Encyclopedia

<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2>

The word encyclopedia (encyclo|pedia) comes from the <a href="/facts/Koine_Greek/StKuT1sY">Koine Greek</a> ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> <a href="/facts/Transliterated/1eemsW6o">transliterated</a> enkyklios paideia, meaning 'general education' from enkyklios (ἐγκύκλιος), meaning 'circular, recurrent, required regularly, general'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> and <a href="/facts/Paideia/jQwdWzzp">paideia</a> (παιδεία), meaning 'education, rearing of a child'; together, the phrase literally translates as 'complete instruction' or 'complete knowledge'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> by copyists of a <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> manuscript edition of <a href="/facts/Quintillian/b1jMLAbI">Quintillian</a> in 1470.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkyklopaedia, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the <a href="/facts/Neo-Latin/mbBrTVEd">Neo-Latin</a> word encyclopaedia, which in turn came into English. Because of this compounded word, fifteenth-century readers since have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and <a href="/facts/Natural_History_(Pliny)/bMp2te1A">Pliny</a> described an ancient genre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Following <a href="/facts/Noah_Webster/UI1fKhRo">Noah Webster</a>'s <a href="/facts/English-language_spelling_reform/j9v6nXC0">spelling reform</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> the <a href="/facts/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences/YEtRtJrV">spellings</a> of the word vary between encyclopedia in American English, encyclopaedia in British English (although the former spelling is increasingly gaining acceptance), and encyclopædia in certain specialized cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2>

The modern encyclopedia evolved from the <a href="/facts/Dictionary/klg2kL06">dictionary</a> in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated, well-informed content <a href="/facts/Expert/W1BtG3h1">experts</a>, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of <a href="/facts/Words/JzXV6kWh">words</a> and their <a href="/facts/Definitions/5SlGKKDJ">definitions</a>. <a href="/facts/Synonym/a3BgMcdu">Synonymous</a> words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited <a href="/facts/Information/3LdrzXtJ">information</a>, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in <a href="/facts/Understanding/D8UXbWuJ">understanding</a> the meaning, significance or limitations of a <a href="/facts/Term_(language)/1tfqvX1h">term</a>, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge.
To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a subject or <a href="/facts/List_of_academic_disciplines/wSo6525k">discipline</a>. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many <a href="/facts/Map/KxQX4B2U">maps</a> and <a href="/facts/Illustration/dIDdBnUo">illustrations</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Bibliography/xul38mej">bibliography</a> and <a href="/facts/Statistics/DNPsKGYU">statistics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> An encyclopedia is, theoretically, not written to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader of its veracity.
In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia.

<h3>Four major elements</h3>
Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production:

<ol><li>Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field (the English-language <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> and German <a href="/facts/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die/Y7seBmq0">Brockhaus</a> are well-known examples).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and <a href="/facts/Gazetteer/sb5TooQl">gazetteers</a>. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the <a href="/facts/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia/WqJBXCES">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> or <a href="/facts/Encyclopaedia_Judaica/AM0dd97e">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>.</li>
<li>Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of <a href="/facts/Medicine/2fnp90Je">medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/Philosophy/zAH5PVD6">philosophy</a> or <a href="/facts/Law/luzxWkg0">law</a>. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the <a href="/facts/Target_audience/zwpmHuPg">target audience</a>.</li>
<li>Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the <a href="/facts/Alphabetical_order/oKu6Ke37">alphabetical</a> method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by <a href="/facts/Hierarchy/mYJyqFrG">hierarchical</a> categories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of <a href="/facts/Electronic_media/IzPK2q4u">electronic media</a>, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, <a href="/facts/Subject_indexing/CYdkBy8Q">indexing</a> and <a href="/facts/Cross_reference/Fe1Bwq7c">cross reference</a>. The <a href="/facts/Epigraph_(literature)/0mbXMEJM">epigraph</a> from <a href="/facts/Horace/8NQn78B9">Horace</a> on the title page of the 18th century Encyclopédie suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."</li>
<li>As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as <a href="/facts/Everything2/80M2FeWS">Everything2</a>, <a href="/facts/Encarta/CfH3MGCT">Encarta</a>, <a href="/facts/H2g2/9tGADPnM">h2g2</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a> are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as <a href="/facts/Information_retrieval/MFSmpeNw">information retrieval</a> becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts; such was the case of the <a href="/facts/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia/WqJBXCES">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, while the Britannica was supported as a for-profit institution.</li></ol>
<h3>Encyclopedic dictionaries</h3>
Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the <a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages/x0y0H28B">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships/1eWoFXWn">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a>, and <a href="/facts/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary/tYAdRDp0">Black's Law Dictionary</a>). The <a href="/facts/Macquarie_Dictionary/19QlllTP">Macquarie Dictionary</a>, Australia's national dictionary, became an <a href="/facts/Encyclopedic_dictionary/u0kjeyyl">encyclopedic dictionary</a> after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.

