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Mru language
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<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>Mru forms the <a href="/facts/Mruic_languages/XFrnAWMY">Mruic language branch</a> with <a href="/facts/Anu-Hkongso_language/HjzQLdK2">Hkongso and Anu</a>, which are spoken in <a href="/facts/Paletwa_Township/DF79zUl3">Paletwa Township</a>, <a href="/facts/Chin_State/6taBkLGm">Chin State</a>, <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a>. The position of Mruic with Sino-Tibetan is unclear. </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The Mros live in forest areas of <a href="/facts/Lama_Upazila/o8hjEHF9">Lama Upazila</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruma_Upazila/4RwjEFe6">Ruma Upazila</a>, <a href="/facts/Alikadam_Upazila/rnzAwQQ7">Alikadam Upazila</a>, and <a href="/facts/Thanchi_Upazila/nvoyUQnn">Thanchi Upazila</a> near Chimbuk Mountain of <a href="/facts/Bandarban_District/1e3b8Ar2">Bandarban District</a>, <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a> (Rashel 2009). In <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a>, they also live in <a href="/facts/Buthidaung_Township/bes3f1M7">Buthidaung Township</a> and <a href="/facts/Ponnagyun_Township/Ddn9xb7z">Ponnagyun Township</a> in <a href="/facts/Sittwe_District/w91J37Qo">Sittwe District</a> (Akiab), <a href="/facts/Rakhine_State/MJ7PAbBI">Rakhine State</a>. </p><h2 id="subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2> <p><i>Ethnologue</i> (22nd edition) lists 3 main dialects as Anok, Dowpreng (Dopreng), and Sungma (Tshungma), as well as the 2 minor dialects of Domrong and Rumma. </p> <ul><li>Anok: largest and central</li> <li>Tshungma: in the north</li> <li>Domrong: in the lowlands north of the Matamuri</li> <li>Dopreng: in far south and into Arakan</li> <li>Rumma: in far south and into Arakan</li></ul> <p>There are five Mru dialects according to Ebersole (1996). </p> <ul><li>Anawk</li> <li>Süngma</li> <li>Dopreng</li> <li>Tamsa</li> <li>Rengmitsa</li></ul> <p>There are five major Mro clans (Rashel 2009). </p> <ul><li>Dengua</li> <li>Premsang</li> <li>Kongloi</li> <li>Maizer</li> <li>Ganaroo Gnar</li></ul> <p>Rashel (2009) also lists another classification scheme which lists ten Mro clans. </p> <ul><li>Yarua (subdivisions below) <ul><li>Khatpo</li> <li>Chimlung</li> <li>Zongnow</li></ul></li> <li>Sangkan</li> <li>Chawla</li> <li>Ngaringcha</li> <li>Tang</li> <li>Deng</li> <li>Kough</li> <li>Tam-tu-chah</li> <li>Kanbak</li> <li>Prenju</li> <li>Naichah</li> <li>Yomore</li> <li>Rum/Rumthu</li></ul> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <p>Unlike the <a href="/facts/Kuki-Chin_languages/4G7IsB1T">Kuki-Chin languages</a>, Mru has SVO (<a href="/facts/Subject-verb-object/N0DS8deK">subject-verb-object</a>) word order (Ebersole 1996). </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a>/<a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate/vJeGxq3k">tɕ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a></td></tr><tr><th>aspirated</th><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">pʰ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tʰ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tɕʰ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʰ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rhotic_consonant/tcAGzjfP">Rhotic</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>/s/ can also be heard as [ʃ].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h3>Vowels</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_unrounded_vowel/vlG9cpwT">ɯ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel/pjtf82xl">ɤ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="numerals">Numerals</h2> <p>Rashel (2009:159) lists the following Mro numerals. </p> <ol><li>lok</li> <li>pre</li> <li>sum</li> <li>tle</li> <li>tnga</li> <li>trok</li> <li>rinit</li> <li>riyat</li> <li>tako</li> <li>homod</li></ol> <h2 id="script">Script</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Mru_script/E11lLPCk">Mru script</a></p> <p>The Mru script is an indigenous, messianic script: In the 1980s Menlay Murang (also known as Manley Mro) created the religion of Khrama (or Crama) and with it a new script for the Mru language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The script is written from left to right and has its own set of digits. It does not use tone marks. </p><p>The Mru language is written in both the Latin and Mru scripts. </p> <h3>Unicode</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Mro_(Unicode_block)/6chsXnWe">Mro (Unicode block)</a></p> <p>The Mru alphabet was added to the <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> Standard in June, 2014 with the release of version 7.