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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>A 1996 article cites James F. Donnelly for mentioning an 1839 reference to chemical engineering in relation to the production of <a href="/facts/Sulfuric_acid/Wom6fymJ">sulfuric acid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> In the same paper, however, <a href="/facts/George_E._Davis/TevsEbcY">George E. Davis</a>, an English consultant, was credited with having coined the term.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Davis also tried to found a Society of Chemical Engineering, but instead, it was named the <a href="/facts/Society_of_Chemical_Industry/2pXymNFk">Society of Chemical Industry</a> (1881), with Davis as its first secretary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The <i>History of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia</i> puts the use of the term around 1890.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> "Chemical engineering", describing the use of mechanical equipment in the chemical industry, became common vocabulary in England after 1850.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> By 1910, the profession, "chemical engineer," was already in common use in Britain and the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_chemical_engineering/KwECsPuY">History of chemical engineering</a></p> <h3>New concepts and innovations</h3> <p>In the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone were insufficient in developing <a href="/facts/Chemical_reactor/asqApwa4">chemical reactors</a>. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s, <a href="/facts/Transport_phenomena_(engineering_%26_physics)/Th5VWjpk">transport phenomena</a> started to receive greater focus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Along with other novel concepts, such as <a href="/facts/Process_systems_engineering/tgNFNxwD">process systems engineering</a> (PSE), a "second paradigm" was defined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Transport phenomena gave an <a href="/facts/Systems_analysis/2NwqATNQ">analytical</a> approach to chemical engineering<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> while PSE focused on its synthetic elements, such as those of a <a href="/facts/Control_system/8CEjIDlS">control system</a> and <a href="/facts/Process_design_(chemical_engineering)/py0F44Pm">process design</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Developments in chemical engineering before and after World War II were mainly incited by the <a href="/facts/Petrochemical_industry/h8WLR1kx">petrochemical industry</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> however, advances in other fields were made as well. Advancements in <a href="/facts/Biochemical_engineering/UWbEzPjo">biochemical engineering</a> in the 1940s, for example, found application in the <a href="/facts/Pharmaceutical_industry/5mCITYys">pharmaceutical industry</a>, and allowed for the <a href="/facts/Mass_production/31Cmgjuc">mass production</a> of various <a href="/facts/Antibiotic/sF1kIfxg">antibiotics</a>, including <a href="/facts/Penicillin/Abo8VQ3p">penicillin</a> and <a href="/facts/Streptomycin/2zqL5HQb">streptomycin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Meanwhile, progress in <a href="/facts/Polymer_science/ulLpdDyQ">polymer science</a> in the 1950s paved way for the "age of plastics".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Safety and hazard developments</h3> <p>Concerns regarding large-scale chemical manufacturing facilities' safety and environmental impact were also raised during this period. <i><a href="/facts/Silent_Spring/NkAlvAn2">Silent Spring</a></i>, published in 1962, alerted its readers to the harmful effects of <a href="/facts/DDT/RfYXlCuF">DDT</a>, a potent <a href="/facts/Insecticide/1xYL3MSD">insecticide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The 1974 <a href="/facts/Flixborough_disaster/js4jVs1N">Flixborough disaster</a> in the United Kingdom resulted in 28 deaths, as well as damage to a <a href="/facts/Chemical_plant/swCB2mEH">chemical plant</a> and three nearby villages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> 1984 <a href="/facts/Bhopal_disaster/VqtcLwtY">Bhopal disaster</a> in India resulted in almost 4,000 deaths. These incidents, along with <a href="/facts/List_of_industrial_disasters/KswvNGuY">other incidents</a>, affected the reputation of the trade as <a href="/facts/Industrial_safety/ko1IeS92">industrial safety</a> and <a href="/facts/Environmental_protection/HoD7nCUq">environmental protection</a> were given more focus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In response, the IChemE required safety to be part of every degree course that it accredited after 1982. By the 1970s, legislation and monitoring agencies were instituted in various countries, such as France, Germany, and the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> In time, the systematic application of safety principles to chemical and other <a href="/facts/Process_manufacturing/avJnNA5S">process plants</a> began to be considered a specific discipline, known as <a href="/facts/Process_safety/yYDXSoAg">process safety</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Recent progress</h3> <p>Advancements in <a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">computer science</a> found applications for designing and managing plants, simplifying calculations and drawings that previously had to be done manually. The completion of the <a href="/facts/Human_Genome_Project/eQDHgHTP">Human Genome Project</a> is also seen as a major development, not only advancing chemical engineering but <a href="/facts/Genetic_engineering/vwdlDR61">genetic engineering</a> and <a href="/facts/Genomics/pVU3BGpL">genomics</a> as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Chemical engineering principles were used to produce <a href="/facts/DNA_sequences/qAf4kTee">DNA sequences</a> in large quantities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="concepts">Concepts</h2> <p>Chemical engineering involves the application of several principles. Key concepts are presented below. </p> <h3>Plant design and construction</h3> <p>Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specifications, and economic analyses for <a href="/facts/Pilot_plant/B3walvuS">pilot plants</a>, new plants, or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by several factors, including funding, government regulations, and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process, <a href="/facts/Chemical_reactor_materials_selection/sFLt20Hc">materials</a>, and equipment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Plant construction is coordinated by <a href="/facts/Project_engineering/JCQdz1bw">project