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Swiftsure-class submarine
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<h2 id="design-history">Design history</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/HMS_Dreadnought_(S101)/SgLhyP3E"><i>Dreadnought</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Valiant-class_submarine/64Nyg4c8"><i>Valiant</i></a> and <a href="/facts/Churchill-class_submarine/yAbTlxoQ"><i>Churchill</i></a> classes all had a <a href="/facts/Teardrop_hull/uQKpNlfh">"whale-shaped hull"</a>, of "near-perfect streamlining giving maximum underwater efficiency". The hulls were of British design, "based on the pioneering work of the <a href="/facts/US_Navy/xYK0fUou">US Navy</a> in <a href="/facts/Skipjack-class_submarine/0SAHSbCy"><i>Skipjack</i></a> and <a href="/facts/USS_Albacore_(AGSS-569)/EEqqzRUR"><i>Albacore</i></a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The hull of the <i>Swiftsure</i> class was a different shape and maintained its diameter for a much greater length than previous classes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Compared with the <i>Valiant</i>s the <i>Swiftsure</i>s were 13 ft (4.0 m)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> "shorter with a fuller form, with the fore-planes set further forward, with one less torpedo tube and with a deeper diving depth."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>A second major change was in propulsion. Rather than the seven/nine-bladed <a href="/facts/Propeller/0IN0JKXC">propeller</a> used by the previous classes, all but the first of the <i>Swiftsure</i>-class submarines used a shrouded pump-jet propulsor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The prototype propulsor had powered <a href="/facts/HMS_Churchill_(S46)/hTSJsN88"><i>Churchill</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> It is not clear why <a href="/facts/HMS_Swiftsure_(S126)/U43zGYXJ"><i>Swiftsure</i></a> was the only one of the class not fitted with a propulsor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The propulsor was perhaps as much as 50% more efficient than a propeller, producing the same speed at lower revolutions, thus reducing the noise signature. In addition all pipework connections to equipment on the main machinery raft had expansion/flexible coupling connections, which also reduced noise. The US Navy secured a licence to copy the main shaft flexible coupling arrangement in US-built submarines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="construction-programme">Construction programme</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Pennant_number/1UvdSISw">Pennant number</a></th><th>Name</th><th>Builder</th><th>Ordered</th><th>Laid down</th><th>Launched</th><th>Acceptedinto service</th><th>Commissioned</th><th>Decommissioned</th><th>Estimatedbuilding cost<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>S126</td><td><a href="/facts/HMS_Swiftsure_(S126)/U43zGYXJ"><i>Swiftsure</i></a></td><td rowspan="6"><a href="/facts/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering/YmdRzfrI">Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering</a>, <a href="/facts/Barrow-in-Furness/ndD6hSvE">Barrow-in-Furness</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td>3 November 1967<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>6 June 1969<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td>7 September 1971<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td></td><td>17 April 1973<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>1992</td><td>£37,100,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> (equivalent to £165.38 million in 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S108</td><td><a href="/facts/HMS_Sovereign_(S108)/nDJ45xps"><i>Sovereign</i></a></td><td>16 May 1969<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>18 September 1970<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>17 February 1973<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>22 July 1974<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>11 July 1974<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>12 September 2006</td><td>£31,100,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> (equivalent to £97.73 million in 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S109</td><td><a href="/facts/HMS_Superb_(S109)/sNQar1rz"><i>Superb</i></a></td><td>20 May 1970<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>16 March 1972<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td>30 November 1974<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>29 November 1976<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>13 November 1976<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>26 September 2008</td><td>£41,300,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> (equivalent to £129.78 million in 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S104</td><td><a href="/facts/HMS_Sceptre_(S104)/UFyh3K7c"><i>Sceptre</i></a></td><td>1 November 1971<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>19 February 1974<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>20 November 1976<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>11 March 1978<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>14 February 1978<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td>10 December 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>£58,900,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> (equivalent to £185.09 million in 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S105</td><td><a href="/facts/HMS_Spartan_(S105)/bICATYca"><i>Spartan</i></a></td><td>7 February 1973<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>26 April 1976<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td>7 April 1978<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td>10 October 1979<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td>22 September 1979<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td>January 2006</td><td>£68,900,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> (equivalent to £216.52 million in 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>S106</td><td><a href="/facts/HMS_Splendid_(S106)/a1MH5YNc"><i>Splendid</i></a>(ex-<i>Severn</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td>26 May 1976<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td>23 November 1977<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td>5 October 1979<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td>5 May 