<h3>Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries</h3>
There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide <a href="/facts/Linguistics/oQuamvf2">linguistic</a> information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those words stand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in dictionaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h2 id="pre-modern-encyclopedias">Pre-modern encyclopedias</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_encyclopedias/h4IYebhH">History of encyclopedias</a>

The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the <a href="/facts/Natural_History_(Pliny)/bMp2te1A">Natural History</a> of <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny the Elder</a>, a <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> statesman living in the 1st century AD,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> a work indebted to <a href="/facts/Marcus_Terentius_Varro/k5okbKrf">Varro</a> (1st century BCE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering <a href="/facts/Natural_history/pSlAvbTX">natural history</a>, architecture, medicine, <a href="/facts/Geography/TRd1Toyo">geography</a>, geology, and all aspects of the world around him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> This work became very popular in <a href="/facts/Classical_antiquity/JBq8vEX9">Antiquity</a>, was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> world, and especially <a href="/facts/Roman_art/VhGvUf3E">Roman art</a>, <a href="/facts/Roman_technology/mhEB7rUJ">Roman technology</a> and <a href="/facts/Roman_engineering/Uq8cU5jM">Roman engineering</a>.
The Spanish scholar <a href="/facts/Isidore_of_Seville/xyug04T2">Isidore of Seville</a> was the first Christian writer to try to compile a <a href="/facts/Summa/lJXRC9Um">summa</a> of universal knowledge, the <a href="/facts/Etymologiae/ksqUxUcM">Etymologiae</a> (c. 600–625), also known by classicists as the Origines (abbreviated Orig.). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian <a href="/facts/Epitome/nwfclujy">epitome</a>—formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> based on hundreds of classical sources, including the Naturalis Historia. Of the Etymologiae in its time it was said quaecunque fere sciri debentur, "practically everything that it is necessary to know".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Among the areas covered were: <a href="/facts/Grammar/vprQsHIR">grammar</a>, <a href="/facts/Rhetoric/mB9np26l">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/facts/Mathematics/pxTouaz4">mathematics</a>, <a href="/facts/Geometry/wTQf5ffQ">geometry</a>, <a href="/facts/Music/hDVP0xsQ">music</a>, <a href="/facts/Astronomy/0ArJVM1p">astronomy</a>, <a href="/facts/Medicine/2fnp90Je">medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/Law/luzxWkg0">law</a>, the <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/facts/Heretical/1eHqC2km">heretical</a> sects, <a href="/facts/Pagan/JaWTHBtJ">pagan</a> <a href="/facts/Philosopher/Hyvzc54m">philosophers</a>, <a href="/facts/Language/IRcTok2q">languages</a>, <a href="/facts/Cities/2uNRFqAN">cities</a>, <a href="/facts/Animal/4b8J33nd">animals</a> and <a href="/facts/Bird/RJF6zwLP">birds</a>, the <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">physical world</a>, <a href="/facts/Geography/TRd1Toyo">geography</a>, <a href="/facts/Architecture/FccThs8G">public buildings</a>, <a href="/facts/Road/3aadH4s3">roads</a>, <a href="/facts/Metals/PT8hNX6R">metals</a>, <a href="/facts/Rock_(geology)/FXCJkmop">rocks</a>, <a href="/facts/Agriculture/TGztqzJs">agriculture</a>, <a href="/facts/Ship/418ptx1L">ships</a>, <a href="/facts/Clothes/5J5RhkYY">clothes</a>, <a href="/facts/Food/RgNq6NAK">food</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tool/KhhEHz1I">tools</a>.
Another Christian encyclopedia was the Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum of <a href="/facts/Cassiodorus/0dJ4FXTW">Cassiodorus</a> (543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> The encyclopedia of <a href="/facts/Suda/qXBhyANI">Suda</a>, a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christian</a> compilers. The text was arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations from common vowel order and placed in the Greek alphabet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

