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Teide Observatory
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<h2 id="telescopes">Telescopes</h2> <h3>Solar telescopes</h3> <ul><li>Solar <a href="/facts/Vacuum_Tower_Telescope/9BPH2T8H">Vacuum Tower Telescope</a> (VTT): 70 cm diameter. Operated by the <a href="/facts/Kiepenheuer_Institute_of_Solar_Physics/vm5THy8I">Kiepenheuer Institute of Solar Physics</a>, <a href="/facts/Freiburg/VhdYMbgA">Freiburg</a> (<a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>). Installed in 1989.</li> <li>Télescope Heliographique pour l'Etude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaries (THEMIS) Solar Telescope: 90 cm diameter, built 1996, operated by <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> and <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/GREGOR_Solar_Telescope/hzhwUssz">GREGOR Solar Telescope</a>: 1.5 m, operated by a <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">German</a> consortium. In operation since May 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>A node of the <a href="/facts/Birmingham_Solar_Oscillations_Network/q41Ir06l">Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network</a> (BiSON), operated by the <a href="/facts/University_of_Birmingham/b2YEFk2X">University of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/facts/UK/kuPAILt2">UK</a>.</li> <li>One of six sites of the <a href="/facts/Global_Oscillations_Network_Group/Se5nD58F">GONG network</a> operated by the NSO Integrated Synoptic Program (NISP), United States.</li></ul> <h3>Nocturnal telescopes</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Telescopio_Carlos_S%C3%A1nchez/0l5G8gtM">Carlos Sánchez Infrared Telescope</a> (TCS): 152 cm diameter installed by the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">UK</a> in 1971</li> <li>Mons <a href="/facts/Reflecting_telescope/5Y4aXFvF">reflecting telescope</a>: 50 cm diameter, operated by the <a href="/facts/University_of_Mons/mKLawsmF">University of Mons</a> (<a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>), built in 1972.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>IAC-80 Telescope: 80 cm <a href="/facts/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Canarias/9mWBEdka">IAC</a> telescope, installed in 1991.</li> <li><a href="/facts/OGS_Telescope/pCQamw16">OGS Telescope</a>: 1 m <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">European Space Agency</a> optical ground station for satellite communications, built in 1998.</li> <li>STARE Telescope: 10 cm Stellar Astrophysics & Research on Exoplanets. Used by the <a href="/facts/Trans-Atlantic_Exoplanet_Survey/4JHoQVnM">Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bradford_Robotic_Telescope/UYrSLued">Bradford Robotic Telescope</a>: 35 cm Telescope for educational use.</li> <li>STELLA Telescopes (STELLA I and STELLA II) <a href="/facts/Robotic_telescope/kToUJdWx">robotic telescopes</a>: 120 cm STELLA is an abbreviation of STELLar Activity, operated by Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics (AIP) with the collaboration of the <a href="/facts/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Canarias/9mWBEdka">IAC</a>, put in operation 2006.</li> <li>SLOOH: US <a href="/facts/Robotic_telescopes/kToUJdWx">robotic telescopes</a>, built in 2004.</li> <li><a href="/facts/SPECULOOS/1NkHekVx">SPECULOOS</a> Northern Observatory (SNO): 1-meter telescopes, one telescope (Artemis) completed in June 2019</li> <li>PIRATE: (Physics Innovations Robotic Astronomical Telescope Explorer Mark IV): 61 cm robotic telescope operated remotely by the <a href="/facts/Open_University/XtKeHXvB">Open University</a></li> <li>COAST: (COmpletely Autonomous Survey Telescope) 43 cm robotic telescope operated remotely by the <a href="/facts/Open_University/XtKeHXvB">Open University</a></li> <li>Two-meter Twin Telescope (TTT): robotic telescopes of 80 cm TTT1 and TTT2 and 2 meters TTT3 and TTT4. TTT is a project of <i>Light Bridges</i> in collaboration with <a href="/facts/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Canarias/9mWBEdka">IAC</a> (<a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>). Built in 2022.