Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
CHIPS and Science Act
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The CHIPS and Science Act combines two bipartisan bills: the Endless Frontier Act,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research, and the CHIPS for America Act,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. The act is aimed at competing with China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented to Senators <a href="/facts/Chuck_Schumer/GsrvwB2w">Chuck Schumer</a> (D-NY) and <a href="/facts/Todd_Young/pVQr1xu1">Todd Young</a> (R-IN) by <a href="/facts/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_State/bLpkMs73">Under Secretary of State</a> <a href="/facts/Keith_J._Krach/yJxz5VqN">Keith Krach</a> in October 2019, as part of the Global Economic Security Strategy to boost investment in high-tech research vital to U.S. national security.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The plan was to grow $150 billion in government R&D funding into a $500 billion investment, with matching investments from the private sector and a coalition of technological allies dubbed the "Techno-Democracies-10" (TD-10).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> On May 27, 2020, Senators Young and Schumer, along with Congressmen <a href="/facts/Ro_Khanna/dCbgIper">Ro Khanna</a> (D-CA) and <a href="/facts/Mike_Gallagher_(American_politician)/9D6ePx74">Mike Gallagher</a> (R-WI.), introduced the bipartisan, bicameral Endless Frontier Act to solidify the United States' leadership in scientific and technological innovation through increased investments in the discovery, creation, and commercialization of technology fields of the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>The United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021 (USICA) (S. 1260), formerly known as the Endless Frontier Act, was United States legislation sponsored by <a href="/facts/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate/0XBV6e6G">Senate Majority Leader</a> Chuck Schumer and Senator Young authorizing $110 billion for basic and advanced technology research over a five-year period. Investment in basic and advanced research, commercialization, and education and training programs in <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductors</a>, <a href="/facts/Quantum_computing/nbbcgmvq">quantum computing</a>, advanced communications, <a href="/facts/Biotechnology/8eFnI6FB">biotechnology</a> and advanced energy, amounts to $100 billion. Over $10 billion was authorized for appropriation to designate ten regional technology hubs and create a <a href="/facts/Supply_chain_crisis/f3XGEUah">supply chain crisis</a>-response program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>The CHIPS for America Act portion stemmed from Under Secretary of State <a href="/facts/Keith_J._Krach/yJxz5VqN">Krach</a> and his team brokering the $12 billion on-shoring of <a href="/facts/TSMC/B4BdojRk">TSMC</a> (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) to secure the supply chain of sophisticated semiconductors, on May 15, 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Krach's stated strategy was to use the <a href="/facts/TSMC/B4BdojRk">TSMC</a> announcement as a stimulus for fortifying a trusted supply chain by attracting TSMC's broad ecosystem of suppliers; persuading other chip companies to produce in U.S., especially Intel and Samsung; inspiring universities to develop engineering curricula focused on semiconductor manufacturing and designing a bipartisan bill (CHIPS for America) to provide the necessary funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> This led to Krach and his team's close collaboration in creating the CHIPS for America component with Senators <a href="/facts/John_Cornyn/YHlplyJs">John Cornyn</a> (R-TX) and <a href="/facts/Mark_Warner/xp35M2JJ">Mark Warner</a> (D-VA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> In June 2020, Senator Warner joined U.S. Senator <a href="/facts/John_Cornyn/YHlplyJs">John Cornyn</a> in introducing the $52 billion CHIPS for America Act.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Elements of the Bioeconomy Research and Development Act of 2021 were also included.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>Both bills were eventually merged into the <a href="/facts/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act/TnMYFtH7">U.S. Innovation and Competition Act</a> (USICA). On June 8, 2021, the USICA passed 68–32 in the Senate with bipartisan support. The House version of the Bill, <a href="/facts/America_COMPETES_Act/8WD5pqqg">America COMPETES Act of 2022</a> (H.R. 4521), passed on February 4, 2022. The Senate passed an amended bill by substituting the text of H.R. 4521 with the text of the USICA on March 28, 2022. A Senate and House conference was required to reconcile the differences, which resulted in the bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act, or "CHIPS Plus".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The bill passed the <a href="/facts/U.S._Senate/VyzXHE01">U.S. Senate</a> by a vote of 64–33 on July 27, 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> On July 28, the $280 billion bill passed the <a href="/facts/U.S._House/cdBPb9pY">U.S. House</a> by a vote of 243–187–1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> On August 1, 2022, the magazine <i><a href="/facts/EE_Times/XsxJNfCw">EE Times</a></i> (Electronic Engineering) dubbed Under Secretary of State <a href="/facts/Keith_J._Krach/yJxz5VqN">Keith Krach</a> (as of February 2023<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit">[update]</a>, now the current Chairman of the Krach Institute for Tech Diplomacy at <a href="/facts/Purdue_University/dRuTdltL">Purdue University</a>) the architect of the CHIPS and Science Act.