-things-you-didnt-know-about-magic-mushrooms.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/11289904/Eight-things-you-didnt-know-about-magic-mushrooms.html</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Mulvihill, Tom. "Eight things you didn't know about magic mushrooms". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2015. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/11289904/Eight-things-you-didnt-know-about-magic-mushrooms.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/11289904/Eight-things-you-didnt-know-about-magic-mushrooms.html</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">McKenna 1992b, pp. 56–60. - McKenna, Terence (1992b). Synesthesia. Illustrated by Ely, Timothy C. New York: Granary Books. OCLC 30473682. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">"Terence McKenna; Promoter of psychedelic drug use". Los Angeles Times. April 7, 2000. p. B6. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">McKenna 1992b, p. 54. - McKenna, Terence (1992b). Synesthesia. Illustrated by Ely, Timothy C. New York: Granary Books. OCLC 30473682. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Fischer, Roland; Hill, Richard; Thatcher, Karen; Scheib, James (1970). "Psilocybin-Induced contraction of nearby visual space". Agents and Actions. 1 (4): 190–97. doi:10.1007/BF01965761. PMID 5520365. S2CID 8321037. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">McKenna 1992b, p. 57. - McKenna, Terence (1992b). Synesthesia. Illustrated by Ely, Timothy C. New York: Granary Books. OCLC 30473682. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Znamenski 2007, pp. 138–39. - Znamenski, Andrei A. (2007). The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-803849-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Lin, Tao (August 13, 2014). "Psilocybin, the Mushroom, and Terence McKenna". Vice. Retrieved July 12, 2018. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/psilocybin-the-mushroom-and-terence-mckenna-439/</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">McKenna 1992b, pp. 56–60. - McKenna, Terence (1992b). Synesthesia. Illustrated by Ely, Timothy C. New York: Granary Books. OCLC 30473682. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">McKenna 1992b, p. 59. - McKenna, Terence (1992b). Synesthesia. Illustrated by Ely, Timothy C. New York: Granary Books. OCLC 30473682. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">McKenna 1992b, p. 59. - McKenna, Terence (1992b). Synesthesia. Illustrated by Ely, Timothy C. New York: Granary Books. OCLC 30473682. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473682</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Znamenski 2007, pp. 138–39. - Znamenski, Andrei A. (2007). The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-803849-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">Znamenski 2007, pp. 138–39. - Znamenski, Andrei A. (2007). The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-803849-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">Pinchbeck 2003, p. 194. - Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">Znamenski 2007, pp. 138–39. - Znamenski, Andrei A. (2007). The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-803849-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgelrgGSIMC&pg=PA138</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">Akers, Brian P. (March 28, 2011). "Concerning Terence McKenna's 'Stoned Apes'". Reality Sandwich. Retrieved August 12, 2015. <a href="http://realitysandwich.com/89329/terence_mckennas_stoned_apes/" target="_blank">http://realitysandwich.com/89329/terence_mckennas_stoned_apes/</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">Gyrus (2009). "Appendix II: The Stoned Ape Hypothesis". War and the Noble Savage: A Critical Inquiry Into Recent Accounts of Violence Amongst Uncivilized Peoples. London: Dreamflesh. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-9554196-1-4. <a href="978-0-9554196-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9554196-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">Hayes, Charles (2000). "Introduction: The Psychedelic [in] Society: A Brief Cultural History of Tripping". Tripping: An Anthology of True-Life Psychedelic Adventures. Penguin. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-101-15719-0. <a href="978-1-101-15719-0" target="_blank">978-1-101-15719-0</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">McKenna, Terence (1994). "181-McKennaErosEschatonQA". In Hagerty, Lorenzo (ed.). Psychedelia: Psychedelic Salon ALL Episodes (MP3) (lecture). Event occurs at 49:10. Retrieved April 11, 2014. <a href="https://archive.org/details/PsychedelicSalon-all-" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/PsychedelicSalon-all-</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">McKenna, Terence. "The Importance of Human Beings (a.k.a Eros and the Eschaton)". matrixmasters.net. Archived from the original on August 6, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806081121/http://www.matrixmasters.net/podcasts/TRANSCRIPTS/TMcK-ImportanceHumanBeings.