engineers</a> and project managers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> depending on the size of the investment. A chemical engineer may do the job of project engineer full-time or part of the time, which requires additional training and job skills or act as a consultant to the project group. In the USA the education of chemical engineering graduates from the Baccalaureate programs accredited by <a href="/facts/ABET/3jGy7PH9">ABET</a> do not usually stress project engineering education, which can be obtained by specialized training, as electives, or from <a href="/facts/Graduate_programs/e19zs58x">graduate programs</a>. Project engineering jobs are some of the largest employers for chemical engineers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Process design and analysis</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Process_design/py0F44Pm">Process design</a></p> <p>A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such as <a href="/facts/Crystallization/oCUUG80k">crystallization</a>, <a href="/facts/Filtration/x4no9XQy">filtration</a>, <a href="/facts/Drying/hRBvapJN">drying</a> and <a href="/facts/Evaporation/tgvIlJys">evaporation</a>) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit operations, unit processes constitute a process operation. Unit processes (such as <a href="/facts/Nitration/VnszL09H">nitration</a>, hydrogenation, and <a href="/facts/Oxidation/Pyd5RVcj">oxidation</a> involve the conversion of materials by <a href="/facts/Biochemical/fa2pWEBp">biochemical</a>, <a href="/facts/Thermochemical/fQS7IsoT">thermochemical</a> and other means. Chemical engineers responsible for these are called <a href="/facts/Process_engineer/tgNFNxwD">process engineers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>Process design requires the definition of equipment types and sizes as well as how they are connected and the materials of construction. Details are often printed on a <a href="/facts/Process_Flow_Diagram/Gs8MKv9M">Process Flow Diagram</a> which is used to control the capacity and reliability of a new or existing chemical factory. </p><p><a href="/facts/Education_for_Chemical_Engineers/1sxRDpVh">Education for chemical engineers</a> in the first college degree 3 or 4 years of study stresses the principles and practices of process design. The same skills are used in existing chemical plants to evaluate the <a href="/facts/Economics/HYctA2Dn">efficiency</a> and make recommendations for improvements. </p> <h3>Transport phenomena</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Transport_phenomena/Th5VWjpk">Transport phenomena</a></p> <p>Modeling and analysis of transport phenomena is essential for many industrial applications. Transport phenomena involve <a href="/facts/Fluid_dynamics/y7uzSCfg">fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="/facts/Heat_transfer/1IV3WbFL">heat transfer</a> and <a href="/facts/Mass_transfer/GrHKD4h2">mass transfer</a>, which are governed mainly by <a href="/facts/Momentum_transfer/Aee5CMKq">momentum transfer</a>, <a href="/facts/Energy_transfer/wd8PrQM7">energy transfer</a> and transport of <a href="/facts/Chemical_species/A8BxM3oW">chemical species</a>, respectively. Models often involve separate considerations for <a href="/facts/Macroscopic_scale/NLwPDtLe">macroscopic</a>, <a href="/facts/Microscopic_scale/EHg18xvy">microscopic</a> and <a href="/facts/Molecular/N9ljSfFq">molecular</a> level phenomena. Modeling of transport phenomena, therefore, requires an understanding of applied mathematics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications-and-practice">Applications and practice</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Chemical_engineer/AGPxgpMN">Chemical engineers</a> develop economic ways of using materials and energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Chemical engineers use <a href="/facts/Chemistry/SrNqkGVm">chemistry</a> and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals, and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They are also involved in <a href="/facts/Waste_management/EKXuEqQU">waste management</a> and research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Both applied and research facets could make extensive use of computers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Chemical engineers may be involved in industry or university research where they are tasked with designing and performing experiments, by scaling up theoretical chemical reactions, to create better and safer methods for production, pollution control, and resource conservation. They may be involved in designing and constructing plants as a <a href="/facts/Project_engineer/JCQdz1bw">project engineer</a>. Chemical engineers serving as project engineers use their knowledge in selecting optimal production methods and plant equipment to minimize costs and maximize safety and profitability. After plant construction, chemical engineering project managers may be involved in equipment upgrades, troubleshooting, and daily operations in either full-time or consulting roles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Chemistry portal</li><li>Engineering portal</li></ul> <h3>Related topics</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Education_for_Chemical_Engineers/1sxRDpVh">Education for Chemical Engineers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/English_Engineering_units/RzM0JlQg">English Engineering units</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_chemical_engineering_societies/T0Pbwopv">List of chemical engineering societies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_chemical_engineers/009SnoXc">List of chemical engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_chemical_process_simulators/fEeE0mVE">List of chemical process simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_chemical_engineering/9BAKPHH5">Outline of chemical engineering</a></li></ul> <h3>Related fields and concepts</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Biochemical_engineering/UWbEzPjo">Biochemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bioinformatics/D5x2L8ee">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biological_engineering/N8WPz0P7">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biomedical_engineering/TNAa3sqa">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biomolecular_engineering/TffwQmww">Biomolecular engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bioprocess_engineering/wDwfKW09">Bioprocess engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biotechnology/8eFnI6FB">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biotechnology_engineering/N8WPz0P7">Biotechnology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Catalysis/LPBS7TQC">Catalysts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ceramic/9JKudpqX">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chemical_process_modeling/8oIDl5qT">Chemical process modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chemical_reactor/asqApwa4">Chemical reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chemical_technologist/opfN9C1p">Chemical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chemical_weapons/AwXDDhAR">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cheminformatics/BwBkT11c">Cheminformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computational_fluid_dynamics/zuWdtNJp">Computational fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Corrosion_engineering/p6RqJrK4">Corrosion engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cost_estimation/9ovwa75A">Cost estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Earthquake_engineering/rF0Yv7co">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Electrochemistry/C0RUWpBH">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Electrochemical_engineering/QcHfW5RE">Electrochemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Environmental_engineering/He7fly74">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fischer_Tropsch_synthesis/qx8noLlC">Fischer Tropsch synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fluid_dynamics/y7uzSCfg">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Food_engineering/Udaobhay">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gasification/kN2Ng4hL">Gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heat_transfer/1IV3WbFL">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Industrial_catalysts/9epNn8SE">Industrial catalysts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Industrial_chemistry/3M6gfHer">Industrial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Industrial_gas/LcMR7LkG">Industrial gas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mass_transfer/GrHKD4h2">Mass transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Materials_science/N5HrXRYW">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Metallurgy/1SANyxX4">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microfluidics/UW3LnTdE">Microfluidics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mineral_processing/1uBlYVP2">Mineral processing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Molecular_engineering/ANbdfhgN">Molecular engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nanotechnology/Co4FFNfY">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Natural_environment/NzGY148M">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Natural_gas_processing/8Xt3LdnQ">Natural gas processing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_reprocessing/aTMUoYaW">Nuclear reprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oil_exploration/E9ehW41n">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oil_refinery/yeaW0UMv">Oil refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paper_engineering/mM1SHmqu">Paper engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Petroleum_engineering/owk07hr2">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pharmaceutical_engineering/CXHEUnnT">Pharmaceutical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plastics_engineering/nl8wvors">Plastics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polymer/eF32E50K">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_control/tmjQhchm">Process control</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_design_(chemical_engineering)/py0F44Pm">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_development/LTuvpYkY">Process development</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_engineering/tgNFNxwD">Process engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_miniaturization/S7lK0Dma">Process miniaturization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process_safety/yYDXSoAg">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semiconductor_device_fabrication/Jd23Mu1z">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Separation_process/8Ie5Lv5Y">Separation processes</a> (see also: <a href="/facts/Separation_of_mixture/8Ie5Lv5Y">separation of mixture</a>) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Crystallization_processes/oCUUG80k">Crystallization processes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distillation/plDvUMxn">Distillation processes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Membrane_technology/H82dQc58">Membrane processes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Syngas_production/VfslxkIN">Syngas production</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Textile_engineering/Idul45Xb">Textile engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermodynamics/q4hIx3yP">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Transport_phenomena/Th5VWjpk">Transport phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unit_operations/7TAe9XH0">Unit operations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Water_technology/nIstBCdG">Water technology</a></li></ul> <h3>Associations</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/American_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers/A0byWusX">American Institute of Chemical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chemical_Institute_of_Canada/WEJ5CDP6">Chemical Institute of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Federation_of_Chemical_Engineering/Thn6ueM6">European Federation of Chemical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers/BzAcCldx">Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Institution_of_Chemical_Engineers/Ut7uXtfI">Institution of Chemical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Organization_for_the_Professional_Advancement_of_Black_Chemists_and_Chemical_Engineers/kY333ye6">National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>American Institute of Chemical Engineers (2003-01-17), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813121650/http://www.aiche.org/About/WhoWeAre/Governance/Constitution.aspx"><i>AIChE Constitution</i></a>, archived from <a href="http://www.aiche.org/About/WhoWeAre/Governance/Constitution.aspx">the original</a> on 2011-08-13, retrieved 2011-08-13.</li> <li>Bird, R. Byron; Stewart, Warren E.; Lightfoot, Edwin N. (2002), Kulek, Petrina (ed.), <i><a href="/facts/Transport_Phenomena_(book)/YolPQM7d">Transport Phenomena</a></i> (2nd ed.), United States: John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-471-41077-2, <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001023739">2001023739</a>, <a href="/facts/LCC_(identifier)/lQ61tkz3">LCC</a> <a href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=QA929.B%25+2001&searchType=1&recCount=25">QA929.B% 2001</a>.</li> <li>Carberry, James J. 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