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The bill was signed into law by President <a href="/facts/Joe_Biden/fe2ThfUp">Joe Biden</a> on August 9, 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="background-and-provisions">Background and provisions</h2> <p>The law constitutes an industrial policy initiative which takes place against the background of a perceived <a href="/facts/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War/Fu0XBBRL">AI Cold War</a> between the US and China, as <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> technology relies on semiconductors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> The law was considered amidst a <a href="/facts/2020%25E2%2580%2593present_global_chip_shortage/He7sHAHS">global semiconductor shortage</a> and intended to provide subsidies and tax credits to chip makers with operations in the United States. The <a href="/facts/U.S._Department_of_Commerce/3sch0DLr">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> was granted the power to allocate funds based on companies' willingness to sustain research, build facilities, and train new workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>For semiconductor and telecommunications purposes, the CHIPS Act designates roughly $106 billion. The CHIPS Act includes $39 billion in tax benefits, loan guarantees and grants, administered by the DOC to encourage American companies to build new chip manufacturing plants in the U.S.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Additionally, $11 billion would go toward advanced semiconductor research and development, separable into $8.5 billion of that total going to the <a href="/facts/National_Institute_for_Standards_and_Technology/gr9Fnh85">National Institute for Standards and Technology</a>, $500 million to <a href="/facts/Manufacturing_USA/y8Is3E9D">Manufacturing USA</a>, and $2 billion to a new public research hub called the National Semiconductor Technology Center. $24 billion would go to a new 25 percent advanced semiconductor manufacturing tax credit to encourage firms to stay in the United States, and $200 million would go to the <a href="/facts/National_Science_Foundation/FlDT8TbW">National Science Foundation</a> to resolve short-term labor supply issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>According to <a href="/facts/McKinsey/LEjD93u2">McKinsey</a>, "The CHIPS Act allocates $2 billion to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a> to fund microelectronics research, fabrication, and workforce training. An additional $500 million goes to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">Department of State</a> to coordinate with foreign-government partners on semiconductor supply chain security. And $1.5 billion funds the USA Telecommunications Act of 2020, which aims to enhance competitiveness of software and hardware supply chains of open <a href="/facts/Radio_access_network/SSlTWVAj">RAN</a> <a href="/facts/5G/yVb460m4">5G</a> networks."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> (The open RAN research innovation fund is controlled by the <a href="/facts/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration/NU3jouvb">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a>.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Companies are subjected to a ten-year ban prohibiting them from producing chips more advanced than <a href="/facts/28_nm_process/DTslNboS">28 nanometers</a> in China and Russia if they are awarded subsidies under the law.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>The law authorizes $174 billion for uses other than semiconductor and telecom technologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> It authorizes, but does not appropriate, extended <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> funding for the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a> to 2030, partially funds the <a href="/facts/Artemis_program/QHBrKFI8">Artemis program</a> returning humans to the Moon, and directs NASA to establish a Moon to Mars Program Office for a <a href="/facts/Human_mission_to_Mars/zIwMBMPD">human mission to Mars</a> beyond the Artemis program. The law also obligates NASA to perform research into further domesticating its supply chains and diversifying and developing its workforce, reducing the <a href="/facts/Environmental_effects_of_aviation/YylDhhjp">environmental effects of aviation</a>, integrating <a href="/facts/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle/qt87T19t">unmanned aerial vehicle</a> detection with <a href="/facts/Air_traffic_control/G2cQebVb">air traffic control</a>, investigating <a href="/facts/Nuclear_propulsion/nYPc1mTy">nuclear propulsion</a> for spacecraft, continuing the <a href="/facts/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence/dh8h2HNn">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a> and <a href="/facts/Xenology/jo7z2S95">xenology</a> efforts, and boosting <a href="/facts/Astronomical_survey/6BE1V8V6">astronomical surveys</a> for <a href="/facts/Near-Earth_object/UwnPRnSN">Near-Earth objects</a> including the <a href="/facts/NEO_Surveyor/YohvLXl8">NEO Surveyor</a> project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p><p>The law could potentially invest $67 billion in accelerating advanced zero-emissions technologies (such as improved <a href="/facts/Energy_storage/9GWtAPeb">energy storage</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_economy/TNdU0eR2">hydrogen economy</a> technologies, and <a href="/facts/Carbon_capture_and_storage/d8DzjobH">carbon capture and storage</a>) to mass markets, advancing building efficiency, and improving <a href="/facts/Climate_science/bYS7FktY">climate science</a> research, according to the climate action think tank <a href="/facts/Rocky_Mountain_Institute/4lff4B2x">Rocky Mountain Institute</a>. The law would invest $81 billion in the NSF, including new money for <a href="/facts/STEM/NAsAI1nG">STEM</a> education (it recommends $100 million in rural schools, a 50 percent increase in Noyce Teaching Scholarships, and $300 million in a "STEM Teacher Corps")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> and defense against foreign <a href="/facts/Intellectual_property_infringement/wPf30gat">intellectual property infringement</a>, and $20 billion in the new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, which would be tasked with deploying the above technologies as well as promoting social and ethical considerations, and authorizes but does not appropriate $12 billion for <a href="/facts/ARPA-E/6jLWEGe1">ARPA-E</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> For the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Energy/PRp6Cz8g">United States Department of Energy</a> the law creates a new <a href="/facts/501(c)(3)_organization/4KIsNFYp">501(c)(3) organization</a>, the Foundation for Energy Security and Innovation, to leverage <a href="/facts/Philanthropy_in_the_United_States/WlGbPecK">philanthropy</a> for improving the workforce and bolstering energy research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> It