From India, the <a href="/facts/Siribhoovalaya/bDYhNQ8q">Siribhoovalaya</a> (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), dated between 800 A.D. to 15th century, is a work of <a href="/facts/Kannada/cooJ3trn">Kannada</a> literature written by Kumudendu Muni, a Jain monk. It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in <a href="/facts/Kannada_numerals/LUbwH0pS">Kannada numerals</a>. Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work.
The 2nd century BC reference work <a href="/facts/Shiben/L4KpF7XW">Shiben</a> has been described as a Chinese encyclopedia of genealogies, while the <a href="/facts/Huanglan/ovnBSspP">Huanglan</a>, completed in the 220s, was an early <a href="/facts/Leishu/1kkW4X0S">leishu</a> encyclopedia. The <a href="/facts/Yiwen_Leiju/xafxmD76">Yiwen Leiju</a>, completed in 624, was a landmark literature encyclopedia of the early <a href="/facts/Tang_dynasty/FFhmVfwM">Tang dynasty</a>. The enormous encyclopedic works of the <a href="/facts/Four_Great_Books_of_Song/e57dFK32">Four Great Books of Song</a>, compiled by the 11th century during the early <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the <a href="/facts/Prime_Tortoise_of_the_Record_Bureau/nJXefBnx">Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau</a>, amounted to 9.4 million <a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">Chinese characters</a> in 1,000 written volumes. The <a href="/facts/Yongle_Encyclopedia/yUXFqvj8">Yongle Encyclopedia</a> (completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes, making it the largest paper encyclopedia in world history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman <a href="/facts/Shen_Kuo/GKqhbxHd">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095) with his <a href="/facts/Dream_Pool_Essays/JaKAXLPd">Dream Pool Essays</a> of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist <a href="/facts/Wang_Zhen_(official)/jkjeS3mP">Wang Zhen</a> (active 1290–1333) with his Nong Shu of 1313; and <a href="/facts/Song_Yingxing/eRvXod7c">Song Yingxing</a> (1587–1666) with his Tiangong Kaiwu. Song Yingxing was termed the "<a href="/facts/Denis_Diderot/q6DGf6DC">Diderot</a> of China" by British historian <a href="/facts/Joseph_Needham/lC1qJAuI">Joseph Needham</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>

<h2 id="printed-encyclopedias">Printed encyclopedias</h2>
Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. The introduction of <a href="/facts/Printing/ta4QpeDE">printing</a> from Asia allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. <a href="/facts/Nuremberg_Chronicle/cytK74PF">Nuremberg Chronicle</a> from 1493 is one of the best-documented early printed books—an <a href="/facts/Incunabulum/kQGIqT7S">incunabulum</a>—and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text. Both Latin and German editions were printed by <a href="/facts/Anton_Koberger/ol9KjH8v">Anton Koberger</a> in Nuremberg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>The <a href="/facts/De_expetendis_et_fugiendis_rebus/nQ90qH4l">De expetendis et fugiendis rebus</a> by <a href="/facts/Giorgio_Valla/vMS5db7e">Giorgio Valla</a> was posthumously printed in 1501 by <a href="/facts/Aldo_Manuzio/3N9tgTgC">Aldo Manuzio</a> in <a href="/facts/Venice/Xzc2uVDg">Venice</a>. This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by <a href="/facts/Archimedes/sIeMhSVF">Archimedes</a>), newly discovered and translated. The Margarita Philosophica by <a href="/facts/Gregor_Reisch/xovXwE6C">Gregor Reisch</a>, printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the <a href="/facts/Seven_liberal_arts/YtUI0rgu">seven liberal arts</a>.
Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws.
<a href="/facts/John_Harris_(writer)/5BPWTRGw">John Harris</a> is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. <a href="/facts/Isaac_Newton/4L7gTncN">Sir Isaac Newton</a> contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710.

