Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Demethylase
open-in-new
<h2 id="histone-lysine-demethylation">Histone lysine demethylation</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Histone_methylation/GP0gj9Av">Histone methylation</a> was initially considered an effectively irreversible process as the half-life of the histone methylation was approximately equal to the histone half-life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> Histone lysine demethylase LSD1 (later classified as KDM1A) was first identified in 2004 as a nuclear amine oxidase homolog.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Two main classes of histone lysine demethylases exist, defined by their mechanisms: <a href="/facts/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide/uzADx3ES">flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)</a>-dependent <a href="/facts/Amine_oxidase/cUIvhFmd">amine oxidases</a> and <a href="/facts/Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent_hydroxylase/qBNFoe1w">α-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases</a>. </p><p>Histone lysine demethylases possess a variety of <a href="/facts/Protein_domain/oUpFcSsl">domains</a> that are responsible for histone recognition, DNA binding, methylated <a href="/facts/Amino_acid/WDxYwBny">amino acid</a> substrate binding and catalytic activity. These include: </p> <ul><li>FAD-dependent amine oxidase domains containing the active catalytic site of KDM1</li> <li>Jumonji-C domains containing the active catalytic site of KDM2 through KDM8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>Jumonji-N domains responsible for Jumonji-C domain conformation stability</li> <li>SWIRM (SWI3P, RSC8P and Moira) domains proposed as an anchor site for histone substrates and responsible for <a href="/facts/Chromatin/ha0TJheJ">chromatin</a> stability</li> <li>PHD, CXXC and C5HC2 <a href="/facts/Zinc_finger/dWrlw4t7">zinc finger</a> domains responsible for histone recognition and binding</li></ul><p> Histone lysine demethylases are classified according to their domains and unique substrate specificities. The lysine substrates and identified according to their position in the corresponding histone amino acid sequence and methylation state (for example, H3K9me3 refers to trimethylated histone 3 lysine 9.) </p> KDM1 The KDM1 homologs include <a href="/facts/KDM1A/cx8nBCRB">KDM1A</a> and <a href="/facts/KDM1B/LQVhS3sq">KDM1B</a>. KDM1A demethylates H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2, and KDM1B emethylates H3K4me1/2. KDM1 activity is critical to <a href="/facts/Embryogenesis/1lFY4EoW">embryogenesis</a> and tissue-specific <a href="/facts/Cellular_differentiation/bCVqUG7w">differentiation</a>, as well as oocyte growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Deletion of the gene for KDM1A can have effects on the growth and differentiation of <a href="/facts/Embryonic_stem_cells/P1n1eS1p">embryonic stem cells</a> and is universally lethal in <a href="/facts/Knockout_mouse/Aw50cobf">knockout mice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> KDM1A gene expression is observed to be upregulated in some cancers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and so KDM1A inhibition has therefore been considered a possible epigenetic treatment for cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a>:KDM1B, however, is mostly involved in <a href="/facts/Oocyte/aYrWtc3n">oocyte</a> development. Deletion of this gene leads to <a href="/facts/Maternal_effect/551Xye08">maternal effect</a> lethality in mice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Orthologs of KDM1 in <i><a href="/facts/Drosophila_melanogaster/KtnHVCcB">D. melanogaster</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Caenorhabditis_elegans/XJVJzPn2">C. elegans</a></i> appear to function similarly to KDM1B rather than KDM1A.