Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Voiceless bilabial nasal
open-in-new
<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiceless bilabial nasal: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Occlusive_(phonetics)/kURXYdtQ">occlusive</a>, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also <a href="/facts/Nasal_stop/m6D3cVhe">nasal</a>, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Bilabial_consonant/q2H5MUAe">bilabial</a>, which means it is articulated with both <a href="/facts/Lip/cUlpthmx">lips</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Nasalization/XpzfohCT">nasal</a> consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (<a href="/facts/Nasal_stop/m6D3cVhe">nasal stops</a>) or in addition to through the mouth.</li> <li>Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central</a>–<a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">lateral</a> dichotomy does not apply.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aleut_language/T7AY0c2j">Aleut</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td><i>quhmax̂</i></td><td>[qum̥aχ]</td><td>'white'</td><td>Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alutiiq_language/thy62NoI">Alutiiq</a></td><td><i>keghmarluku</i></td><td>[kəɡm̥aχluku]</td><td>'bite it repeatedly'</td><td>Contrasts with voiced /m/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Burmese_language/1gpcvawX">Burmese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Burmese_alphabet/LY1bLCCP">မှား</a>/<i>hma:</i></td><td>[m̥á]</td><td>'false'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Central_Alaskan_Yup%2527ik_language/hmyAQv5C">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td><i>pisteḿun</i></td><td>[ˈpistəm̥un]</td><td>'to the servant'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Received_Pronunciation/YRBWev67">RP</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td>stop me</td><td>[ˈstɒp͡m̥ mɪ]</td><td>stop me</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Estonian_language/ywCJos4e">Estonian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Estonian_alphabet/gQysa5Qj">lehm</a></i></td><td>[ˈlehm̥]</td><td>'cow'</td><td>Word-final allophone of /m/ after /t, s, h/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Estonian_phonology/xX5AF3wy">Estonian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/French_orthography/JkoJ2W1I">prisme</a></i></td><td>[pχism̥]</td><td>'prism'</td><td>Allophone of word-final /m/ after voiceless consonants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/French_phonology/f5Px9rwj">French phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hmong_language/rAVAmkzy">Hmong</a></td><td>White Hmong</td><td>𖬌<a href="/facts/Pahawh_Hmong/AWWwfHGD">𖬣𖬵</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet/RR9KB2bR">Hmoob</a></i></td><td>[m̥ɔ̃́]</td><td>'Hmong'</td><td>Contrasts with voiced /m/. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Icelandic_language/4GmzhaoT">Icelandic</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Icelandic_orthography/g7rC0IpL">kempa</a></i></td><td>[cʰɛm̥pa]</td><td>'hero'</td><td>Allophonic variation of /m/ before voiceless <a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">plosives</a>. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: <i>kemba</i> [cʰɛmpa] 'to comb'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Icelandic_phonology/SlmBgmH5">Icelandic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Jalapa_Mazatec_language/XdMdg7xE">Jalapa Mazatec</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td><i>hma</i></td><td>[m̥a]</td><td>'black'</td><td>Contrasts with a voiced and a <a href="/facts/Creaky_voice/DmK0X4zr">laryngealized</a> bilabial nasal.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kildin_Sami_language/Ca7fP6F2">Kildin Sami</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">лēӎӎьк</a>/<i>ljeehmhmk</i></td><td>[lʲeːm̥ʲːk]</td><td>'strap'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muscogee_language/GHP5HzXz">Muscogee</a></td><td><i>camhcá:ka</i></td><td>[t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə]</td><td>'bell'</td><td>Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Northern_S%25C3%25A1mi/HS7hs6vJ">Northern Sámi</a></td><td><i>čáihmi</i></td><td>[ˈt͡ʃaːjːm̥iː]</td><td>'freckle'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_alphabet/RXdMx44m">ритм</a>/<i>rytm</i></td><td>[rɪt̪m̥]</td><td>'rhythm'</td><td>Word-final allophone of /m/ after voiceless consonants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_phonology/tMNnkv5W">Ukrainian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Washo_language/7YvtomyW">Washo</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><i>Mášdɨmmi</i></td><td>[ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi]</td><td>'he's hiding'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Welsh_orthography/ndLDbUlL">fy mhen</a></i></td><td>[və m̥ɛn]</td><td>'my head'</td><td>Occurs as the nasal <a href="/facts/Consonant_mutation/8nkhym6h">mutation</a> of /p/. See <a href="/facts/Welsh_phonology/lu715FFI">Welsh phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Xumi_language/dR2wLc70">Xumi</a></td><td>Lower<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2">[m̥ɛ̃˦]</td><td rowspan="2">'medicine'</td><td rowspan="2">Contrasts with the voiced /m/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Upper<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nuosu_language/lgUuxw4Y">Yi</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yi_script/VE9bfJKS">ꂓ</a> <i>hmi</i></td><td>[m̥i]</td><td>'name'</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">Voiced bilabial nasal</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002510030999017x">"Estonian"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. 39 (3): 367–372. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002510030999017x">10.1017/s002510030999017x</a>.</li> <li>Bergsland, Knut (1997). <i>Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂</i>. Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-55500-064-6.</li> <li>Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf">"Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River"</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. 43 (3): 363–379. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000157">10.1017/S0025100313000157</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26347850">26347850</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-05-07.</li> <li>Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf">"Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River"</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. 43 (3): 381–396. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000169">10.1017/S0025100313000169</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2020-04-23.</li> <li>Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ukrainian</i></a>. München: Lincom Europa. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9783929075083.</li> <li>Gerner, Matthias (14 October 2013). "Phonology". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernar; Epps, Patiencce L.; Nikolaeva, Irina (eds.). <i>A Grammar of Nuosu</i>. Vol. 64. <a href="/facts/De_Gruyter/2wJSEv3m">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110308679">10.1515/9783110308679</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9783110308679. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-7636">0933-7636</a>.