<h3>Encyclopédie</h3>
These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A9die/46IuCQNw">Encyclopédie</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A9die&action=edit">edit</a>]
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (<a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> for 'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> better known as <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A9die/46IuCQNw">Encyclopédie</a> (French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedi]), was a general encyclopedia published in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers, known as the <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A9distes/y0ELKERk">Encyclopédistes</a>. It was edited by <a href="/facts/Denis_Diderot/q6DGf6DC">Denis Diderot</a> and, until 1759, co-edited by <a href="/facts/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert/RV1vPeHx">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the <a href="/facts/Age_of_Enlightenment/Uj2Fa8Mk">Enlightenment</a>. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie's aim was "to change the way people think" and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> He and the other contributors advocated for the <a href="/facts/Secularization/yIwocDtU">secularization</a> of learning away from the <a href="/facts/Jesuits/n0PeYBB8">Jesuits</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the Encyclopédie and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future generations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Thus, it is an example of <a href="/facts/Democratization_of_knowledge/XWGBX9Kn">democratization of knowledge</a>.

It was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the <a href="/facts/Artes_Mechanicae/PSd0LKuu">mechanical arts</a>. In the first publication, seventeen folio volumes were accompanied by detailed engravings. Later volumes were published without the engravings, in order to better reach a wide audience within Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
<h3>Encyclopædia Britannica</h3>
These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">edit</a>]
The <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (<a href="/facts/Latin_language/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a <a href="/facts/General_knowledge/3RQG8QMJ">general-knowledge</a> English-language <a href="/facts/Encyclopaedia/fRsmb4q6">encyclopaedia</a>. It has been published by <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc./LxTdtjRS">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an <a href="/facts/Online_encyclopedia/VP3XfYMM">online encyclopaedia</a>.
Printed for 244 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in <a href="/facts/Edinburgh/PcsoaK9h">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">11th editions</a> (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market.
In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In the 21st century, the Britannica suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Encarta/CfH3MGCT">Microsoft Encarta</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> and later with the online <a href="/facts/Peer_production/4S7De4NQ">peer-produced</a> encyclopaedia <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>

The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropædia of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume <a href="/facts/Macrop%C3%A6dia/lpwdLFV7">Macropædia</a> of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single <a href="/facts/Prop%C3%A6dia/0Uv6WJ5w">Propædia</a> volume to give a <a href="/facts/Hierarchical/mYJyqFrG">hierarchical</a> outline of knowledge. The Micropædia was meant for quick <a href="/facts/Fact-checking/m00tI0II">fact-checking</a> and as a guide to the Macropædia; readers are advised to study the Propædia outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the Britannica has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained <a href="/facts/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences/YEtRtJrV">British English spelling</a>.
<h3>Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</h3>
These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die/Y7seBmq0">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die&action=edit">edit</a>]
The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> for Brockhaus Encyclopedia) is a <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German-language</a> encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the <a href="/facts/F._A._Brockhaus_AG/fzpIo58m">F. A. Brockhaus</a> printing house.
The first edition originated in the <a href="/facts/Conversations-Lexikon_mit_vorz%C3%BCglicher_R%C3%BCcksicht_auf_die_gegenw%C3%A4rtigen_Zeiten/ak9tCUmP">Conversations-Lexikon</a> published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in <a href="/facts/Leipzig/KIqgMgLN">Leipzig</a> 1796–1808. Renamed Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie from 1966, the current<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit">[update]</a> 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century.