contains annual DOE budget increases for other purposes including <a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">supercomputer</a>, <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fusion/hP0gLDqj">nuclear fusion</a> and <a href="/facts/Particle_accelerator/Pkuc08xC">particle accelerator</a> research as well as <a href="/facts/Minority-serving_institution/a7w7tGmg">minority-serving institution</a> outreach and workforce development for teachers, and directs the DOC to establish $10 billion worth of research hubs in post-industrial rural and urban communities that have been subjected to historical underinvestment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>As a national security law, the law contains a variety of provisions related to research ethics, foreign talent recruitment, restrictions on <a href="/facts/Confucius_Institute/dXaGfx6P">Confucius Institutes</a>, and establishing new research security initiatives in the DOE, NIST, and the NSF.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p>The law makes extensive recommendations to the NSF to add social, legal, and ethical considerations to the award process in all of its research activities, hinting at an embrace of <a href="/facts/Technology_assessment/7TIxr6Tu">public participatory technology assessment</a>; the law does <i>not</i> invoke an NSF doctrine called the "broader impacts criterion" to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> The law invests roughly $90 billion in strengthening and diversifying the STEM workforce through 33 programs, many of them incorporated deeply in the aforementioned semiconductor incentive, NSF labor supply, Tech Hubs, and DoD microelectronics R&D efforts; beyond those, the law authorizes $2.8 billion for standalone education projects, creates a Chief Diversity Officer position and codifies the <a href="/facts/Eddie_Bernice_Johnson/MykQY5CT">Eddie Bernice Johnson</a> INCLUDES Network to serve as the NSF's main <a href="/facts/Diversity%2c_equity%2c_and_inclusion/Gw8353MG">diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> program. The law expands NSF demographic data collection and workplace inclusion efforts, and help to grantees in caregiver roles and the fight against sexual harassment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> The law emphasizes skilled technical jobs that do not require a bachelor's degree, and directs grant applicants to closely integrate workforce initiatives with job training; notably, it does <i>not</i> invest in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Labor/VGqS16qJ">United States Department of Labor</a> to carry this out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="passage">Passage</h2> <p>Every senator in the <a href="/facts/Senate_Democratic_Caucus/bfE0fkU3">Senate Democratic Caucus</a> except for <a href="/facts/Bernie_Sanders/MjDFDSVY">Bernie Sanders</a> voted in favor of passing the CHIPS Act, and they were joined by seventeen Republican senators, including Senate Republican leader <a href="/facts/Mitch_McConnell/3T3bUkbB">Mitch McConnell</a>, Utah senator <a href="/facts/Mitt_Romney/yh2KKjsu">Mitt Romney</a>, and South Carolina senator <a href="/facts/Lindsey_Graham/mVX9F3je">Lindsey Graham</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reception">Reception</h2> <h3>Support</h3> <p>Many legislators and elected officials from across both the federal government and various state governments endorsed the passage. A large group of governors consisting of Pennsylvania's <a href="/facts/Tom_Wolf/UAoUVgL0">Tom Wolf</a>, Alabama's <a href="/facts/Kay_Ivey/1RDk8M9k">Kay Ivey</a>, California's <a href="/facts/Gavin_Newsom/DHTUemBm">Gavin Newsom</a>, Kentucky's <a href="/facts/Andy_Beshear/ypHNYbFY">Andy Beshear</a>, Michigan's <a href="/facts/Gretchen_Whitmer/XbpBSjnC">Gretchen Whitmer</a>, Wisconsin's <a href="/facts/Tony_Evers/0r4ffGHG">Tony Evers</a>, Illinois' <a href="/facts/J._B._Pritzker/3fGrpGbn">J. B. Pritzker</a>, Kansas' <a href="/facts/Laura_Kelly/PFHlG7Ht">Laura Kelly</a>, and North Carolina's <a href="/facts/Roy_Cooper/W5yoXPYJ">Roy Cooper</a> pushed for the passage of the bill back in November 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p><p>Separately, Ohio governor <a href="/facts/Mike_DeWine/uVkdvRfb">Mike DeWine</a>, whose state became the home of <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a>'s newest <a href="/facts/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant/lFu2rIlr">semiconductor fabrication plant</a> in the <a href="/facts/Columbus%2c_Ohio/mREa53Ub">Columbus</a> suburb of <a href="/facts/New_Albany%2c_Ohio/MXn1ydrH">New Albany</a>, as well as Texas governor <a href="/facts/Greg_Abbott/YWIB1gCg">Greg Abbott</a> and Texas senator <a href="/facts/John_Cornyn/YHlplyJs">John Cornyn</a>, whose state was the home of a major investment from <a href="/facts/Samsung/oNXUwDjn">Samsung</a>, each pushed for the bill to be passed and applauded its advancement through Congress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> It has received widespread support from chip firms, though they were concerned about the provision banning them from further investments in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> CEO <a href="/facts/Pat_Gelsinger/4VVjofsN">Pat Gelsinger</a> said during an earnings call on September 30, 2022, that CHIPS Act subsidies were leading the company to explore building empty fab buildings (known as a "shell-first strategy") and aggressively acquire smaller competitors before installing any equipment, to avoid contributing to a predicted semiconductor glut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p> <h3>Opposition</h3> <p>The bill was criticized by Republican House leader <a href="/facts/Kevin_McCarthy/RFuJ3PfL">Kevin McCarthy</a> and senator <a href="/facts/Bernie_Sanders/MjDFDSVY">Bernie Sanders</a> as a "blank check", which the latter equated to a bribe to semiconductor companies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> China lobbied against the bill and criticized it as being "reminiscent of a 'Cold War mentality'".