</li> <li>Jacobsen, William Horton (15 August 1964). <a href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/52c6q7hg"><i>A grammar of the Washo language</i></a> (PhD). <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a> – via <a href="/facts/EScholarship/fBNzryU3">eScholarship</a>.</li> <li>Jacobson, Steven (1995). <i>A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language</i>. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-55500-050-9.</li> <li>Jessen, Michael; Pétursson, Magnús (1998). "Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. 28 (1/2). <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>: 43–53. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000623X">10.1017/S002510030000623X</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526855">44526855</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143745742">143745742</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Glyn E. (1984). "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh". In Ball, Martin J.; Jones, Glyn E. (eds.). <i>Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 40–64. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7083-0861-9.</li> <li>Kuruch, Rimma (2006) [1985]. <a href="http://saamruss.narod.ru/grammatika_saamskogo_jazyka_ver_1_0.pdf">Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка</a> [Brief grammatical sketch of the Sami language] (PDF) (in Russian).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%2527s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6.</li> <li>Martin, Jack B. (2011). "General phonological processes". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEcqDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee)</i></a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Nebraska_Press/pUx1cI4q">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780803211063 – via Google Books.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Martha_Ratliff/2J8fET32">Ratliff, Martha</a> (2003). "Hmong secret languages: themes and variations". In <a href="/facts/David_Bradley_(linguist)/xsyve7VW">Bradley, David</a>; <a href="/facts/Randy_LaPolla/1ke0KwL7">LaPolla, Randy</a>; Michialovsky, Boyd; <a href="/facts/Graham_Thurgood/9vmvrDCH">Thurgood, Graham</a> (eds.). <i>Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff</i>. <a href="/facts/Australian_National_University/fqzCfrdp">Australian National University</a>. pp. 21–34. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-555.21">10.15144/PL-555.21</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146727">1885/146727</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85883-540-1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henriette_Walter/VfQmx6oM">Walter, Henriette</a> (1977). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDlcAAAAMAAJ"><i>La phonologie du français</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Presses_universitaires_de_France/vyb9BQVE">Presses universitaires de France</a> – via <a href="/facts/Google_Books/lnGRMWXs">Google Books</a>. Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (<i>rhumatisme</i> prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_C._Wells/1FpNz4VN">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC"><i>Accents of English 2: The British Isles</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-24224-X.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=m%CC%A5">List of languages with [m̥]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bergsland (1997). - Bergsland, Knut (1997). Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-1-55500-064-6. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111. - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Jacobson (1995), p. 3. - Jacobson, Steven (1995). A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wells (1982), p. 282. - Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368. - Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002510030999017x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002510030999017x</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368. - Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002510030999017x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002510030999017x</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Walter (1977), p. 35. - Walter, Henriette (1977). La phonologie du français. Presses universitaires de France – via Google Books. Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (rhumatisme prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDlcAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=MDlcAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ratliff (2003), p. 24. - Ratliff, Martha (2003). "Hmong secret languages: themes and variations". In Bradley, David; LaPolla, Randy; Michialovsky, Boyd; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff. Australian National University. pp. 21–34. doi:10.15144/PL-555.21. hdl:1885/146727. ISBN 0-85883-540-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-555.21" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-555.21</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Jessen & Pétursson (1998), p. 44. - Jessen, Michael; Pétursson, Magnús (1998). "Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 28 (1/2). Cambridge University Press: 43–53. doi:10.1017/S002510030000623X. JSTOR 44526855. S2CID 143745742. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000623X" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000623X</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107. - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kuruch (1985:529) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKuruch1985 (help) <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Martin (2011), p. 64. - Martin, Jack B. (2011). "General phonological processes". A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803211063 – via Google Books. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEcqDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UEcqDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 6. - Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 6. - Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Jacobsen (1964), p. 54. - Jacobsen, William Horton (15 August 1964). A grammar of the Washo language (PhD). University of California, Berkeley – via eScholarship. <a href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/52c6q7hg" target="_blank">http://escholarship.org/uc/item/52c6q7hg</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Jones (1984:51) - Jones, Glyn E. (1984). "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh". In Ball, Martin J.; Jones, Glyn E. (eds.). Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 40–64. ISBN 0-7083-0861-9. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367. - Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157. JSTOR 26347850. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367. - Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157. JSTOR 26347850. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383. - Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383. - Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Gerner (2013), p. 21, 25. - Gerner, Matthias (14 October 2013). "Phonology". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernar; Epps, Patiencce L.; Nikolaeva, Irina (eds.). A Grammar of Nuosu. Vol. 64. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110308679. ISBN 9783110308679. ISSN 0933-7636. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110308679" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110308679</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>