In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an <a href="/facts/Online_encyclopedia/VP3XfYMM">online encyclopedia</a> and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the Brockhaus trademark were purchased by <a href="/facts/Arvato_services/9HVvcD7S">Arvato services</a>, a subsidiary of the <a href="/facts/Bertelsmann/5vp5nwAJ">Bertelsmann</a> media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014.
<h3>Encyclopedias in the United States</h3>
In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were <a href="/facts/World_Book/NgR6oDwP">World Book</a> and <a href="/facts/Funk_and_Wagnalls/hqhR7sBw">Funk and Wagnalls</a>. As many as 90% were sold <a href="/facts/Door_to_door/GLVxRd0r">door to door</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> Jack Lynch says in his book <a href="/facts/You_Could_Look_It_Up/hNXujTdf">You Could Look It Up</a> that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961 World Book ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were <a href="/facts/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia/0t2uzTCK">Collier's Encyclopedia</a> and <a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_Americana/rsmEnQT5">Encyclopedia Americana</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>

<h2 id="digital-encyclopedias">Digital encyclopedias</h2>
<h3>Physical media</h3>
By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on <a href="/facts/CD-ROM/JwuaYLJv">CD-ROMs</a> for use with <a href="/facts/Personal_computers/koaYfNce">personal computers</a>. This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, <a href="/facts/DVD/7fJsHJrN">DVD</a> discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s, <a href="/facts/Internet_encyclopedias/VP3XfYMM">internet encyclopedias</a> were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>
CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> or <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Microsoft Windows</a> (3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually <a href="/facts/Hyperlink/LqNsa84e">hyperlinked</a> and also included <a href="/facts/Photograph/gnq0f1or">photographs</a>, <a href="/facts/Digital_audio/PgugcLAI">audio</a> clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and <a href="/facts/Video_clip/sdHneGuk">video clips</a>. In the CD-ROM age, the video clips usually had a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called <a href="/facts/Multimedia/PtJteq27">multimedia encyclopedias</a>. 
<a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/facts/Encarta/CfH3MGCT">Encarta</a>, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with video and audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are <a href="/facts/Grolier/pdhCBG0c">Grolier</a> Multimedia Encyclopedia and Britannica.
Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as <a href="/facts/Wikimedia_Enterprise/W1XHdpK2">Wikimedia Enterprise</a>) to facilitate programmatic access to the content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>

<h3>Online </h3>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Online_encyclopedia/VP3XfYMM">Online encyclopedia</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_encyclopedia&action=edit">edit</a>]

An <a href="/facts/Online_encyclopedia/VP3XfYMM">online encyclopedia</a>, also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a>. Some examples include pre-web services that offered the <a href="/facts/Academic_American_Encyclopedia/qq4qIDfX">Academic American Encyclopedia</a> beginning in 1980,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> <a href="/facts/Encyclopedia.com/kPn1Sqbp">Encyclopedia.com</a> since 1998, <a href="/facts/Encarta/CfH3MGCT">Encarta</a> from 2000 to 2009, <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a> since 2001, and <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> since 2016.
<h4>Free encyclopedias</h4>
"Free encyclopedia" redirects here. For the website that uses the term as its motto, see <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a>.