1981<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td>21 March 1981<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td>2004</td><td>£97,000,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> (equivalent to £304.82 million in 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="operational-history">Operational history</h2> <h3>Combat history</h3> <p>Both <i>Splendid</i> and <i>Spartan</i> were ordered to sail south for the <a href="/facts/Falkland_Islands/a6FdpUEA">Falkland Islands</a> two days before the <a href="/facts/1982_invasion_of_the_Falkland_Islands/Ahu9Dmun">Argentine invasion</a> of the islands on 30 March 1982. <i>Spartan</i> was the first boat to arrive in the islands and began to enforce a 200-mile (320 km) <a href="/facts/Total_Exclusion_Zone/UvhIPPEj">maritime exclusion zone</a> imposed by the British. Shortly after, <i>Spartan</i> sighted Argentine merchant shipping mining the harbour at <a href="/facts/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands/svWfe62S">Stanley</a>, but was not ordered to attack. This was partly due to British concerns about escalating the war too early, but also to avoid scaring off more valuable targets such as the Argentine <a href="/facts/Aircraft_carrier/90vrSN0V">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/facts/ARA_Veinticinco_de_Mayo_(V-2)/h5Q1rCVM"><i>Veinticinco de Mayo</i></a>. Unlike <a href="/facts/HMS_Conqueror_(S48)/692Rd35u">HMS <i>Conqueror</i></a>, neither <i>Spartan</i> nor <i>Splendid</i> fired in anger during the <a href="/facts/Falklands_War/k6cCaCnI">Falklands War</a>, but they did provide valuable reconnaissance to the British Task Force on Argentine aircraft movements and the submarines' presence effectively restricted the freedom of action of the <a href="/facts/Argentine_Navy/ttbBM6hI">Argentine Navy</a> which spent most of the war confined to port. </p><p>In the late 1990s, <i>Splendid</i> became the first British vessel to be armed with American-built <a href="/facts/Tomahawk_(missile_family)/hg02DjM1">Tomahawk</a> <a href="/facts/Cruise_missile/Frego9PF">cruise missiles</a>. In 1999 the <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> was allowed on board the boat to record her firing Tomahawks in battle against <a href="/facts/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia/FR15c0Jn">Yugoslav</a> targets in <a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a> during the <a href="/facts/Kosovo_War/54xPuVXC">Kosovo War</a>, becoming the first British submarine in the conflict to do so. She again fired these weapons against Iraqi targets in the <a href="/facts/2003_invasion_of_Iraq/V9zysaV1">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h3>Incidents</h3> <p>In the early 1980s <i>Sceptre</i> collided with a <a href="/facts/Soviet/m7wWsPto">Soviet</a> submarine and her reactor's protection systems would have performed an automatic emergency shutdown (scrammed the reactor), but her captain ordered the safety mechanisms overridden (<a href="/facts/Battleshort/Gb7fN80T">battleshort</a> enabled). The crew were told to say that they had hit an iceberg. This incident was disclosed when David Forghan, <i>Sceptre</i>'s former weapons officer, gave a television interview which was broadcast on 19 September 1991. The Soviet submarine involved was probably <a href="/facts/Russian_submarine_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy_(K-211)/vgfocVgg"><i>K-211 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</i></a> of the <a href="/facts/Delta-class_submarine/9eKI7D5A">Delta III class</a>, which on 23 May 1981 collided with an unknown submarine, identified at the time as an unknown American <a href="/facts/Sturgeon-class_submarine/tgUDnkAu"><i>Sturgeon</i>-class submarine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p><i>Sovereign</i> underwent an extensive refit in the mid-1990s and was rededicated in January 1997. Cracks were discovered in the tailshaft during post-refit <a href="/facts/Sea_trials/qSmL1pdM">sea trials</a> and she was sent to <a href="/facts/Rosyth/0DrWuNEU">Rosyth</a> for 14 weeks of emergency repairs in June 1998 before returning to <a href="/facts/Faslane/LoY4I9kD">Faslane</a>. </p><p>On 6 March 2000 <i>Sceptre</i> suffered a serious accident while inside a drydock at the <a href="/facts/Rosyth_Dockyard/BuGS1Lyk">Rosyth</a> yards while undergoing trials towards the end of a major refit. The test involved flooding the drydock, and running the main engines slowly with steam supplied from the shore. However, too much steam was used and the engines over-sped. <i>Sceptre</i> broke her moorings and moved forward off the cradle she rested on. The steam line ruptured, scaffolding buckled, a crane was pushed forward some 15 feet (4.6 m), and the submarine moved forward some 20 metres (66 ft) inside the dock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>On 26 May 2008, <i>Superb</i> hit an underwater pinnacle in the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a>, 80 miles (130 km) south of the <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a>. She remained watertight, and none of the 112 crew were injured; however, she was unable to resubmerge due to damage to her sonar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> After undertaking initial repairs at the <a href="/facts/Souda_Bay/oaoKC7ks">Souda Bay</a> <a href="/facts/Souda_Bay/oaoKC7ks">NATO base</a> on <a href="/facts/Crete/VSqxTU9u">Crete</a> on 10 June 2008, she passed through the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a>, with a pause (at night) some miles off <a href="/facts/Gibraltar/ja2yukgq">Gibraltar</a> to disembark some less critical crew. <i>Superb</i> then continued back to the UK, arriving at <a href="/facts/HMNB_Devonport/B63EIfXH">HMNB Devonport</a> on 28 June 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> After surveying the damage, the Royal Navy decided to decommission <i>Superb</i> slightly ahead of schedule on 26 September 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-fiction">In fiction</h2> <p>HMS <i>Sceptre</i> acts as a <i><a href="/facts/Nom_de_guerre/A5EjmWxQ">nom de guerre</a></i> for the <i>Red October</i> in Tom Clancy's eponymous <a href="/facts/The_Hunt_for_Red_October/rQ0lMp6n">novel</a>, as she enters the <a href="/facts/Norfolk_Naval_Station/zLjCdg9n">Norfolk Naval Station</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_submarines_of_the_Royal_Navy/woTasrwu">List of submarines of the Royal Navy</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 03 Mar 2009 (pt 0014)". Retrieved 19 December 2014. <a href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090303/text/90303w0014.htm" target="_blank">https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090303/text/90303w0014.