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h3>Concerns of protectionism</h3> <p>In a piece for the <a href="/facts/Brookings_Institution/RYVlAU9y">Brookings Institution</a> on December 20, 2022, <a href="/facts/Sarah_Kreps/4amN09qA">Sarah Kreps</a> and Paul Timmers expressed concerns regarding the protectionist provisions of the CHIPS and Science Act and the risk of a subsidy race with the <a href="/facts/EU/6GYcR8qM">EU</a>, which proposed its own <a href="/facts/European_Chips_Act/fbVP44fn">European Chips Act</a> in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h3>Concerns of poor workforce development</h3> <p>In a piece for Brookings on May 25, 2023, Annelies Goger and Banu Ozkazanc-Pan found the Act was vague in many of its workforce development provisions, and criticized the statute for failing to offer a comprehensive, 'wraparound' approach to workforce development. They focused on its lack of supportive provisions for closing racial and gender gaps in STEM, its lack of requirements for equitable access to child care and non-academic mentorship programs beyond well-resourced communities, and its piecemeal approach to the innovation cycle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> Seven months later, Brookings staffers Martha Ross and Mark Muro also said the act's workforce provisions reflected a fragmented approach and their costs were difficult to determine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h3>Environmental concerns</h3> <p>Writing in the Substack climate and finance newsletter <i>The Gigaton</i>, Stanford MBA students Georgia Carroll and Zac Maslia criticized the Act for lacking incentives to add <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy/6Bu6IrpF">renewable energy</a> to chipmakers' <a href="/facts/Base_load/lRt7vzvw">base loads</a>, and <a href="/facts/Reclaimed_water/h1MSULMp">reclaimed water</a> and <a href="/facts/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances/KcNTVbvS">PFAS</a> alternatives to their material inputs, and noted the extensive environmental impact of the chipmaker and data center industry was at odds with the output from the new research programs of the Act.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p> <h3>Concerns of inaction on unions, stock buybacks</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Robert_Kuttner/vRwH7jdt">Robert Kuttner</a>, <a href="/facts/Economic_nationalist/BKlyN0qD">economic nationalist</a> commentator and editor of <i><a href="/facts/The_American_Prospect/zNtVc4Wn">The American Prospect</a></i>, expressed concerns that the bill did not provide enough resources to allow local residents near fabs to organize or form a <a href="/facts/Trade_union/PjeN2WKu">trade union</a> (thereby making unions rely too heavily on <a href="/facts/Community_benefits_agreement/af0m4pQl">community benefits agreements</a> compared to federal policy), that the Commerce Department would be too friendly to states with <a href="/facts/Right-to-work_law/qN95HWNm">right-to-work laws</a> (where the first new fabs would be built), that the bill did not restrictively define a "domestic company" regarding financing, and that fab owners would simply use CHIPS Act money to <a href="/facts/Share_repurchase/WkFnam7r">buy back stocks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> In response to these concerns, on February 28, 2023, <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce/5R19cKv1">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/facts/Gina_Raimondo/zokjcdzp">Gina Raimondo</a> published the first application for CHIPS Act grants, which encourages fab operators to use <a href="/facts/Project_Labor_Agreement/wao5BMks">Project Labor Agreements</a> for facilitating union negotiations during construction, outline their plans to curtail stock buybacks, share excess profits with the federal government, and open or point out nearby <a href="/facts/Child_care/ILBlaVb0">child care</a> facilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> The application led to over 200 statements of interest from private companies within the first month and a half, looking to invest across the entire semiconductor supply chain in 35 states;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> by June 2023, the number had reached over 300.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> The <i>Prospect</i> later covered the lack of progress in PLA talks between key investor <a href="/facts/TSMC/B4BdojRk">TSMC</a> and local unions in Phoenix, and included both author Lee Harris's claim that the Raimondo guidance was insufficient in helping the talks, and liberal commentator <a href="/facts/Ezra_Klein/o43oNblA">Ezra Klein</a>'s criticism of the Raimondo guidance as excessive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> Harris later reported that as a consequence TSMC and its non-union subcontractors had routinely engaged in alleged wage theft, underreported safety violations, and cut out various installation procedures that would have prevented costly repairs, delaying its projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p> <h3>Antitrust concerns</h3> <p>In February 2024, the antitrust think tank <a href="/facts/American_Economic_Liberties_Project/aQUfbCWj">American Economic Liberties Project</a> released a report evaluating the state of the semiconductor industry after the CHIPS and Science Act passed. It found that the Act was insufficient in dealing with what it saw as the effective <a href="/facts/Monopolization/MBHwqYIp">monopolization</a> and <a href="/facts/Monopsony/DUX50nKb">monopsony</a> of the American semiconductor industry by TSMC and by '<a href="/facts/Fabless/M7wqlG85">fabless</a>' semiconductor firms that practiced routine outsourcing, such as <a href="/facts/Nvidia/8QfCgqbu">Nvidia</a> and <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a>, the result of shareholder-driven decisions. It also found the Act was insufficient in shoring up American mid-level, consumer market-oriented manufacturing by increasing competition and resiliency there. It recommended that the Commerce Department increasingly involve the <a href="/facts/Federal_Trade_Commission/Hkz0PwF9">Federal Trade Commission</a> and other antitrust agencies in its decision-making, incubate four mid-size competitors to TSMC, require 'fabless' firms to double their source numbers, and strategically levy <a href="/facts/Tariff/NCluKCm2">tariffs</a> and fees on select consumer electronics deemed lacking in American sourcing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="impact">Impact</h2> <h3>Science impact</h3> <p>In August 2023, around the one-year anniversary of the act becoming law, the NSF released a fact sheet outlining what it had done in the first year. Notably, the Technology, Innovation and Partnerships Directorate had awarded more than 760 grants and signed 18 contracts in research and development, and incentivized $4 billion in private capital and 35 exits from federal seed funding for private companies; the NSF issued two letters to employees on research security, increased STEM scholarship amounts, and created a National Secure Data Service per the act's directives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> The DOE also issued a press release to commemorate the anniversary, noting materials science, quantum computing and biotechnology had received major attention from the act, as well as efforts to improve energy use, materials sourcing transparency and recycling of computer chips.