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Transfer DNA binary system
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<h2 id="binary-system-components">Binary system components</h2> <h3>T-DNA binary vector</h3> <p>There are several binary vectors that replicate in <i><a href="/facts/Agrobacterium/eu45qB2S">Agrobacterium</a></i> and can be used for delivery of T-DNA from <i>Agrobacterium</i> into plant cells. The T-DNA portion of the binary vector is flanked by left and right border sequences and may include a <a href="/facts/Transgene/8DvIYSGt">transgene</a> as well as a plant <a href="/facts/Selectable_marker/qVbDk4IQ">selectable marker</a>. Outside of the T-DNA, the binary vector also contains a bacterial selectable marker and an <a href="/facts/Origin_of_replication/StuSWefk">origin of replication</a> (ori) for bacteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Representative series of binary vectors are listed below. </p> Main series of T-DNA binary vectors<table><tbody><tr><th>Series</th><th>Vector</th><th>Year</th><th>GenBank accession</th><th>Size (bp)</th><th>Autonomous replication in <i>Agrobacterium</i></th><th>Reference</th></tr><tr><th>pBIN</th><td>pBIN19</td><td>1984</td><td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/U09365">U09365</a></td><td>11777</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>pPVP</th><td>pPZP200</td><td>1994</td><td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/U10460">U10460</a></td><td>6741</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>pCB</th><td>pCB301</td><td>1999</td><td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AF139061">AF139061</a></td><td>3574</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>pCAMBIA</th><td>pCAMBIA-1300</td><td>2000</td><td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AF234296">AF234296</a></td><td>8958</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/PGreen/1UBxz4oR">pGreen</a></th><td>pGreen0000</td><td>2000</td><td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AJ007829">AJ007829</a></td><td>3228</td><td>No</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>pLSU</th><td>pLSU-1</td><td>2012</td><td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/HQ608521">HQ608521</a></td><td>4566</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>pLX</th><td>pLX-B2</td><td>2017</td><td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY825137">KY825137</a></td><td>3287</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><i>Vir</i> helper plasmid</h3> <p>The <i>vir</i> helper plasmid contains the <i>vir</i> genes that originated from the <a href="/facts/Ti_plasmid/mV17D061">Ti plasmid</a> of <i>Agrobacterium</i>. These genes code for a series of proteins that cut the binary vector at the left and right border sequences, and facilitate transfer and integration of T-DNA to the plant's cells and genomes, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Several <i>vir</i> helper plasmids have been reported,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and common <i>Agrobacterium</i> strains that include <i>vir</i> helper plasmids are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/EHA101/2urNX3fc">EHA101</a></li> <li>EHA105</li> <li>AGL-1</li> <li>LBA4404</li> <li>GV2260</li></ul> <h2 id="development-of-t-dna-binary-vectors">Development of T-DNA binary vectors</h2> <p>The pBIN19 vector was developed in the 1980s and is one of the first and most widely used binary vectors. The pGreen vector, which was developed in 2000, is a newer version of the binary vector that allows for a choice of promoters, selectable markers and reporter genes. Another distinguishing feature of pGreen is its large reduction in size (from about 11,7kbp to 4,6kbp) from pBIN19, therefore increasing its <a href="/facts/Transformation_efficiency/89v9g7VQ">transformation efficiency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Along with higher transformation efficiency, pGreen has been engineered to ensure transformation integrity. Both pBIN19 and pGreen usually use the same selectable marker <i>nptII</i>, but pBIN19 has the selectable marker next to the right border, while pGreen has it close to the left border. Due to a polarity difference in the left and right borders, the right border of the T-DNA enters the host plant first. If the selectable marker is near the right border (as is the case with pBIN19) and the transformation process is interrupted, the resulting plant may have expression of a selectable marker but contain no T-DNA giving a false positive. The pGreen vector has the selectable marker entering the host last (due to its location next to the left border) so any expression of the marker will result in full transgene integration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>The pGreen-based vectors are not autonomous and they will not replicate in <i>Agrobacterium</i> if <a href="/facts/PGreen/1UBxz4oR">pSoup</a> is not present. Series of small binary vectors that autonomously replicate in <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Agrobacterium</i> include: </p> <ul><li>pCB <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>pLSU <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>pLX <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Lee LY, Gelvin SB (February 2008). "T-DNA binary vectors and systems". Plant Physiology. 146 (2): 325–32. doi:10.1104/pp.107.113001. PMC 2245830. PMID 18250230. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2245830" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2245830</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hoekema A, Hirsch PR, Hooykaas PJ, Schilperoort RA (May 1983). "A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of vir- and T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid". Nature. 303 (5913): 179–180. Bibcode:1983Natur.303..179H. doi:10.1038/303179a0. S2CID 4343344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hoekema A, Hirsch PR, Hooykaas PJ, Schilperoort RA (May 1983). "A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of vir- and T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid". Nature. 303 (5913): 179–180. Bibcode:1983Natur.303..179H. doi:10.1038/303179a0. S2CID 4343344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"As I remember, the "binary" refers to the function of interest being divided into two parts encoded by two separate plasmids rather than two bacterial hosts: we used the term "shuttle vectors" to refer to the multiple host property." (P. R. Hirsch, personal communication to T. Toal, Feb 27, 2013) <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Slater A, Scott N, Fowler M (2008). Plant Biotechnology the genetic manipulation of plants. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bevan M (November 1984). "Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation". Nucleic Acids Research. 12 (22): 8711–21. doi:10.1093/nar/12.22.8711. PMC 320409. PMID 6095209. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320409" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320409</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hajdukiewicz P, Svab Z, Maliga P (September 1994). "The small, versatile pPZP family of Agrobacterium binary vectors for plant transformation". Plant Molecular Biology. 25 (6): 989–94. doi:10.1007/BF00014672. PMID 7919218. S2CID 9877624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Xiang C, Han P, Lutziger I, Wang K, Oliver DJ (July 1999). "A mini binary vector series for plant transformation". Plant Molecular Biology. 40 (4): 711–7. doi:10.1023/a:1006201910593. PMID 10480394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"List of legacy pCAMBIA vectors – Cambia". Retrieved 2020-08-10. <a href="https://cambia.org/welcome-to-cambialabs/cambialabs-projects/cambialabs-projects-legacy-pcambia-vectors-pcambia-legacy-vectors-1/cambialabs-projects-legacy-pcambia-vectors-list-of-legacy-pcambia-vectors-3/" target="_blank">https://cambia.org/welcome-to-cambialabs/cambialabs-projects/cambialabs-projects-legacy-pcambia-vectors-pcambia-legacy-vectors-1/cambialabs-projects-legacy-pcambia-vectors-list-of-legacy-pcambia-vectors-3/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hellens RP, Edwards EA, Leyland NR, Bean S, Mullineaux PM (April 2000). "pGreen: a versatile and flexible binary Ti vector for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation". Plant Molecular Biology. 42 (6): 819–32. doi:10.1023/a:1006496308160. PMID 10890530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Lee S, Su G, Lasserre E, Aghazadeh MA, Murai N (May 2012). "Small high-yielding binary Ti vectors pLSU with co-directional replicons for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of higher plants". Plant Science. 187: 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.01.012. PMID 22404832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Pasin F, Bedoya LC, Bernabé-Orts JM, Gallo A, Simón-Mateo C, Orzaez D, García JA (October 2017). "Multiple T-DNA Delivery to Plants Using Novel Mini Binary Vectors with Compatible Replication Origins". ACS Synthetic Biology. 6 (10): 1962–1968. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.6b00354. PMID 28657330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Slater A, Scott N, Fowler M (2008). Plant Biotechnology the genetic manipulation of plants. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Hellens R, Mullineaux P, Klee H (October 2000). "Technical Focus:a guide to Agrobacterium binary Ti vectors". Trends in Plant Science. 5 (10): 446–51. doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01740-4. PMID 11044722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"pGreen on the Web". www.pgreen.ac.uk. <a href="http://www.pgreen.ac.uk/" target="_blank">http://www.pgreen.ac.uk/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Slater A, Scott N, Fowler M (2008). Plant Biotechnology the genetic manipulation of plants. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Xiang C, Han P, Lutziger I, Wang K, Oliver DJ (July 1999). "A mini binary vector series for plant transformation". Plant Molecular Biology. 40 (4): 711–7. doi:10.1023/a:1006201910593. PMID 10480394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Lee S, Su G, Lasserre E, Aghazadeh MA, Murai N (May 2012). "Small high-yielding binary Ti vectors pLSU with co-directional replicons for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of higher plants". Plant Science. 187: 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.01.012. PMID 22404832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pasin F, Bedoya LC, Bernabé-Orts JM, Gallo A, Simón-Mateo C, Orzaez D, García JA (October 2017). "Multiple T-DNA Delivery to Plants Using Novel Mini Binary Vectors with Compatible Replication Origins". ACS Synthetic Biology. 6 (10): 1962–1968. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.6b00354. PMID 28657330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>