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> KDM2 The KDM2 homologs include <a href="/facts/KDM2A/fN3Jr8HD">KDM2A</a> and <a href="/facts/KDM2B/Cav5kKW2">KDM2B</a>. KDM2A and KDM2B demethylate H3K4me3 and H3K36me2/3. KDM2A has roles in either promoting or inhibiting tumor function, and KDM2B has roles in <a href="/facts/Oncogenesis/PC8wc1Mf">oncogenesis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> KDM2A and KDM2B possess CXXC zinc finger domains responsible for binding to unmethylated CpG islands, and it is believed that they may bind to many gene regulatory elements in the absence of sequence-specific transcription factors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a>:Overexpressed KDM2B has been observed in human <a href="/facts/Lymphomas/418wcMEl">lymphoma</a> and <a href="/facts/Adenocarcinomas/TU7W6WbJ">adenocarcinoma</a>, and underexpressed KDM2B has been observed in human prostate cancer and glioblastoma. KDM2B has been additionally shown to prevent <a href="/facts/Senescence/AHmBEpe8">senescence</a> in some cells through <a href="/facts/Ectopic_expression/9XuMR5wc">ectopic expression</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> KDM3 The KDM3 homologs include <a href="/facts/KDM3A/C2xgHYlu">KDM3A</a>, <a href="/facts/KDM3B/WtKRrbe5">KDM3B</a> and <a href="/facts/JMJD1C/1apE31yf">KDM3C</a>. KDM3A, KDM3B and KDM3C demethylate H3K9me1/2. KDM3A has roles in <a href="/facts/Spermatogenesis/8u8XNEV6">spermatogenesis</a> and metabolic functions, however, the activity of KDM3B and KDM3C are not specifically known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a>:Knockdown studies of KDM3A in mice resulted in male infertility and adult onset-obesity. Additional studies have indicated that KDM3A may play a role in regulation of androgen receptor-dependent genes as well as genes involved in <a href="/facts/Pluripotent/81323LbR">pluripotency</a>, indicating a potential role for KDM3A in tumorigenesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> KDM4 The KDM4 homologs include <a href="/facts/KDM4A/V1J1ndPK">KDM4A</a>, <a href="/facts/KDM4B/VhBrCPvk">KDM4B</a>, <a href="/facts/KDM4C/W7wKAxJ0">KDM4C</a>, <a href="/facts/KDM4D/SFQVxRlv">KDM4D</a>, KDM4E and KDM4F. KDM4A, KDM4B and KDM4C demethylate H3K9me2/3, H3K9me3 and H3K36me2/3, and KDM4D, KDM4E and KDM4F demethylate H3K9me2/3. KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM4C and KDM4D have roles in <a href="/facts/Tumorigenesis/PC8wc1Mf">tumorigenesis</a>, however, the activity of KDM4E and KDM4F are not specifically known..<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> KDM4B upregulation has bee observed in medulloblastoma, and KDM4C amplification has been documented in oesophageal squamous carcinoma, medulloblastoma and breast cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Other gene expression data has also suggested KDM4A, KDM4B, and KDM4C are overexpressed in prostate cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> KDM5 The KDM5 homologs includes <a href="/facts/KDM5A/oXpp4Ntc">KDM5A</a>, <a href="/facts/KDM5B/hDwoTNGb">KDM5B</a>, <a href="/facts/KDM5C/G67kG5Nb">KDM5C</a> and <a href="/facts/KDM5D/ECvkRIvG">KDM5D</a>. KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C and KDM5D demethylate H3K4me2/3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The KDM5 family appears to regulate key developmental functions, including cellular differentiation, <a href="/facts/Mitochondria/ErHqrdJ1">mitochondrial</a> function and <a href="/facts/Cell_cycle/nLMT7K4r">cell cycle</a> progression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> KDM5B and KDM5C have also shown to interaction with PcG proteins, which are involved in transcriptional repression. KDM5C mutations on the X-chromosome have also been observed in patients with <a href="/facts/X-linked/buXJkWJg">X-linked</a> intellectual disability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Depletion of KDM5C homologs in <i><a href="/facts/D._rerio/Nxg1F1mG">D. rerio</a></i> have shown brain-patterning defects and neuronal cell death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> KDM6 The KDM6 family includes <a href="/facts/KDM6A/6qm9WgcK">KDM6A</a>, <a href="/facts/KDM6B/rhcVPAu9">KDM6B</a> and <a href="/facts/UTY_(gene)/Wh3jKsbS">KDM6C</a>. KDM6A and KDM6B demethylate H3K27me2/3, and KDM4C demethylates H3K27me3. KDM6A and KDM6B possess tumor-suppressive characteristics. KDM6A knockdowns in <a href="/facts/Fibroblast/n08KsFll">fibroblasts</a> lead to an immediate increase in fibroblast population. KDM6B expressed in fibroblasts induces oncogenes of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Point mutations of KDM6A have been identified as one cause of <a href="/facts/Kabuki_syndrome/gb4oxDAw">Kabuki syndrome</a>, a congenital disorder resulting in intellectual disability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Deletion of KDM6A in <i><a href="/facts/D._rerio/Nxg1F1mG">D. rerio</a></i> results in decreased expression of HOX genes, which play a role in regulating <a href="/facts/Regional_specification/BmCnKHuR">body patterning</a> during development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> In