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130806081121/http://www.matrixmasters.net/podcasts/TRANSCRIPTS/TMcK-ImportanceHumanBeings.html</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">Spacetime Continuum; McKenna, Terence; Kent, Stephen (2003) [1993]. "Archaic Revival". Alien Dreamtime. Visuals by Rose-X Media House. Magic Carpet Media: Astralwerks. Event occurs at 3:08. OCLC 80061092. Archived from the original on July 6, 1997. Retrieved February 1, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Sharp" target="_blank">/wiki/Jonah_Sharp</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">McKenna 1992a, pp. 204–17. - McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-07868-8. <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">Bruce, Alexandra (2009). 2012: Science Or Superstition (The Definitive Guide to the Doomsday Phenomenon). Disinformation Movie & Book Guides. Red Wheel Weiser. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-934708-51-4. <a href="978-1-934708-51-4" target="_blank">978-1-934708-51-4</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">Normark, Johan (June 16, 2009). "2012: Prophet of nonsense #8: Terence McKenna – Novelty theory and timewave zero". Archaeological Haecceities (blog). <a href="http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/" target="_blank">http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">Horgan, John. "Was psychedelic guru Terence McKenna goofing about 2012 prophecy?" (blog). Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2014. <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Horgan_(American_journalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:254">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">Gyus. "The End of the River: A critical view of Linear Apocalyptic Thought, and how Linearity makes a sneak appearance in Timewave Theory's fractal view of Time..." dreamflesh. The Unlimited Dream Company. Retrieved July 19, 2015. <a href="http://dreamflesh.com/essays/endofriver/" target="_blank">http://dreamflesh.com/essays/endofriver/</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:259">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">United States Copyright Office Title=Timewave zero. Copyright Number: TXu000288739 Date: 1987 <a href="http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=TXu000288739&Search_Code=REGS&PID=On67hJJKiUHbTI8fcg4Vui7_w&SEQ=20160922183840&CNT=25&HIST=1" target="_blank">http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=TXu000288739&Search_Code=REGS&PID=On67hJJKiUHbTI8fcg4Vui7_w&SEQ=20160922183840&CNT=25&HIST=1</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:264">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:265">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">McKenna 1992a, pp. 104–13. - McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-07868-8. <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:268">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:269">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:270">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:271">Abraham, Ralph; McKenna, Terence (June 1983). "Dynamics of Hyperspace". ralph-abraham.org. Santa Cruz, CA. Retrieved October 14, 2009. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)" target="_blank">/wiki/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:272">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:273">Abraham, Ralph; McKenna, Terence (June 1983). "Dynamics of Hyperspace". ralph-abraham.org. Santa Cruz, CA. Retrieved October 14, 2009. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)" target="_blank">/wiki/Ralph_Abraham_(mathematician)</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:274">Most Mayanist scholars, such as Mark Van Stone and Anthony Aveni, adhere to the "GMT (Goodman-Martinez-Thompson) correlation" with the Long Count, which places the start date at 11 August 3114 BC and the end date of b'ak'tun 13 at December 21, 2012.[89] This date was also the overwhelming preference of those who believed in 2012 eschatology, arguably, Van Stone suggests, because it was a solstice, and was thus astrologically significant. Some Mayanist scholars, such as Michael D. Coe, Linda Schele and Marc Zender, adhere to the "Lounsbury/GMT+2" correlation, which sets the start date at August 13 and the end date at December 23. Which of these is a better correlation remained unsettled.[90] Coe's initial date was "24 December 2011." He revised it to "11 January AD 2013" in the 1980 2nd edition of his book,[91] not settling on December 23, 2012 until the 1984 3rd edition.[92] The correlation of b'ak'tun 13 as December 21, 2012 first appeared in Table B.2 of Robert J. Sharer's 1983 revision of the 4th edition of Sylvanus Morley's book The Ancient Maya.[93] <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:275">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:276">Defesche, Sacha (June 17, 2008) [January–August 2007]. "'The 2012 Phenomenon': A historical and typological approach to a modern apocalyptic mythology" (MA Thesis, Mysticism and Western Esotericism, University of Amsterdam). Skepsis. Retrieved April 29, 2011. <a href="http://skepsis.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=131&sok=1" target="_blank">http://skepsis.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=131&sok=1</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:277">The 1975 first edition of McKenna's The Invisible Landscape refers to 2012 (but no specific day during the year) only twice. In the 1993 second edition, McKenna employed December 21, 2012 throughout, the date arrived at by the Mayanist researcher Robert J. Sharer.