</li></ul> <h3>Radio telescopes for cosmic microwave background astronomy</h3> <ul><li>The 33 GHz interferometer</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/COSMOSOMAS/e3EzVnIW">COSMOSOMAS</a> Experiment (10 and 15 GHz)</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Very_Small_Array/f7r5LMFe">Very Small Array</a> (VSA: 14-element <a href="/facts/Interferometer/X3E1SsQT">interferometer</a> at 30 GHz)</li> <li><a href="/facts/QUIJOTE_CMB_Experiment/nwS4yY4w">QUIJOTE CMB Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/GroundBIRD/3XmnI36f">GroundBIRD</a></li></ul> <h2 id="other-buildings-on-the-site">Other buildings on the site</h2> <p>The observatory has a visitors' centre and a residencia (hostel) for astronomers. <a href="/facts/Brian_May/ANL097q8">Brian May</a> helped construct a building there to study interplanetary dust. </p> <h2 id="list-of-discovered-minor-planets">List of discovered minor planets</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Minor_Planet_Center/v8T7sdK4">Minor Planet Center</a> credits the discovery of several minor planets directly to the observatory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>(79484) 1998 FH3</td><td>18 March 1998</td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_minor_planets:_79001%E2%80%9380000/LkAbP4EU">list</a></td></tr><tr><td>(100747) 1998 EO4</td><td>3 March 1998</td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_minor_planets:_100001%E2%80%93101000/jGEoHvaq">list</a></td></tr><tr><td>(175732) 1998 EW8</td><td>6 March 1998</td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_minor_planets:_175001%E2%80%93176000/tkeqXLf2">list</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td>(219078) 1998 GX</td><td>3 April 1998</td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_minor_planets:_219001%E2%80%93220000/5PyXAnpb">list</a></td></tr><tr><td>(301883) 1998 EQ9</td><td>9 March 1998</td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_minor_planets:_301001%E2%80%93302000/5U2RBTRj">list</a></td></tr><tr><td>(455329) 2002 PO63</td><td>12 August 2002</td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_minor_planets:_455001%E2%80%93456000/w5xLYCwu">list</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="discovery-of-the-first-brown-dwarf-star">Discovery of the first brown dwarf star</h2> <p>In 1995, Rafael Rebolo López, María Rosa Zapatero-Osorio and Eduardo L. Martín published their discovery of <a href="/facts/Teide_1/4wByTUg7">Teide-1</a>, which they found through optical observations using the 0.8 meter telescope at Teide Observatory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="climate">Climate</h2> <p>The position where the observatory is situated has a <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_climate/gGsJAKE5">mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/facts/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen</a> <i>Csb</i>), with average temperature features reminiscent of southern <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>. This renders in warm summers that averages around 23 °C (73 °F) with light frosts being possible and sometimes happening in winter. Extremes are moderated by its marine features, which combined with the altitude keeps temperatures below 30 °C (86 °F) even during heat waves, and in spite of the altitude the marine features are strong enough to prevent severe frosts. Sunshine levels, as typical of the nearby lowland arid climates, are high throughout the year. Many alpine areas at further distance from the equator are above the tree line at this elevation, but Teide is far above even any subarctic temperatures due to its position on the <a href="/facts/28th_parallel_north/dMbq0PIo">28th parallel north</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Izaña Observatory (1991–2020 