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p><p>On the second anniversary of the Act becoming law, the NSF put out an updated fact sheet. The TIP Directorate had now awarded a two-year total of 2,455 grants and signed 25 contracts in research and development, and incentivized $8.15 billion in private capital and more than 75 exits from federal seed funding; the NSF also designated 10 new Regional Innovation Engines in January 2024, issued the first 40 awards in the ExLENT program promoting <a href="/facts/Experiential_learning/pY6Tj9Ev">experiential learning</a> in semiconductor engineering at universities, launched the NSF SBIR/SBTT Fast-Track pilot program for certain startups and the APTO program promoting technology prediction, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Commerce Department for further action in workforce development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> </p><p>In September 2024, the <a href="/facts/National_Academies_of_Sciences%2c_Engineering%2c_and_Medicine/AdYmBBGV">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a> produced a report on NASA's organizational efficiency mandated by the law,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> which found several critical weaknesses, namely, in long-term planning, workforce retention, headquarters staffing levels, budgetary support from Congress, aging infrastructure, and emphasis on research and development as part of instrument planning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p> <h3>Project announcements</h3> <p>Many companies and ecosystem suppliers have announced investment plans since May 2020, when TSMC announced that it would build a fab in Arizona,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> which upon completion began producing <a href="/facts/Apple_A16/MCduVutl">Apple A16</a> chips in earnest in mid-September 2024, according to independent journalist Tim Culpan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> achieving 4 percent higher production yields than the average in Taiwan by late October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> </p><p>These include (before the act passed on August 9, 2022): </p> <ul><li>In July 2021, <a href="/facts/GlobalFoundries/lFTS5fbT">GlobalFoundries</a> announced plans to build a new $1 billion <a href="/facts/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant/lFu2rIlr">fab</a> in Upstate New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></li> <li>In November 2021, <a href="/facts/Samsung/oNXUwDjn">Samsung</a> announced plans to build a $17 billion semiconductor factory to begin operations in the second half of 2024. It is the largest foreign direct investment ever in the state of Texas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></li> <li>In January 2022, Intel announced an initial $20 billion investment that will generate 3,000 jobs, the largest investment in Ohio's history, with plans to grow to $100 billion investment in eight fabrication plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></li> <li>In May 2022, <a href="/facts/Purdue_University/dRuTdltL">Purdue University</a> launched the nation's first comprehensive semiconductor degrees program in anticipation of the CHIPS Act spurring the creation of jobs for 50,000 trained semiconductor engineers in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li> <li>In May 2022, <a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments/88NUhuHF">Texas Instruments</a> broke ground on new 300-mm semiconductor wafer fabrication plants in Sherman, Texas, and projected its investments will reach $30 billion and create as many as 3,000 jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li>In July 2022, <a href="/facts/SkyWater_Technology/tQmve26J">SkyWater</a> announced plans to build an advanced $1.8 billion semiconductor manufacturing facility with the government of <a href="/facts/Indiana/VRnvjXoQ">Indiana</a> and Purdue University to pursue CHIPS funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li></ul> <p>After the act passed: </p> <ul><li>In September 2022, <a href="/facts/Wolfspeed/RH48wVUU">Wolfspeed</a> announced it will build the world's largest <a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">silicon carbide</a> semiconductor plant in <a href="/facts/Chatham_County%2c_North_Carolina/m76LV9r5">Chatham County, North Carolina</a>. By 2030, the company expects to occupy more than one million square feet of manufacturing space across 445 acres, at a cost of $1.3 billion. The first phase of development is supported by about $1 billion in incentives from state, county, and local governments, and the company intends to apply for CHIPS act money.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></li> <li>In October 2022, <a href="/facts/Micron_Technology/M5YhP13C">Micron Technology</a> announced it will invest $20 billion in a new chip factory in <a href="/facts/Clay%2c_New_York/zUy0JkN0">Clay, New York</a>, to take advantages of the subsidies in the Act and signaled it could expand its investments to $100 billion over 20 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> The state of New York granted the company $5.5 billion in <a href="/facts/Tax_credits/2rxdqwL2">tax credits</a> as an incentive to move there, if it meets employment promises.