The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the <a href="/facts/Interpedia/oH1JPsCT">Interpedia</a> proposal on <a href="/facts/Usenet/lYJWFBR6">Usenet</a> in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based <a href="/facts/Online_encyclopedia/VP3XfYMM">online encyclopedia</a> to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included <a href="/facts/Everything2/80M2FeWS">Everything2</a> and Open Site. In 1999, <a href="/facts/Richard_Stallman/hhoPN0Mw">Richard Stallman</a> proposed the <a href="/facts/GNUPedia/PptXQ7ah">GNUPedia</a>, an online encyclopedia which, similar to the <a href="/facts/GNU_operating_system/HlAKKBdt">GNU operating system</a>, would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's <a href="/facts/GNU/HlAKKBdt">GNU</a> philosophy.
It was not until <a href="/facts/Nupedia/bGmeCvyd">Nupedia</a> and later <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a> that a stable free encyclopedia project could be established on the Internet.
The <a href="/facts/English_Wikipedia/IgtWlI0g">English Wikipedia</a>, which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the <a href="/facts/Copyleft/DHjTyl7C">copyleft</a> <a href="/facts/GNU_Free_Documentation_License/IhVHF3zP">GNU Free Documentation License</a>. As of August 2009,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit">[update]</a> Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Wikipedia has 6,975,602 articles in English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including <a href="/facts/Hudong/YrQRXPHY">Hudong</a> (2005–) and <a href="/facts/Baidu_Baike/xGCawPDd">Baidu Baike</a> (2006–) in Chinese, and Google's <a href="/facts/Knol/Wa19rEYM">Knol</a> (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including <a href="/facts/Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Espa%C3%B1ol/Eb6k1erW">Enciclopedia Libre</a> (2002–2021) in Spanish and <a href="/facts/Conservapedia/S6QGylgI">Conservapedia</a> (2006–), <a href="/facts/Scholarpedia/h2r7IY7J">Scholarpedia</a> (2006–), and <a href="/facts/Citizendium/r8kIw6Hf">Citizendium</a> (2007–) in English, the latter of which had become inactive by 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Literature portal</li><li>Education portal</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias/H8dxhCzV">Bibliography of encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Biographical_dictionary/NBVKPf9p">Biographical dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Encyclopedic_knowledge/AQtP0nsd">Encyclopedic knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Encyclopedism/nnudxShT">Encyclopedism</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fictitious_entry/e2Wsv5Tq">Fictitious entry</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/History_of_science_and_technology/WvmITQvS">History of science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lexicography/3btFWjIx">Lexicography</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Library_science/AHbDQG5d">Library science</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_encyclopedias/LIfhfkfD">Lists of encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Thesaurus/w7xnH66H">Thesaurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Speculum_literature/e1v6IYdA">Speculum literature</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h3>Cited works</h3>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia">"encyclopedia"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154841/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">"Encyclopaedia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.</li>
<li>Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-829951-6.</li>
<li>C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares, L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen, A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991.</li>
<li>Bergenholtz, H.; Nielsen, S.; Tarp, S., eds. (2009). Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow. Peter Lang. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-03911-799-4.</li>
<li>Blom, Phillip (2004). Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History. New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4039-6895-1. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57669780">57669780</a>.</li>
<li>Collison, Robert Lewis (1966). Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages (2nd ed.). New York, London: Hafner. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220101699">220101699</a>.</li>
<li>Cook, Vivian; Ryan, Des, eds. (July 15, 2016). <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317365815">The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System</a> (1 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315670003">10.4324/9781315670003</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-317-36581-5.</li>
<li>Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC">The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-14143-7. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415131818/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2010.</li>
<li>Darnton, Robert (1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/Business_201507">The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800</a>. Cambridge: Belknap Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-08785-9.</li>
<li>Ditmanson, Peter (September 17, 2018). "The Ming dynasty (pre-1521)". In Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmNwDwAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-317-53822-6.</li>
<li>Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (July 25, 2019). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjulDwAAQBAJ">Introduction to the Urban History of China</a>. Springer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-981-13-8207-9.</li>
<li>Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49">Dictionary of Lexicography</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-14143-7. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010.</li>
<li>Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981). Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7294-0256-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10645788">10645788</a>.</li>
<li>Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1994). Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7294-0467-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30787125">30787125</a>.</li>
<li>Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic". Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-30358-3. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59245877">59245877</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Roy_Rosenzweig/jIABRN00">Rosenzweig, Roy</a> (June 2006). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42">"Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past"</a>. Journal of American History. 93 (1): 117–46. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4486062">10.2307/4486062</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-2314">1945-2314</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4486062">4486062</a>. Archived from <a href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42">the original</a> on April 25, 2010.</li>
<li>Ioannides, Marinos (2006). The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century. Budapest: Archaeolingua. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 963-8046-73-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/218599120">218599120</a>.</li>
<li>Walsh, S. Padraig (1968). Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967. New York: Bowker. p. 270. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/577541">577541</a>.</li>
<li>Yeo, Richard R. (2001). <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB">Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture</a>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-65191-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45828872">45828872</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416064030/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Look up encyclopedia, encyclopaedia, or encyclopedic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Encyclopedias.

