Muhammad Umran

<h2 id="life-and-career">Life and career</h2>
Umran was born in 1922 into an <a href="/facts/Alawites/pETzhrCF">Alawite</a> <a href="/facts/Smallholding/uvmaq8zy">smallholder</a> family which belonged to the <a href="/facts/Khayyatin/EA6EtuzQ">Khayyatin</a> tribe. He hailed from <a href="/facts/Al-Mukharram/Q9Ip7Esl">al-Mukharram</a>, a village situated in the mountains east of <a href="/facts/Homs/dC0Mf5Nz">Homs</a>. He studied at the <a href="/facts/Homs_Military_Academy/r9RqV0ey">Homs Military Academy</a> and joined the Ba'ath Party in 1947.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Umran served in the <a href="/facts/Syrian_Army/n5wJBQQu">Syrian Army</a> during the <a href="/facts/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War/X3GSudUm">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, and became active in politics following the military's forceful intervention in Syrian politics during the 1940s and 1950s. He played a small role under the aegis of <a href="/facts/Akram_al-Hawrani/R5hPJA6n">Akram al-Hawrani</a> in the <a href="/facts/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat/R7WLU6kF">1954 uprising</a> against <a href="/facts/Adib_Shishakli/VljPemvx">Adib Shishakli</a>'s rule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>
He was one of the five founding members of the <a href="/facts/Military_Committee_(Syria)/Rg4b0lhb">Military Committee</a>, the other founding members were <a href="/facts/Hafez_al-Assad/aBtGmS4r">Hafez al-Assad</a>, <a href="/facts/Salah_Jadid/7Q8xDqWp">Salah Jadid</a>, Ahmad al-Mir and <a href="/facts/Abd_al-Karim_al-Jundi/F4elkFVK">Abd al-Karim al-Jundi</a>, but acted as the committee's leading mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> Umran was the committee's chairman until the <a href="/facts/8th_of_March_Revolution/6EGNesnX">8th of March Revolution</a> in 1963, and was the oldest committee member.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> In the beginning, the Military Committee's goal was to rebuild the Ba'ath Party, which had been dissolved on the orders of <a href="/facts/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser/Dm5lMejj">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> when the <a href="/facts/United_Arab_Republic/4R55TmFu">United Arab Republic</a> was founded, and establish a new party leadership.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> During the UAR years, Umran and Jadid travelled the country and established contact with former party comrades, but without mentioning the existence of the Military Committee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> In the immediate aftermath of the UAR's dissolution, Umran contacted the other members of the Military Committee, and asked about the possibility of launching a coup to reestablish the union. He had outlined the political climate in Syria, and compared the strength of the Ba'ath Party against other political opponents – he reached the conclusion that a coup could be successful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
Umran was a delegate at the 5th National Congress of the Ba'ath Party, and told <a href="/facts/Michel_Aflaq/q5BU7r4H">Michel Aflaq</a> of the Military Committee's intentions – Aflaq consented to a military coup to take power, but no agreement was made between him and the Military Committee on how to share power after seizing power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Following the 8th of March Revolution in 1963 which brought the <a href="/facts/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region/Rg4b0lhb">Syrian Regional Branch</a> of the Ba'ath Party to power in Syria, Umran was first given the command of the 5th Brigade in Homs, but was promoted in June to become commander of the 70th Armoured Brigade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Umran was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in the <a href="/facts/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar/8EAq2ak0">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a>'s cabinet, the first Ba'athist government in Syrian history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
After taking power, Umran became a member of the <a href="/facts/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command/S4NGHSqM">National Council for the Revolutionary Command</a> (NCRC), the leading decision-making organ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> The organ was controlled more-or-less by the Military Committee and the Ba'ath Party's military wing, and important decisions were made without the collaboration of their civilian colleagues. After complaints from the civilian wing, Umran gave the civilian wing (represented by Aflaq, al-Bitar and <a href="/facts/Mansur_al-Atrash/zf2Jl1pv">Mansur al-Atrash</a> among others) a faint idea of what the military leadership was up to.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Due to his allegiance to the civilian wing, he was stripped of his military title by the Military Committee and was appointed an ambassador in <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>, as a form of exile for dissidents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Umran was ousted from his position during the <a href="/facts/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat/MovLcVxk">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a> by his former Military Committee comrades and was subsequently jailed in <a href="/facts/Mezzeh_Prison/SXm7Bcwa">Mezzeh Prison</a>. He was released following the 1967 <a href="/facts/Six-Day_War/xM8d0Wy1">Six-Day War</a> with Israel, which ended in the latter's occupation of Syria's <a href="/facts/Golan_Heights/KtqR6nDN">Golan Heights</a>. Following his release, he fled to <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>
Umran was shot and killed outside of his home in <a href="/facts/Tripoli,_Lebanon/y35NPVEX">Tripoli, Lebanon</a> on 4 March 1972.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>

<ul><li>Alam, Mahboob (1994). Iraqi Foreign Policy Since Revolution. Mittal Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-8170995548.</li>
<li>Anderson, Bette Signe (2005). Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State. <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_Press/7mIDlRsh">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-292-70625-5.</li>
<li>Ginat, Rami (1998). Egypt's Incomplete Revolution: Lutfi al-Khuli and Nasser's Socialism in the 1960s. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0714647388.</li>
<li>Makiya, Kanan (1998). <a href="https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki">Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_California_Press/r11UnrYP">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0520214392.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sami_Moubayed/fDlNDRDE">Moubayed, Sami M.</a> (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1885942418.</li>
<li>Rejwan, Nissom (2008). Arabs in the Mirror: Images and Self-Images from Pre-Islamic to Modern Times (1st ed.). <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_Press/7mIDlRsh">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0292717282.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Patrick_Seale/T6VBNamR">Seale, Patrick</a> (1990). <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal">Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_California_Press/r11UnrYP">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0520069763.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Moubayed 2006, p. 346. - Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. ISBN 978-1885942418. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Seale 1990, p. 62. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Seale 1990, p. 62. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Moubayed 2006, p. 346. - Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. ISBN 978-1885942418. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Seale 1990, pp. 63–64. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Seale 1990, p. 64–65. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Seale 1990, p. 80. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Seale 1990, p. 75. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Seale 1990, p. 79. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Moubayed 2006, pp. 346–347. - Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. ISBN 978-1885942418. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Seale 1990, p. 78. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Seale 1990, p. 78. - Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Moubayed 2006, p. 347. - Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. ISBN 978-1885942418. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Paul, James A. (1990). Human Rights in Syria. Human Rights Watch. p. 40. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC/page/n143" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC/page/n143</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Nikolaos Van Dam (30 July 2017). Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria. I.B.Tauris. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-1-78672-248-5. <a href="978-1-78672-248-5" target="_blank">978-1-78672-248-5</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Exiled Syrian aide is slain in Lebanon". The New York Times. 5 March 1972. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/05/archives/exiled-syrian-aide-is-slain-in-lebanon.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/05/archives/exiled-syrian-aide-is-slain-in-lebanon.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Muhammad Umran open-in-new

Muhammad Umran