mammalian studies, KDM6A has been shown to regulate HOX genes as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Mutation of KDM5B disrupt gonad development in <i>C.elegans</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Other studies have shown that KDM6B expression is upregulated in activated <a href="/facts/Macrophages/z7hkQu3o">macrophages</a> and dynamically expressed during differentiation of <a href="/facts/Stem_cells/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> <h2 id="ester-demethylation">Ester demethylation</h2> <p>Another example of a demethylase is <a href="/facts/Protein-glutamate_methylesterase/jzSzdwo7">protein-glutamate methylesterase</a>, also known as CheB protein (EC 3.1.1.61), which demethylates MCPs (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins) through hydrolysis of carboxylic ester bonds. The association of a <a href="/facts/Chemotaxis/hYPRdPTk">chemotaxis</a> receptor with an agonist leads to the phosphorylation of CheB. Phosphorylation of CheB protein enhances its catalytic MCP demethylating activity resulting in adaption of the cell to environmental stimuli.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> MCPs respond to extracellular attractants and repellents in bacteria like <i><a href="/facts/E._coli/nR4Gvl56">E. coli</a></i> in <a href="/facts/Chemotaxis/hYPRdPTk">chemotaxis</a> regulation. CheB is more specifically termed a <a href="/facts/Esterase/Ff2bb7LD">methylesterase</a>, as it removes methyl groups from <a href="/facts/Methylglutamate/I2sr5vFT">methylglutamate</a> residues located on the MCPs through hydrolysis, producing <a href="/facts/Glutamate/7oXbNcvu">glutamate</a> accompanied by the release of <a href="/facts/Methanol/EIfpoNCg">methanol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>CheB is of particular interest to researchers as it may be a therapeutic target for mitigating the spread of bacterial infections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Chemotaxis/hYPRdPTk">Chemotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Esterase/Ff2bb7LD">Esterase</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Transferase/ut43BDxU">Transferase</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Methylase/MIpCDLdh">Methylase</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Pedersen MT, Helin K (Nov 2010). "Histone demethylases in development and disease". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (11): 662–71. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.011. PMID 20863703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Shi Y, Lan F, Matson C, Mulligan P, Whetstine JR, Cole PA, Casero RA, Shi Y (Dec 2004). "Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1". Cell. 119 (7): 941–53. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.012. PMID 15620353. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.12.012" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.12.012</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mosammaparast N, Shi Y (2010). "Reversal of histone methylation: biochemical and molecular mechanisms of histone demethylases". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 79: 155–79. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.070907.103946. PMID 20373914. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Aprelikova O, Chen K, El Touny LH, Brignatz-Guittard C, Han J, Qiu T, Yang HH, Lee MP, Zhu M, Green JE (Apr 2016). "The epigenetic modifier JMJD6 is amplified in mammary tumors and cooperates with c-Myc to enhance cellular transformation, tumor progression, and metastasis". Clin Epigenetics. 8 (38): 38. doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0205-6. PMC 4831179. PMID 27081402. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831179" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831179</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Pedersen MT, Helin K (Nov 2010). "Histone demethylases in development and disease". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (11): 662–71. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.011. PMID 20863703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wang J, Hevi S, Kurash JK, Lei H, Gay F, Bajko J, Su H, Sun W, Chang H, Xu G, Gaudet F, Li E, Chen T (Jan 2009). "The lysine demethylase LSD1 (KDM1) is required for maintenance of global DNA methylation". Nature Genetics. 41 (1): 125–9. doi:10.1038/ng.268. PMID 19098913. S2CID 2010695. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wang J, Scully K, Zhu X, Cai L, Zhang J, Prefontaine GG, Krones A, Ohgi KA, Zhu P, Garcia-Bassets I, Liu F, Taylor H, Lozach J, Jayes FL, Korach KS, Glass CK, Fu XD, Rosenfeld MG (Apr 2007). "Opposing LSD1 complexes function in developmental gene activation and repression programmes". Nature. 446 (7138): 882–7. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..882W. doi:10.1038/nature05671. PMID 17392792. S2CID 4387240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kahl P, Gullotti L, Heukamp LC, Wolf S, Friedrichs N, Vorreuther R, Solleder G, Bastian PJ, Ellinger J, Metzger E, Schüle R, Buettner R (Dec 2006). "Androgen receptor coactivators lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 and four and a half LIM domain protein 2 predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence". Cancer Research. 66 (23): 11341–7. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1570. PMID 17145880. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lim S, Janzer A, Becker A, Zimmer A, Schüle R, Buettner R, Kirfel J (Mar 2010). "Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is highly expressed in ER-negative breast cancers and a biomarker predicting aggressive biology". Carcinogenesis. 31 (3): 512–20. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp324. PMID 20042638. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Metzger E, Wissmann M, Yin N, Müller JM, Schneider R, Peters AH, Günther T, Buettner R, Schüle R (Sep 2005). "LSD1 demethylates repressive histone marks to promote androgen-receptor-dependent transcription". Nature. 437 (7057): 436–9. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..436M. doi:10.1038/nature04020. PMID 16079795. S2CID 4308627. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Schulte JH, Lim S, Schramm A, Friedrichs N, Koster J, Versteeg R, Ora I, Pajtler K, Klein-Hitpass L, Kuhfittig-Kulle S, Metzger E, Schüle R, Eggert A, Buettner R, Kirfel J (Mar 2009). "Lysine-specific demethylase 1 is strongly expressed in poorly differentiated neuroblastoma: implications for therapy". Cancer Research. 69 (5): 2065–71. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1735. PMID 19223552. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-08-1735" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-08-1735</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, Sun Y, Yang F, Yu W, Liang J, Sun L, Yang X, Shi L, Li R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Yi X, Shang Y (Aug 2009). "LSD1 is a subunit of the NuRD complex and targets the metastasis programs in breast cancer". Cell. 138 (4): 660–72. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.050. PMID 19703393. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.05.050" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.05.050</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ciccone DN, Su H, Hevi S, Gay F, Lei H, Bajko J, Xu G, Li E, Chen T (Sep 2009). "KDM1B is a histone H3K4 demethylase required to establish maternal genomic imprints". Nature. 461 (7262): 415–8. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..415C. doi:10.1038/nature08315. PMID 19727073. S2CID 1143128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Rudolph T, Yonezawa M, Lein S, Heidrich K, Kubicek S, Schäfer C, Phalke S, Walther M, Schmidt A, Jenuwein T, Reuter G (Apr 2007). "Heterochromatin formation in Drosophila is initiated through active removal of H3K4 methylation by the LSD1 homolog SU(VAR)3-3". Molecular Cell. 26 (1): 103–15. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.02.025. PMID 17434130. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2007.02.025" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2007.02.025</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Di Stefano L, Ji JY, Moon NS, Herr A, Dyson N (May 2007). "Mutation of Drosophila Lsd1 disrupts H3-K4 methylation, resulting in tissue-specific defects during development". Current Biology. 17 (9): 808–12. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.068. PMC 1909692. PMID 17462898. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1909692" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1909692</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Pedersen MT, Helin K (Nov 2010). "Histone demethylases in development and disease". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (11): 662–71. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.011. PMID 20863703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Blackledge NP, Zhou JC, Tolstorukov MY, Farcas AM, Park PJ, Klose RJ (Apr 2010). "CpG islands recruit a histone H3 lysine 36 demethylase". Molecular Cell. 38 (2): 179–90. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.04.009. PMC 3098377. PMID 20417597. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098377" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098377</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>He J, Kallin EM, Tsukada Y, Zhang Y (Nov 2008). "The H3K36 demethylase Jhdm1b/Kdm2b regulates cell proliferation and senescence through p15(Ink4b)". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 15 (11): 1169–75. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1499. PMC 2612995. PMID 18836456. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612995" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612995</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pedersen MT, Helin K (Nov 2010). "Histone demethylases in development and disease". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (11): 662–71. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.011. PMID 20863703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Loh YH, Zhang W, Chen X, George J, Ng HH (Oct 2007). "Jmjd1a and Jmjd2c histone H3 Lys 9 demethylases regulate self-renewal in embryonic stem cells". Genes & Development. 21 (20): 2545–57. doi:10.1101/gad.1588207. PMC 2000320. PMID 17938240. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2000320" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2000320</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Pedersen MT, Helin K (Nov 2010). "Histone demethylases in development and disease". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (11): 662–71. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.011. PMID 20863703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Ehrbrecht A, Müller U, Wolter M, Hoischen A, Koch A, Radlwimmer B, Actor B, Mincheva A, Pietsch T, Lichter P, Reifenberger G, Weber RG (Mar 2006). "Comprehensive genomic analysis of desmoplastic medulloblastomas: identification of novel amplified genes and separate evaluation of the different histological components". The Journal of Pathology. 208 (4): 554–63. doi:10.1002/path.1925. PMID 16400626. S2CID 1463027. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Liu G, Bollig-Fischer A, Kreike B, van de Vijver MJ, Abrams J, Ethier SP, Yang ZQ (Dec 2009). "Genomic amplification and oncogenic properties of the GASC1 histone demethylase gene in breast cancer". Oncogene. 28 (50): 4491–500. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.297. PMC 2795798. PMID 19784073. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795798" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795798</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Northcott PA, Nakahara Y, Wu X, Feuk L, Ellison DW, Croul S, Mack S, Kongkham PN, Peacock J, Dubuc A, Ra YS, Zilberberg K, McLeod J, Scherer SW, Sunil Rao J, Eberhart CG, Grajkowska W, Gillespie Y, Lach B, Grundy R, Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Van Meter T, Carlotti CG, Boop F, Bigner D, Gilbertson RJ, Rutka JT, Taylor MD (Apr 2009). "Multiple recurrent genetic events converge on control of histone lysine methylation in medulloblastoma". Nature Genetics. 41 (4): 465–72. doi:10.1038/ng.336. PMC 4454371. PMID 19270706. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4454371" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4454371</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Yang ZQ, Imoto I, Fukuda Y, Pimkhaokham A, Shimada Y, Imamura M, Sugano S, Nakamura Y, Inazawa J (Sep 2000). "Identification of a novel gene, GASC1, within an amplicon at 9p23-24 frequently detected in esophageal cancer cell lines". Cancer Research. 60 (17): 4735–9. PMID 10987278. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Cloos PA, Christensen J, Agger K, Maiolica A, Rappsilber J, Antal T, Hansen KH, Helin K (Jul 2006). "The putative oncogene GASC1 demethylates tri- and dimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3". Nature. 442 (7100): 307–11. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..307C. doi:10.1038/nature04837. PMID 16732293. S2CID 2874903. <a href="/wiki/Juri_Rappsilber" target="_blank">/wiki/Juri_Rappsilber</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Pedersen MT, Helin K (Nov 2010). "Histone demethylases in development and disease". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (11): 662–71. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.011. PMID 20863703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Lee N, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Jones RS, Zhang Y (Mar 2009). "The H3K4 demethylase lid associates with and inhibits histone deacetylase Rpd3". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 29 (6): 1401–10. doi:10.1128/MCB.01643-08. PMC 2648242. PMID 19114561. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648242" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648242</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Benevolenskaya EV, Murray HL, Branton P, Young RA, Kaelin WG (Jun 2005). "Binding of pRB to the PHD protein RBP2 promotes cellular differentiation". Molecular Cell. 18 (6): 623–35. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.05.012. PMID 15949438. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2005.05.012" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2005.05.012</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Lopez-Bigas N, Kisiel TA, Dewaal DC, Holmes KB, Volkert TL, Gupta S, Love J, Murray HL, Young RA, Benevolenskaya EV (Aug 2008). "Genome-wide analysis of the H3K4 histone demethylase RBP2 reveals a transcriptional program controlling differentiation". Molecular Cell. 31 (4): 520–30. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.08.004. PMC 3003864. PMID 18722178. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003864" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003864</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Pasini D, Hansen KH, Christensen J, Agger K, Cloos PA, Helin K (May 2008). "Coordinated regulation of transcriptional repression by the RBP2 H3K4 demethylase and Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2". Genes & Development. 22 (10): 1345–55. doi:10.1101/gad.470008. PMC 2377189. PMID 18483221. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377189" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377189</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>van Oevelen C, Wang J, Asp P, Yan Q, Kaelin WG, Kluger Y, Dynlacht BD (Nov 2008). "A role for mammalian Sin3 in permanent gene silencing". Molecular Cell. 32 (3): 359–70. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.015. PMC 3100182. PMID 18995834. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100182" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100182</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Zeng J, Ge Z, Wang L, Li Q, Wang N, Björkholm M, Jia J, Xu D (Mar 2010). "The histone demethylase RBP2 Is overexpressed in gastric cancer and its inhibition triggers senescence of cancer cells". Gastroenterology. 138 (3): 981–92. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.10.004. PMID 19850045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Jensen LR, Amende M, Gurok U, Moser B, Gimmel V, Tzschach A, Janecke AR, Tariverdian G, Chelly J, Fryns JP, Van Esch H, Kleefstra T, Hamel B, Moraine C, Gecz J, Turner G, Reinhardt R, Kalscheuer VM, Ropers HH, Lenzner S (Feb 2005). "Mutations in the JARID1C gene, which is involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling, cause X-linked mental retardation". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (2): 227–36. doi:10.1086/427563. PMC 1196368. PMID 15586325. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196368" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196368</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Iwase S, Lan F, Bayliss P, de la Torre-Ubieta L, Huarte M, Qi HH, Whetstine JR, Bonni A, Roberts TM, Shi Y (Mar 2007). "The X-linked mental retardation gene SMCX/JARID1C defines a family of histone H3 lysine 4 demethylases". Cell. 128 (6): 1077–88. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.017. PMID 17320160. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.017</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Agger K, Cloos PA, Rudkjaer L, Williams K, Andersen G, Christensen J, Helin K (May 2009). "The H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3 contributes to the activation of the INK4A-ARF locus in response to oncogene- and stress-induced senescence". Genes & Development. 23 (10): 1171–6. doi:10.1101/gad.510809. PMC 2685535. PMID 19451217. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685535" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685535</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Lederer D, Grisart B, Digilio MC, Benoit V, Crespin M, Ghariani SC, Maystadt I, Dallapiccola B, Verellen-Dumoulin C (Jan 2012). "Deletion of KDM6A, a histone demethylase interacting with MLL2, in three patients with Kabuki syndrome". American Journal of Human Genetics. 