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hool, Jack, and Nutter, Keith, Damned Un-English Machines, a history of Barrow-built submarines, pub Tempus, 2003, ISBN 0-7524-2781-4 pages 181–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Blackman, Raymond VB, Jane's Fighting Ships, 1966–67, pub Sampson Low Marston & Co Ltd, 1966, p. 279. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hool, Jack, and Nutter, Keith, Damned Un-English Machines, a history of Barrow-built submarines, pub Tempus, 2003, ISBN 0-7524-2781-4 pages 181–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hool, Jack, and Nutter, Keith, Damned Un-English Machines, a history of Barrow-built submarines, pub Tempus, 2003, ISBN 0-7524-2781-4 pages 181–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hool, Jack, and Nutter, Keith, Damned Un-English Machines, a history of Barrow-built submarines, pub Tempus, 2003, ISBN 0-7524-2781-4 page 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hool, Jack, and Nutter, Keith, Damned Un-English Machines, a history of Barrow-built submarines, pub Tempus, 2003, ISBN 0-7524-2781-4 pages 181–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hool, Jack, and Nutter, Keith, Damned Un-English Machines, a history of Barrow-built submarines, pub Tempus, 2003, ISBN 0-7524-2781-4 pages 181–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Unit cost, i.e. excluding cost of certain items (e.g. aircraft, First Outfits)." Text from Defences Estimates <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" target="_blank">/wiki/Retail_Price_Index</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" target="_blank">/wiki/Retail_Price_Index</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" target="_blank">/wiki/Retail_Price_Index</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Sceptre's Apple Bye, Navy News, August 2010, page 11. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" target="_blank">/wiki/Retail_Price_Index</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Hansard HC Deb 24 November 1977 vol 939 cc869-70W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about contracts, 24 November 1977.For the fifth Swiftsure class fleet submarine (HMS Spartan) the planned order date when tender invited was September 1972. The contract was placed in February 1973. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1977/nov/24/warship-building#S5CV0939P0_19771124_CWA_263" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1977/nov/24/warship-building#S5CV0939P0_19771124_CWA_263</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" target="_blank">/wiki/Retail_Price_Index</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Moore, John, Janes Fighting Ships 1982–83, pub Jane's Publishing, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 p. 546, which quotes building costs for Swiftsure, Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid. The costs quoted for Superb, Sceptre, and Splendid are identical to those from Hansard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Hansard HC Deb 15 November 1976 vol 919 c363W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about shipbuilding contracts, 15 November 1976.For the sixth Swiftsure class fleet submarine, the planned order date when tender invited was late 1974. The contract was placed in May 1976. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1976/nov/15/shipbuilding#S5CV0919P0_19761115_CWA_235" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1976/nov/15/shipbuilding#S5CV0919P0_19761115_CWA_235</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Gardiner, Robert Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, pub Conway Maritime Press, 1995, ISBN 0-85177-605-1 p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence asking him to list the Royal Navy vessels built in each of the past 15 years, showing the cost of each and the yards in which they were constructed, 23 October 1983. The second part of this may be found at Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W. <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517" target="_blank">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1989/oct/23/research-establishments#S6CV0158P0_19891023_CWA_517</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" target="_blank">/wiki/Retail_Price_Index</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"BBC NEWS – UK – Scotland – Hero's welcome for sub crew". 17 July 2003. Retrieved 19 December 2014. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3075011.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3075011.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Российский Подводныи Флот (Russian Submarine Fleet) at submarine.id.ru, collision #22 (Russian language) Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://submarine.id.ru/api.php?avar" target="_blank">http://submarine.id.ru/api.php?avar</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"BBC News | SCOTLAND | Nuclear sub crash inquiry". news.bbc.co.uk. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/666943.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/666943.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>"UK submarine hits Red Sea rocks". BBC. 27 May 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2008. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7422774.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7422774.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"Superb submarine's final service". 26 September 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/7638229.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/7638229.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>"Superb submarine's final service". BBC. 26 September 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/7638229.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/7638229.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Clancy, Tom (1984). The Hunt for Red October. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. HMS Sceptre was the name of an English attack submarine. She must be somewhere remote, Ryan though, patrolling the Falklands or some other faraway location so that her arrival in Norfolk would be just another routine occurrence," <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" target="_blank">/wiki/Tom_Clancy</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>