Nine-fold seal script

<h2 id="form-and-terminology">Form and terminology</h2>
Strokes are conformed to the horizontal and vertical directions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> As the name suggests, the strokes of a character are "folded" or "stacked" back on themselves,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> such as to fill the available space.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> This creates a rhythmic, layered or spiralling, visual effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
Depending on the complexity of the character and space constraints of the seal face, however, the number of "fold" layers did not always equal nine, but could be as few as six<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> or as many as sixteen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Although the term "nine-fold seal script" in a broad sense includes these variations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> such examples are sometimes referred to simply as "folded/layered seal script",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> or by specific terms such as "eight-fold seal script".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Nine-fold seal script was developed during the Song dynasty (960–1279).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The contemporaneous <a href="/facts/Khitan_people/LzWy3mB3">Khitan</a> Liao dynasty adopted it for Chinese-language seals, and also adapted it for the <a href="/facts/Khitan_large_script/Np2lf7k2">Khitan large script</a> for use on <a href="/facts/Khitan_language/eBwG7ut5">Khitan-language</a> seals. The <a href="/facts/Western_Xia/KjwJctSc">Western Xia</a> dynasty also developed a seal-script form of the <a href="/facts/Tangut_script/An8NhS2q">Tangut script</a> inspired by the nine-fold seal script.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
One of the earliest examples of folded seal script is the "Seal of the Inner Court Library" used by the court of <a href="/facts/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song/B8RCpm9n">Emperor Huizong of Song</a> (reigned 1100–1126) on artworks in the imperial collection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>

The influence of nine-fold seal script continued during the remainder of the <a href="/facts/Imperial_China/TNqRSvQ4">Imperial Chinese</a> period; for example, it was used in <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a> governmental seals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> The <a href="/facts/Mongol/fb4zx1s8">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/facts/Yuan_dynasty/mQl0o0XN">Yuan dynasty</a> developed a seal-script form of <a href="/facts/Phags-pa/YUtC0W72">Phags-pa</a> influenced by Chinese nine-fold seal script,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> and the <a href="/facts/Manchus/orGs7jQx">Manchu</a>-led <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing dynasty</a> did the same for the <a href="/facts/Manchu_script/fgclpfYv">Manchu script</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bannai_script/gvX5AADD">Bannai script</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Seal_script/rmhgUnQa">Seal script</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Space-filling_curve/b70uGLXh">Space-filling curve</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Square_Kufic/46CYpyHt">Square Kufic</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nine-fold seal script.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">simplified Chinese: 九叠篆; traditional Chinese: 九疊篆; pinyin: jiǔ dié zhuàn <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" target="_blank">/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">West, Andrew (2023-06-08) [2012-10-16]. "A. Ninefold Seal Script Official Seals". Khitan Seals. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">simplified Chinese: 九叠文; traditional Chinese: 九疊文; pinyin: jiǔ dié wén;[3] or simplified Chinese: 九叠书; traditional Chinese: 九疊書; pinyin: jiǔ dié shū[4] <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" target="_blank">/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Seal Glossary". Seal Society. <a href="https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/" target="_blank">https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">West, Andrew (2023-06-08) [2012-10-16]. "A. Ninefold Seal Script Official Seals". Khitan Seals. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Seal Glossary". Seal Society. <a href="https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/" target="_blank">https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Seal Glossary". Seal Society. <a href="https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/" target="_blank">https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">West, Andrew (2023-06-08) [2012-10-16]. "A. Ninefold Seal Script Official Seals". Khitan Seals. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Seal Glossary". Seal Society. <a href="https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/" target="_blank">https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">West, Andrew (2023-06-08) [2012-10-16]. "A. Ninefold Seal Script Official Seals". Khitan Seals. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Kobayashi, Sachie (2012). "Description of East Asian Seal Impressions as Metadata". Journal of East Asian Libraries. 2012 (155). Pittsburgh, PA: Council on East Asian Libraries, Association for Asian Studies / Brigham Young University. ISSN 1087-5093. <a href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2493&context=jeal" target="_blank">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2493&context=jeal</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Seal Glossary". Seal Society. <a href="https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/" target="_blank">https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Kobayashi, Sachie (2012). "Description of East Asian Seal Impressions as Metadata". Journal of East Asian Libraries. 2012 (155). Pittsburgh, PA: Council on East Asian Libraries, Association for Asian Studies / Brigham Young University. ISSN 1087-5093. <a href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2493&context=jeal" target="_blank">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2493&context=jeal</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Kobayashi, Sachie (2012). "Description of East Asian Seal Impressions as Metadata". Journal of East Asian Libraries. 2012 (155). Pittsburgh, PA: Council on East Asian Libraries, Association for Asian Studies / Brigham Young University. ISSN 1087-5093. <a href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2493&context=jeal" target="_blank">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2493&context=jeal</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">simplified Chinese: 叠篆; traditional Chinese: 疊篆; pinyin: dié zhuàn <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" target="_blank">/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"九疊篆 : ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄉㄧㄝˊ ㄓㄨㄢ". Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2021. <a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0" target="_blank">https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=92017&la=1&powerMode=0</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">simplified Chinese: 八叠篆; traditional Chinese: 八疊篆; pinyin: bā dié zhuàn <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" target="_blank">/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Seal Glossary". Seal Society. <a href="https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/" target="_blank">https://www.sealsociety.org/seal-resources/seal-glossary/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">West, Andrew (2023-06-08) [2012-10-16]. "A. Ninefold Seal Script Official Seals". Khitan Seals. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">West, Andrew (2023-06-08) [2012-10-16]. "A. Ninefold Seal Script Official Seals". Khitan Seals. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Huang, Shih-Shan Susan (2018). "Daoist Seals, Part 2: Classifying Different Types". Journal of Daoist Studies. 11. University of Hawaiʻi: 46–82. doi:10.1353/dao.2018.0002. ISSN 1941-5524. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/77231787/Daoist_Seals_Part_2_Classifying_Different_Types</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">West, Andrew (2023-06-08) [2012-10-16]. "A. Ninefold Seal Script Official Seals". Khitan Seals. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Nine-fold seal script open-in-new

Nine-fold seal script