90 (1): 119–24. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.021. PMC 3257878. PMID 22197486. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257878" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257878</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Miyake N, Mizuno S, Okamoto N, Ohashi H, Shiina M, Ogata K, Tsurusaki Y, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Niikawa N, Matsumoto N (Jan 2013). "KDM6A point mutations cause Kabuki syndrome". Human Mutation. 34 (1): 108–10. doi:10.1002/humu.22229. PMID 23076834. S2CID 1745473. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.22229" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.22229</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Lan F, Bayliss PE, Rinn JL, Whetstine JR, Wang JK, Chen S, Iwase S, Alpatov R, Issaeva I, Canaani E, Roberts TM, Chang HY, Shi Y (Oct 2007). "A histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase regulates animal posterior development". Nature. 449 (7163): 689–94. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..689L. doi:10.1038/nature06192. PMID 17851529. S2CID 612144. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Agger K, Cloos PA, Christensen J, Pasini D, Rose S, Rappsilber J, Issaeva I, Canaani E, Salcini AE, Helin K (Oct 2007). "UTX and JMJD3 are histone H3K27 demethylases involved in HOX gene regulation and development". Nature. 449 (7163): 731–4. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..731A. doi:10.1038/nature06145. PMID 17713478. S2CID 4413812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Wang JK, Tsai MC, Poulin G, Adler AS, Chen S, Liu H, Shi Y, Chang HY (Feb 2010). "The histone demethylase UTX enables RB-dependent cell fate control". Genes & Development. 24 (4): 327–32. doi:10.1101/gad.1882610. PMC 2816731. PMID 20123895. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Y._Chang" target="_blank">/wiki/Howard_Y._Chang</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Agger K, Cloos PA, Christensen J, Pasini D, Rose S, Rappsilber J, Issaeva I, Canaani E, Salcini AE, Helin K (Oct 2007). "UTX and JMJD3 are histone H3K27 demethylases involved in HOX gene regulation and development". Nature. 449 (7163): 731–4. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..731A. doi:10.1038/nature06145. PMID 17713478. S2CID 4413812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>De Santa F, Totaro MG, Prosperini E, Notarbartolo S, Testa G, Natoli G (Sep 2007). "The histone H3 lysine-27 demethylase Jmjd3 links inflammation to inhibition of polycomb-mediated gene silencing". Cell. 130 (6): 1083–94. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.019. PMID 17825402. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.08.019" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.08.019</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Burgold T, Spreafico F, De Santa F, Totaro MG, Prosperini E, Natoli G, Testa G (2008). "The histone H3 lysine 27-specific demethylase Jmjd3 is required for neural commitment". PLOS ONE. 3 (8): e3034. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3034B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003034. PMC 2515638. PMID 18716661. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515638" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515638</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Vladimirov N, Løvdok L, Lebiedz D, Sourjik V (Dec 2008). "Dependence of bacterial chemotaxis on gradient shape and adaptation rate". PLOS Computational Biology. 4 (12): e1000242. Bibcode:2008PLSCB...4E0242V. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000242. PMC 2588534. PMID 19096502. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588534" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588534</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Park SY, Borbat PP, Gonzalez-Bonet G, Bhatnagar J, Pollard AM, Freed JH, Bilwes AM, Crane BR (May 2006). "Reconstruction of the chemotaxis receptor-kinase assembly". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 13 (5): 400–7. doi:10.1038/nsmb1085. PMID 16622408. S2CID 859928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>West AH, Martinez-Hackert E, Stock AM (Jul 1995). "Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the chemotaxis receptor methylesterase, CheB". Journal of Molecular Biology. 250 (2): 276–90. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0376. PMID 7608974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>