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li> <li>In December 2022, TSMC announced the opening of the company's second chip plant in <a href="/facts/Arizona/6ayM3swJ">Arizona</a>, raising its investments in the state from $12 billion to $40 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> At that time, company officials said that construction costs in the U.S. were four to five times those in Taiwan (due to alleged higher costs of labor, red tape, and training) and that they were having difficulty finding qualified personnel (so some U.S. hires were sent for training in Taiwan for 12–18 months), so it will cost at least 50% more to make a TSMC chip in the United States than in Taiwan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> It was also reported that the project faced significant delays due to TSMC engaging in routine wage theft and not hiring unionized subcontractors to carry out pipe-fitting and other construction work properly, among other issues<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> such as withholding necessary skills training;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> while in January 2024, TSMC said it had delayed the opening from 2026 to 2028 in order to evaluate the Biden administration's shifting approach to tax credits,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> in April 2024, multiple TSMC employees, including trainees, also attested to the deep workplace cultural differences between Taiwanese and American engineers as a key factor in these delays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></li> <li>In February 2023, <a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments/88NUhuHF">Texas Instruments</a> announced an $11 billion investment in a new 300-mm wafer fab in <a href="/facts/Lehi%2c_Utah/ea2KKX5B">Lehi, Utah</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></li> <li>In February 2023, <a href="/facts/Integra_Technologies/xzcarwdR">Integra Technologies</a> announced a $1.8 billion proposal for expanding their Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) operation in <a href="/facts/Wichita%2c_Kansas/5LkemgL9">Wichita, Kansas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></li> <li>In February 2023, EMP Shield announced a $1.9 billion proposal for a new campus in <a href="/facts/Burlington%2c_Kansas/upkzxUTd">Burlington, Kansas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></li> <li>In April 2023, <a href="/facts/Bosch_(company)/wPuk1Udv">Bosch</a> announced it was acquiring TSI Semiconductors and investing $1.5 billion in upgrades geared toward making <a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">silicon carbide</a> chips at the TSI plant in <a href="/facts/Roseville%2c_California/n9fozlLR">Roseville, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></li> <li>In June 2023, the French company <a href="/facts/Mersen/018cY2Bu">Mersen</a>, a subsidiary of Le Carbone Lorraine, announced it would spend $81 million on an expansion project in <a href="/facts/Bay_City%2c_Michigan/SkEd3P86">Bay City</a> and <a href="/facts/Greenville%2c_Michigan/DoLlVdFd">Greenville, Michigan</a> due to Michigan's state implementation of the CHIPS Act.</li></ul> <p>The following projects were announced after the Act's first anniversary: </p> <ul><li>In November 2023, <a href="/facts/Amkor_Technology/vyupV6yN">Amkor Technology</a> announced they would apply for CHIPS Act funding to build a $2 billion chip packaging and testing facility in <a href="/facts/Peoria%2c_Arizona/C2bYj6oq">Peoria, Arizona</a>, motivated by their work with Apple and TSMC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></li> <li>In December 2023, <a href="/facts/BAE_Systems/W1wLXh5x">BAE Systems</a> announced they had received $35 million in national security-related grants from the Act to upgrade their <a href="/facts/Nashua%2c_New_Hampshire/9kChMaoU">Nashua, New Hampshire</a> plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></li> <li>In January 2024, <a href="/facts/Microchip_Technology/7jDrY5rx">Microchip Technology</a> announced they had received $162 million in similar grants to upgrade their <a href="/facts/Gresham%2c_Oregon/MdU7DIu8">Gresham, Oregon</a> and <a href="/facts/Colorado_Springs%2c_Colorado/QKXhbBIV">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a> plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></li> <li>In February 2024, <a href="/facts/GlobalFoundries/lFTS5fbT">GlobalFoundries</a> announced they had received $1.5 billion in similar grants to build a new fab in <a href="/facts/Malta%2c_New_York/9sKQSxmF">Malta, New York</a> and upgrade their <a href="/facts/Essex_Junction%2c_Vermont/BQa6vK2D">Essex Junction, Vermont</a> plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></li> <li>In March 2024, Intel announced they had received $8.5 billion from the Act to build four new highly advanced semiconductor fabs in <a href="/facts/Chandler%2c_Arizona/jxk4a1V3">Chandler, Arizona</a> and <a href="/facts/New_Albany%2c_Ohio/MXn1ydrH">New Albany, Ohio</a> and upgrade plants in <a href="/facts/Hillsboro%2c_Oregon/UBzxnGws">Hillsboro, Oregon</a> and <a href="/facts/Rio_Rancho%2c_New_Mexico/eGraEtth">Rio Rancho, New Mexico</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></li> <li>In April 2024, TSMC announced they had received $6.6 billion to build a third fab in Arizona, with the intent to host the <a href="/facts/2_nm_process/C2D8IXLK">2 nm process</a>, and construction slated to begin in 2028.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> The grant was finalized on November 15.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></li> <li>In April 2024, Samsung announced they had received $6.4 billion in grants from the Act to invest in additional capacity at its new Texas factory site, which had been revealed to be located in <a href="/facts/Taylor%2c_Texas/tv8nAXEg">Taylor</a>, and at their existing factory in nearby <a href="/facts/Austin%2c_Texas/xpVP4t98">Austin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></li> <li>In April 2024, <a href="/facts/Micron_Technologies/M5YhP13C">Micron Technologies</a> announced a federal CHIPS and Science Act grant of $6.1 billion toward building a new semiconductor chip manufacturing campus in <a href="/facts/Clay%2c_New_York/zUy0JkN0">Clay</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a>, a northern <a href="/facts/Suburb/8Nv6KVJr">suburb</a> of <a href="/facts/Syracuse%2c_New_York/luD99ChN">Syracuse</a> in <a href="/facts/Upstate_New_York/rjNaWzld">Upstate New York</a>, along with a new leading-edge fab in <a href="/facts/Boise%2c_Idaho/27UTaYKm">Boise, Idaho</a>; it also announced it would progress its worldwide investments by $100 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></li> <li>In May 2024, the Biden administration and Polar Semiconductor agreed to establish a new foundry creating 160 new jobs in <a href="/facts/Bloomington%2c_Minnesota/HlCk9ra5">Bloomington, Minnesota</a> using $120 million in CHIPS Act funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></li> <li>In May 2024, the administration and <a href="/facts/SK_Group/xegAvfw8">SK Group</a> subsidiary Absolics announced an agreement to build glass wafers in a new factory creating 1,200 new jobs in <a href="/facts/Covington%2c_Georgia/4n5TBRU7">Covington, Georgia</a> using $75 million in CHIPS Act money.