normals)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>8.0(46.4)</td><td>8.0(46.4)</td><td>10.1(50.2)</td><td>12.3(54.1)</td><td>15.0(59.0)</td><td>19.0(66.2)</td><td>23.0(73.4)</td><td>22.6(72.7)</td><td>18.7(65.7)</td><td>14.6(58.3)</td><td>10.9(51.6)</td><td>9.2(48.6)</td><td>14.3(57.7)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td>4.9(40.8)</td><td>4.8(40.6)</td><td>6.5(43.7)</td><td>8.2(46.8)</td><td>10.7(51.3)</td><td>14.4(57.9)</td><td>18.2(64.8)</td><td>18.0(64.4)</td><td>14.5(58.1)</td><td>10.9(51.6)</td><td>7.7(45.9)</td><td>6.1(43.0)</td><td>10.4(50.7)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>1.8(35.2)</td><td>1.6(34.9)</td><td>2.9(37.2)</td><td>4.1(39.4)</td><td>6.4(43.5)</td><td>9.9(49.8)</td><td>13.5(56.3)</td><td>13.4(56.1)</td><td>10.3(50.5)</td><td>7.2(45.0)</td><td>4.5(40.1)</td><td>3.0(37.4)</td><td>6.6(43.9)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>55.6(2.19)</td><td>49.7(1.96)</td><td>32.9(1.30)</td><td>18.8(0.74)</td><td>3.8(0.15)</td><td>0.5(0.02)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>9.5(0.37)</td><td>5.6(0.22)</td><td>33.1(1.30)</td><td>50.6(1.99)</td><td>60.3(2.37)</td><td>320.4(12.61)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</th><td>4.6</td><td>3.8</td><td>4.0</td><td>2.4</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.8</td><td>1.0</td><td>3.5</td><td>4.7</td><td>5.1</td><td>30.7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>45.9</td><td>50.2</td><td>45.8</td><td>42.6</td><td>35.2</td><td>28.3</td><td>22.0</td><td>28.0</td><td>40.5</td><td>52.5</td><td>52.7</td><td>49.3</td><td>41.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>246.5</td><td>247.5</td><td>300.5</td><td>323.3</td><td>379.8</td><td>398.9</td><td>402.4</td><td>371.8</td><td>319.8</td><td>277.1</td><td>236.6</td><td>233.1</td><td>3,737.3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source: <a href="/facts/NOAA/IvcuqNJg">NOAA</a>/<a href="/facts/NCEI/hGkagDC1">NCEI</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Izaña Observatory (altitude 2369m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1920–present)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °C (°F)</th><td>18.3(64.9)</td><td>19.9(67.8)</td><td>22.0(71.6)</td><td>23.0(73.4)</td><td>26.0(78.8)</td><td>27.7(81.9)</td><td>30.4(86.7)</td><td>29.6(85.3)</td><td>27.2(81.0)</td><td>24.6(76.3)</td><td>20.8(69.4)</td><td>20.1(68.2)</td><td>30.4(86.7)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>7.5(45.5)</td><td>8.0(46.4)</td><td>10.2(50.4)</td><td>11.8(53.2)</td><td>14.5(58.1)</td><td>18.9(66.0)</td><td>23.0(73.4)</td><td>22.6(72.7)</td><td>18.6(65.5)</td><td>14.3(57.7)</td><td>11.1(52.0)</td><td>8.8(47.8)</td><td>14.1(57.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td>4.3(39.7)</td><td>4.7(40.5)</td><td>6.4(43.5)</td><td>7.6(45.7)</td><td>10.1(50.2)</td><td>14.4(57.9)</td><td>18.5(65.3)</td><td>18.2(64.8)</td><td>14.5(58.1)</td><td>10.6(51.1)</td><td>7.8(46.0)</td><td>5.6(42.1)</td><td>10.2(50.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>1.1(34.0)</td><td>1.3(34.3)</td><td>2.7(36.9)</td><td>3.5(38.3)</td><td>5.8(42.4)</td><td>9.9(49.8)</td><td>14.0(57.2)</td><td>13.8(56.8)</td><td>10.4(50.7)</td><td>6.9(44.4)</td><td>4.5(40.1)</td><td>2.4(36.3)</td><td>6.4(43.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °C (°F)</th><td>−8.0(17.6)</td><td>−9.8(14.4)</td><td>−9.1(15.6)</td><td>−8.2(17.2)</td><td>−5.1(22.8)</td><td>−1.4(29.5)</td><td>−0.2(31.6)</td><td>1.2(34.2)</td><td>0.0(32.0)</td><td>−1.9(28.6)</td><td>−5.0(23.0)</td><td>−6.8(19.8)</td><td>−9.8(14.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>47(1.9)</td><td>67(2.6)</td><td>58(2.3)</td><td>18(0.7)</td><td>7(0.3)</td><td>0(0)</td><td>0(0)</td><td>5(0.2)</td><td>13(0.5)</td><td>37(1.5)</td><td>54(2.1)</td><td>60(2.4)</td><td>392(15.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</th><td>4.5</td><td>4.0</td><td>4.1</td><td>2.7</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.6</td><td>3.7</td><td>4.4</td><td>5.6</td><td>33.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average snowy days</th><td>2.4</td><td>2.5</td><td>2.1</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.6</td><td>1.6</td><td>10.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>50</td><td>54</td><td>48</td><td>45</td><td>40</td><td>32</td><td>25</td><td>30</td><td>43</td><td>55</td><td>54</td><td>52</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>226</td><td>223</td><td>260</td><td>294</td><td>356</td><td>382</td><td>382</td><td>358</td><td>295</td><td>259</td><td>220</td><td>218</td><td>3,473</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source: <a href="/facts/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorolog%C3%ADa/2DM0gnQC">Agencia Estatal de Meteorología</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="astroclimate-and-seeing">Astroclimate and seeing</h2> <p>The useful observing time is given as 78% and the median FWHM seeing from DIMM measurements is given as 0.76" and 0.70" at two sites near the Carlos Sánchez Telescope.