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for the Mru script, called Mro, is U+16A40–U+16A6F: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="17"><a href="/facts/Mro_(Unicode_block)/6chsXnWe">Mro</a>[1][2]<a href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A40.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>U+16A4x</td><td>𖩀</td><td>𖩁</td><td>𖩂</td><td>𖩃</td><td>𖩄</td><td>𖩅</td><td>𖩆</td><td>𖩇</td><td>𖩈</td><td>𖩉</td><td>𖩊</td><td>𖩋</td><td>𖩌</td><td>𖩍</td><td>𖩎</td><td>𖩏</td></tr><tr><td>U+16A5x</td><td>𖩐</td><td>𖩑</td><td>𖩒</td><td>𖩓</td><td>𖩔</td><td>𖩕</td><td>𖩖</td><td>𖩗</td><td>𖩘</td><td>𖩙</td><td>𖩚</td><td>𖩛</td><td>𖩜</td><td>𖩝</td><td>𖩞</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U+16A6x</td><td>𖩠</td><td>𖩡</td><td>𖩢</td><td>𖩣</td><td>𖩤</td><td>𖩥</td><td>𖩦</td><td>𖩧</td><td>𖩨</td><td>𖩩</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>𖩮</td><td>𖩯</td></tr><tr><td colspan="17">Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 16.02.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li>Mru word list (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <ul><li>Ebersole, Harold. 1996. <i>The Mru Language: A preliminary grammatical sketch</i>. Ms.</li> <li>Peterson, David A., <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070911/http://ic.payap.ac.th/sino-tibetan-conference/Conference%20Handbook.pdf?v=1256612245">"Where does Mru fit into Tibeto-Burman?"</a>, <i>The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics</i> (ICSTLL 42), November 2009, <a href="/facts/Payap_University/sjjmvCF7">Payap University</a>, <a href="/facts/Chiang_Mai/KdclfDCD">Chiangmai</a>, <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a>. Cf. p. 14.</li> <li>Rashel, Md Mostafa (2009). "<a href="http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/download/4149/3443">Morphosyntactic Analysis of Mro Language</a>." <i>Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics</i>, Vol, 2, No, 3, February 2009, 141–160.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Clifton, John M. 2009. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10125/5034">"Orthography development as an ongoing collaborative process: lessons from Bangladesh"</a>. <i>1st International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC)</i></li> <li><a href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/gnis?lexicon.lgid=1122">Mru word list (Luce 1985)</a></li> <li><a href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/gnis?lexicon.lgid=1123">Mru word list (Matisoff 1987)</a></li> <li><a href="https://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/Mro">https://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/Mro</a> Many languages able translate to Mro language.</li> <li><a href="https://keymanweb.com/?_ga=2.244017925.1829076129.1590300131-764973306.1590300131">https://keymanweb.com/?_ga=2.244017925.1829076129.1590300131-764973306.1590300131</a> Used to example for Mro keyboard font.</li></ul> <i>Mru language test</i> of <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a> at Wikimedia Incubator <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Williams, Nicholas J. (2008). Directionals in Mru. Dartmouth College. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Namkung, Ju (1996). Mru. Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages. (STEDT Monograph Series, 3.): Berkeley: Center for Southeast Asia Studies. p. 268.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hosken, Martin; Everson, Michael (24 March 2009). "N3589R: Proposal for encoding the Mro script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 2 August 2014. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" target="_blank">/wiki/Michael_Everson</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Zaman, Mustafa (24 February 2006). "Mother Tongue at Stake". Star Weekend Magazine. 5 (83). The Daily Star. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>