DECSYSTEM-20

<h2 id="models">Models</h2>
<p>The following models were produced:
</p>
<ul><li>DECSYSTEM-2020: KS10 <a href="/facts/Bit-slice/lf0t4CB3">bit-slice</a> processor with up to 512 <a href="/facts/Kiloword/2e5umRaj">kilowords</a> of solid state RAM (The ADP OnSite version of the DECSYSTEM-2020 supported 1 MW of RAM)</li>
<li>DECSYSTEM-2040: KL10 <a href="/facts/Emitter-coupled_logic/wAN1uEgH">ECL</a> processor with up to 1024 kilowords of <a href="/facts/Magnetic-core_memory/4TFIXSNd">magnetic core</a> RAM</li>
<li>DECSYSTEM-2050: KL10 ECL processor with 2k words of cache and up to 1024 kilowords of RAM</li>
<li>DECSYSTEM-2060: KL10 ECL processor with 2k words of cache and up to 4096 kilowords of solid state memory</li>
<li>DECSYSTEM-2065: DECSYSTEM-2060 with MCA25 pager (double-sized (1024 entry) two-way associative hardware page table)</li></ul>

<p>The only significant difference the user could see between a DECsystem-10 and a DECSYSTEM-20 was the operating system and the color of the paint. Most (but not all) machines sold to run TOPS-10 were painted "Blasi Blue",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> whereas most TOPS-20 machines were painted "Terracotta" (often mistakenly called "Chinese Red" or orange; the actual name of the color on the paint cans was Terra Cotta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>).
</p><p>There were some significant internal differences between the earlier KL10 Model A processors, used in the earlier DECsystem-10s running on KL10 processors, and the later KL10 Model Bs, used for the DECSYSTEM-20s. Model As used the original PDP-10 memory bus, with external memory modules. The later Model B processors used in the DECSYSTEM-20 used internal memory, mounted in the same cabinet as the <a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">CPU</a>. The Model As also had different packaging; they came in the original tall PDP-10 cabinets, rather than the short ones used later on for the DECSYSTEM-20.
</p><p>The last released implementation of DEC's 36-bit architecture was the single cabinet DECSYSTEM-2020, using a KS10 processor.
</p>

<p>The DECSYSTEM-20 was primarily designed and used as a small mainframe for <a href="/facts/Timesharing/LE5XT9Go">timesharing</a>. That is, multiple users would concurrently log on to individual user accounts and share use of the main processor to compile and run applications. Separate disk allocations were maintained for all users by the operating system, and various levels of protection could be maintained by for System, Owner, Group, and World users. A model 2060, for example, could typically host up to 40 to 60 simultaneous users before exhibiting noticeably delayed response time.
</p>
<h2 id="remaining-machines">Remaining machines</h2>
<p>The <a href="/facts/Living_Computer_Museum/tVm5SXPL">Living Computer Museum</a> of Seattle, Washington, maintained a 2065 running TOPS-10, which was available to interested parties via SSH upon registration (at no cost) at their website.
</p>
<h2 id="trivia">Trivia</h2>
<p>The first ever <a href="/facts/Email_spam/ARJr6Aem">email spam</a> message on 1 May 1978 was an advertisement for west coast users of the <a href="/facts/ARPANET/LyMGWurJ">ARPANET</a> to come see a DECSYSTEM-20.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p>

<ul><li><i>This article is based in part on the <a href="/facts/Jargon_File/tt0EIKfV">Jargon File</a>, which is in the public domain.</i></li>
<li><a href="/facts/C._Gordon_Bell/kEsh4EwF">C. Gordon Bell</a>, Alan Kotok, Thomas N. Hasting, Richard Hill, "The Evolution of the DECsystem-10", in C. Gordon Bell, J. Craig Mudge, John E. McNamara, <a href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/_Books/Bell-ComputerEngineering.pdf"><i>Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design</i></a> (Digital Equipment, Bedford, 1979)</li>
<li>Frank da Cruz, Christine Gianone, <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/dec20.html">The DECSYSTEM-20 at Columbia University 1977–1988</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><i><a href="http://tenex.opost.com/fjcc72/">Storage Organization and Management in TENEX</a></i>.  Daniel L. Murphy.  AFIPS Proceedings, 1972 FJCC.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://pdp10.nocrew.org/docs/ad-h391a-t1.pdf">DECsystem-10/DECSYSTEM-20 Processor Reference Manual</a>". 1982.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302093233/http://www.36bit.org/dec/manual/">Manuals for DEC 36-bit computers</a>".</li>
<li>"<a href="https://archive.org/stream/introductiontode00step/introductiontode00step_djvu.txt">Introduction to DECSYSTEM-20 Assembly Language Programming</a>" (Ralph E. Gorin, 1981, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-932376-12-6)</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/models.txt">PDP-10 Models</a>—Explains all the various KL-10 models in detail</li>
<li><a href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/cudec20.html">Columbia University DECSYSTEM-20</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.livingcomputermuseum.org/Online-Systems/Request-a-Login.aspx/">Login into the Living Computer Museum</a>, a portal into the <a href="/facts/Paul_Allen/S0euHIKT">Paul Allen</a> collection of timesharing and interactive computers, including an operational DECSYSTEM-20 KL-10 2065</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Lundell, Drake; Piasta, Frank (8 April 1970). "Friden System Can Multiprogram 20 Jobs Through Hardware Control". Computerworld. pp. 1, 4. <a href="https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1970-04-08_4_14/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1970-04-08_4_14/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>North, Don (November 21, 2006). "Re: dec cabinet paint (and/was "11/34 done")". classiccmp (Mailing list). <a href="https://marc.info/?l=classiccmp&m=116408689817844&w=3" target="_blank">https://marc.info/?l=classiccmp&m=116408689817844&w=3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>North, Don (November 21, 2006). "Re: dec cabinet paint (and/was "11/34 done")". classiccmp (Mailing list). <a href="https://marc.info/?l=classiccmp&m=116408689817844&w=3" target="_blank">https://marc.info/?l=classiccmp&m=116408689817844&w=3</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>"Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978". Brad Templeton. Retrieved 13 January 2025. <a href="https://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html" target="_blank">https://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

DECSYSTEM-20 open-in-new

DECSYSTEM-20