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></li> <li>In June 2024, the administration and <a href="/facts/Rocket_Lab/o5Wlgg6P">Rocket Lab</a> announced an agreement to expand production of <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a> in <a href="/facts/Albuquerque%2c_New_Mexico/SATmBfJb">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a> using $23.9 million in CHIPS Act money.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a></li> <li>In January 2025, the Department of Commerce announced a $325 million award under the Act to <a href="/facts/Hemlock_Semiconductor/q7sM5kro">Hemlock Semiconductor</a> to help build a new <a href="/facts/Polysilicon/NdywIRGW">polysilicon</a> crystal factory in <a href="/facts/Hemlock%2c_Michigan/6IA7GnjH">Hemlock, Michigan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></li></ul> <p>On May 13, 2024, Bloomberg News found a total of $32.8 billion had been allocated from the CaSA's $39 billion fund, with federal loans and tax credits set to reach $75 billion. <a href="/facts/Boston_Consulting_Group/kEJkw5Aq">Boston Consulting Group</a> and the <a href="/facts/Semiconductor_Industry_Association/TyCVen27">Semiconductor Industry Association</a> estimated that by 2033, the United States would attain 28 percent of the world's market for advanced logic chips, and its share of the world's fabs would grow to 14 percent of the total (compared to a baseline scenario of 8 percent if the Act had not passed).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tech Hubs</h3> <p>On October 23, 2023, the Biden administration announced that it directed the <a href="/facts/Economic_Development_Administration/tCrwcVLg">Economic Development Administration</a> to focus on 31 areas (across 32 states and <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico/jVStMyG4">Puerto Rico</a>) that it designated "Tech Hubs", for the purposes of spreading development evenly around the country, and incubating advanced technology and research. The Tech Hubs' organizers competed for a total of about $500 million in implementation grants, the first such appropriation out of a budgeted $10 billion over the next five years. The Biden administration also gave out "Strategy Development Grants" to 29 consortia of businesses, labor unions and governments in areas that lost out, encouraging further organizational improvements before trying again to become a Tech Hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> </p><p>On July 2, 2024, the Biden administration announced that it would award $504 million in additional grants to 12 of the Tech Hubs to further their research. It also announced that the Tech Hub program had already attracted $4 billion in private sector investments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> </p> <h3>Macroeconomic impact</h3> <p>Estimates of the results of the CHIPS Act vary. The trade group <a href="/facts/Semiconductor_Industry_Association/TyCVen27">Semiconductor Industry Association</a>, which analyzed announced investments from May 2020 to December 2022, claimed the CHIPS Act had led to more than 50 projects worth more than $200 billion that would create 44,000 jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> By the count of policy researcher Jack Conness, the CHIPS Act led to 37 projects worth $272 billion and a predicted 36,300 jobs as of November 14, 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit">[update]</a>; when considered together with <a href="/facts/Inflation_Reduction_Act/8Cdfo0tk">Inflation Reduction Act</a> investments, the total comes out to 218 projects worth $388 billion creating 135,800 jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a>[<i>needs update</i>] </p><p>Arizona is in line for the largest individual investment (TSMC's $65 billion investment, predicted to create 6,000 jobs), the most total jobs created (above 11,000) and the most dollars overall ($97.5 billion). Counties that voted for Biden in 2020 received more dollars from the Act ($227.9 million) than counties that voted for Donald Trump ($44 million).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a>[<i>needs update</i>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> </p><p>In December 2023, the <i><a href="/facts/Financial_Times/0ndae2YU">Financial Times</a></i> found the IRA and CaSA together catalyzed over $224 billion in investments and over 100,000 new jobs by the preceding July.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> </p><p>According to the <a href="/facts/New_Democrats_(United_States)/AShoyMXV">New Democrat</a>-linked think tank <a href="/facts/Center_for_American_Progress/mdFwk1kI">Center for American Progress</a>, the CHIPS and Science Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the <a href="/facts/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act/T64dfk69">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> have together led to more than 35,000 public and private investments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> The Biden administration itself claimed that as of January 10, 2025<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit">[update]</a>, the IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed $1 trillion in private investment (including $449 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $184 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $215 billion in clean power, $93 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $51 billion in heavy industry) and over $756.2 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $99 billion in energy aside from tax credits in the IRA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a>[<i>needs update</i>] </p> <h3>California</h3> <h4>Manufacturing</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, where the semiconductor industry was founded in <a href="/facts/Silicon_Valley/gdot9J7e">Silicon Valley</a>, experts say that it is very unlikely that any new manufacturing facilities will be built, due to tight regulations, high costs of land and electricity, and unreliable water supplies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> These factors have contributed to the state's 33% decline in manufacturing jobs since 1990.