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Astronomical_seeing/TdVzedKJ">Astronomical seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cerro_Tololo_Inter-American_Observatory/LaweAISv">Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Extremely_Large_Telescope/PCAY1z8l">European Extremely Large Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Canarias/9mWBEdka">Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/La_Silla_Observatory/zFMd09aY">La Silla Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Llano_de_Chajnantor_Observatory/c72wv7LB">Llano de Chajnantor Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers/R4tIAzYJ">List of minor planet discoverers § Discovering dedicated institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mount_Teide/JNrdUV7Q">Mount Teide</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paranal_Observatory/zBjB1hcm">Paranal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pico_Viejo/DVefJ4F0">Pico Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory/WzGSXRJR">Roque de los Muchachos Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Teide_National_Park/KNHt4Xfr">Teide National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Very_Large_Telescope/xUQCLysQ">Very Large Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System/Q72tHLVc">Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Rayrole, J. (1985). Muller, R. (ed.). "The European observatory at the Canary Islands". <i>High Resolution in Solar Physics</i>. Lecture Notes in Physics. 233: 32–50. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985LNP...233...32R">1985LNP...233...32R</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0022394">10.1007/BFb0022394</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-540-15678-X.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Observatorio del Teide. <ul><li><a href="http://www.iac.es/eno.php?op1=3&lang=en">Observatorio del Teide website</a></li> <li><a href="http://wiki.worldflicks.org/teide_observatory.html">Discover the Teide Observatory</a> at worldflicks.org</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>THEMIS Website <a href="http://www.themis.iac.es/" target="_blank">http://www.themis.iac.es/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>THEMIS Instrument Paper <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0083-6656(85)90077-7" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/0083-6656(85)90077-7</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>GREGOR Website at KIS, Freiburg <a href="http://www.kis.uni-freiburg.de/index.php?id=163&L=1" target="_blank">http://www.kis.uni-freiburg.de/index.php?id=163&L=1</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>David Airey (1993). "Construction of a small spectrograph for stellar spectroscopy and its use on some brighter stars". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 103: 11–18. Bibcode:1993JBAA..103...11A. <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1993JBAA..103...11A" target="_blank">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1993JBAA..103...11A</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016. <a href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html" target="_blank">http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"25th anniversary of the discovery of the first brown dwarf". <a href="https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/25th-anniversary-discovery-first-brown-dwarf" target="_blank">https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/25th-anniversary-discovery-first-brown-dwarf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Izana Climate Normals 1991-2020". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054033/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Spain/CSV/IZANA_60010.csv" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054033/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Spain/CSV/IZANA_60010.csv</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Valores climatológicos normales. Izaña" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. 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