[94] <a href="/wiki/Mayanist" target="_blank">/wiki/Mayanist</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:278">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:279">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">Dery, Mark (2001) [1996]. "Terence McKenna: The inner elf". 21•C Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dery" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Dery</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">McKenna, Terence (1994). "Approaching Timewave Zero". Magical Blend. No. 44. Retrieved June 15, 2015.[reprint verification needed][infringing link?] <a href="http://www.fractal-timewave.com/articles/approaching_twz.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fractal-timewave.com/articles/approaching_twz.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen, eds. (1993). "Mushrooms, Elves And Magic". Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 9–24. ISBN 978-0-89594-601-0. <a href="978-0-89594-601-0" target="_blank">978-0-89594-601-0</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:283">Jenkins, John Major (2009). "Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters". The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14882-2. <a href="978-1-101-14882-2" target="_blank">978-1-101-14882-2</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:284">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:285">Pinchbeck, Daniel (2003). Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Broadway Books. pp. 231–38. ISBN 978-0-7679-0743-9. <a href="978-0-7679-0743-9" target="_blank">978-0-7679-0743-9</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">McKenna 1992a, p. 101. - McKenna, Terence (1992a). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge – A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-07868-8. <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:287">Bruce, Alexandra (2009). 2012: Science Or Superstition (The Definitive Guide to the Doomsday Phenomenon). Disinformation Movie & Book Guides. Red Wheel Weiser. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-934708-51-4. <a href="978-1-934708-51-4" target="_blank">978-1-934708-51-4</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:288">Normark, Johan (June 16, 2009). "2012: Prophet of nonsense #8: Terence McKenna – Novelty theory and timewave zero". Archaeological Haecceities (blog). <a href="http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/" target="_blank">http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:289">Normark, Johan (June 16, 2009). "2012: Prophet of nonsense #8: Terence McKenna – Novelty theory and timewave zero". Archaeological Haecceities (blog). <a href="http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/" target="_blank">http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:290">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:291">Normark, Johan (June 16, 2009). "2012: Prophet of nonsense #8: Terence McKenna – Novelty theory and timewave zero". Archaeological Haecceities (blog). <a href="http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/" target="_blank">http://haecceities.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/2012-prophet-of-nonsense-8-terence-mckenna%E2%80%93-novelty-theory-and-timewave-zero/</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:292">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:293">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:294">Letcher, Andy (2007). "14.The Elf-Clowns of Hyperspace". Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–74. ISBN 978-0-06-082829-5. <a href="978-0-06-082829-5" target="_blank">978-0-06-082829-5</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:295">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:296">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">Schultes, Richard Evans (1993). "Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge by Terence McKenna". Life Sciences. American Scientist (Book review). Vol. 81, no. 5. pp. 489–90. JSTOR 29775027. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evans_Schultes" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_Evans_Schultes</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">Jacobson, Mark (June 1992). "Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?". Esquire. pp. 107–138. ESQ 1992 06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:300">Davis, Erik (May 2000). "Terence McKenna's last trip". Wired. Vol. 8, no. 5. Retrieved September 10, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Davis</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:301">Martin, Douglas (April 9, 2000). "Terence McKenna, 53, dies; Patron of psychedelic drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041043/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/us/terence-mckenna-53-dies-patron-of-psychedelic-drugs.html?pagewanted=print</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:302">"Literally What do You Want?". <a href="https://awakeningod.fireside.fm/3" target="_blank">https://awakeningod.fireside.fm/3</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Terence McKenna open-in-new

Terence McKenna