Wikisource has original works on the topic: Encyclopedias

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114061155/http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/index.html">Encyclopaedia and Hypertext</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html">Internet Accuracy Project</a> – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs</li>
<li><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text">"Encyclopedia"</a> – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A9die/46IuCQNw">Encyclopédie</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615051823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html">De expetendis et fugiendis rebus</a> – First Renaissance encyclopedia</li>
<li><a href="http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.html">Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010718235527/http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/Multivol/Multibooks.html">Archived</a> July 18, 2001, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213126/http://reviews.cnet.com/1990-3118_7-6378998-1.html">"Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips"</a> – <a href="/facts/CNET/FefqENNr">CNET</a> article</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112134535/http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encycl.htm">Encyclopedias online</a> University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category</li>
<li><a href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/ACyclopaedia">Chambers' Cyclopaedia</a>, 1728, with the 1753 supplement</li>
<li><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse">Encyclopædia Americana</a>, 1851, <a href="/facts/Francis_Lieber/I7rlWIQ8">Francis Lieber</a> ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site</li>
<li><a href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Also spelled encyclopaedia in British English; from Ancient Greek: ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία, romanized: enkyklios paideia <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" target="_blank">/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"What are Reference Resources?". Eastern Illinois University. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122193111/https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221122193111/https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Encyclopedia". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929221816/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220929221816/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?". Language Humanities. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?". Language Humanities. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?". Language Humanities. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography Archived December 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Encyclopaedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010. An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2010. An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Hunter, Dan; Lobato, Ramon; Richardson, Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013). Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-78265-4. <a href="978-0-415-78265-4" target="_blank">978-0-415-78265-4</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία Archived February 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 1.10.1, at Perseus Project <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?". Language Humanities. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">ἐγκύκλιος Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, at Perseus Project <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fklios" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fklios</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">παιδεία Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, at Perseus Project <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">According to some accounts, such as the American Heritage Dictionary Archived August 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία enkyklopaedia. <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia" target="_blank">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780226260709. <a href="9780226260709" target="_blank">9780226260709</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">König, Jason (2013). Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-107-03823-3. <a href="978-1-107-03823-3" target="_blank">978-1-107-03823-3</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Cook & Ryan 2016, p. 418. - Cook, Vivian; Ryan, Des, eds. (July 15, 2016). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315670003. ISBN 978-1-317-36581-5. <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317365815" target="_blank">https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317365815</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Cook & Ryan 2016, p. 121. - Cook, Vivian; Ryan, Des, eds. (July 15, 2016). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315670003. ISBN 978-1-317-36581-5. <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317365815" target="_blank">https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317365815</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">As explained by Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge: University Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-521-15292-1 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?". Language Humanities. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"What are Reference Resources?". Eastern Illinois University. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122193111/https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221122193111/https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Encyclopedia". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929221816/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220929221816/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning ... <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography Archived December 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Encyclopaedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010. An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2010. An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography Archived December 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning ... <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography. Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6. The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa. <a href="978-0-19-829951-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-829951-6</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography. Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6. The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa. <a href="978-0-19-829951-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-829951-6</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning ... <a href="978-0-415-14143-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-14143-7</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography. Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6. The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa. <a href="978-0-19-829951-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-829951-6</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?". Language Humanities. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017). "Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022091053/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-encyclopedia-world-book-britannica-1210-20171205-story.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221022091053/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-encyclopedia-world-book-britannica-1210-20171205-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"History of Encyclopaedias". Britannica. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015). "Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205195631/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221205195631/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Sordet, Yann (2021). Histoire du livre et de l'édition (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 36. ISBN 978-2-226-45767-7. <a href="978-2-226-45767-7" target="_blank">978-2-226-45767-7</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015). "Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205195631/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221205195631/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates Etymologiae viii. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Braulio, Elogium of Isidore appended to Isidore's De viris illustribus, heavily indebted itself to Jerome. <a href="/wiki/De_viris_illustribus" target="_blank">/wiki/De_viris_illustribus</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"History of Encyclopaedias". Britannica. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"History of Encyclopaedias". Britannica. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

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