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> </p> <h4>Research</h4> <p>In May 2023, <a href="/facts/Applied_Materials/QYz7kTHf">Applied Materials</a> announced it would build a new collaborative advanced research and development center (distinct from traditional fabs) named the "EPIC Center", short for "Equipment and Process Innovation and Commercialization Center", by 2026, next to its existing facility in <a href="/facts/Sunnyvale%2c_California/ghnntvr1">Sunnyvale, California</a>. The first known CHIPS Act-linked investment in Silicon Valley, the EPIC Center is worth $4 billion and is projected to create 2,000 jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2> <h3>Underfunding of research agencies</h3> <p>In June 2023, after the passage of the <a href="/facts/Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_2023/nQ9r7DBJ">debt-ceiling deal</a>, <a href="/facts/Federation_of_American_Scientists/KNjX3s7U">Federation of American Scientists</a> analysts Matt Hourihan and Melissa Roberts Chapman and <a href="/facts/Brookings_Institution/RYVlAU9y">Brookings Institution</a> analyst Mark Muro noted that the <a href="/facts/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act%2c_2023/1YCuy39j">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023</a> had underfunded three key agencies to the Science Act (the NSF, the DOE's Office of Science, and NIST) by $2.7 billion, or 12 percent compared to the Act's intent, and that the President's proposal for the <a href="/facts/2024_United_States_federal_budget/9DnF9c3D">2024 United States federal budget</a> would likely shortchange them by $5.1 billion, or 19 percent compared to the Act's intent. Upon reviewing the effects the shortfalls would bring on defense policy and the economy, they recommended that more science and technology spending be moved into the mandatory category, as had been done with some semiconductor spending.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2024, <i><a href="/facts/Politico/k3kQb621">Politico</a></i> contributor Christine Mui cited Hourihan in detailing how the Science Act interacted with later spending deals. In the actual 2024 budget, the NSF was underfunded by 42 percent compared to the Act's authorization and by 11 percent compared to its budget request; the Department of Energy's Office of Science was underfunded by 13 percent compared to the Act's authorization, while the <a href="/facts/Economic_Development_Administration/tCrwcVLg">Economic Development Administration</a>'s regional hubs program was funded with $41 million ($541 million since 2022) against an annual authorization of $2 billion ($4 billion from 2022); NIST's budget, for which the 2023 Appropriations Act appropriated $1.564 billion and the Science Act authorized $1.562 billion, saw an 11 percent cut and NASA's budget fell 9 percent short of its request.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> As of April 2024, CHIPS research agencies have been underfunded by over $8 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> </p><p>In April, Commerce Secretary Raimondo revealed the CHIPS Program Office would no longer fund commercial research and development investments via the Act's $39 billion fund, due to high demand totaling $70 billion, and said applicants must seek other sources of R&D funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> </p> <h3>National Semiconductor Technology Center</h3> <p>The Act creates a National Semiconductor Technology Center to perform advanced research and development on semiconductors. In order to implement it, the Department of Commerce created a nonprofit <a href="/facts/Public%25E2%2580%2593private_partnership/b4RAUT2j">public–private partnership</a> within NIST called <a href="https://natcast.org/">Natcast</a> in April 2023,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a> putting out a call for volunteers to select who will serve as board members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> In June, the selection committee was announced as <a href="/facts/Janet_Foutty/NhJR5f1W">Janet Foutty</a> of Deloitte, <a href="/facts/John_L._Hennessy/sbfqPY9u">John L. Hennessy</a> of Alphabet, <a href="/facts/Jason_Gaverick_Matheny/wnJ4qg4R">Jason Gaverick Matheny</a> of RAND Corporation, Don Rosenberg of the University of California, San Diego, and Brenda Darden Wilkerson of AnitaB.org.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> In September, the selection committee's activities were closed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a> By the White House's announcement date, the board of trustees was finalized as Robin Abrams of Analog Devices Inc., <a href="/facts/Craig_Barrett_(chief_executive)/LSLVS4Pk">Craig Barrett</a> of Intel, Reggie Brothers of the MIT Lincoln Lab, <a href="/facts/Nick_Donofrio/bzmXV8gr">Nick Donofrio</a> of IBM, <a href="/facts/Donna_Dubinsky/kdTcC7cE">Donna Dubinsky</a> of Palm and Handspring, and Erica Fuchs of Carnegie Mellon University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a> They selected <a href="/facts/Deirdre_Hanford/QCU5FtX8">Deirdre Hanford</a> of Synopsys to serve as Natcast's CEO.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> As of October 24, 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit">[update]</a>, Natcast was promised at least $5 billion from the Biden administration, and has established a Workforce Center of Excellence and "Community of Interest",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a> beginning its first $100 million grant competition in the summer, with a focus on improving artificial intelligence and making cutting-edge research cheaper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> It has prepared its strategic plan for fiscal years 2025-27, outlining goals that range from scaling up multi-process wafer access to computer-aided design of chips to organizing the Workforce Center of Excellence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> </p><p>The current headquarters of Natcast are in a strip mall in <a href="/facts/Portola_Valley%2c_California/ewwqbHMS">Portola Valley, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a> States that have received huge amounts of semiconductor investments such as New York, Ohio, Arizona and Texas are vying as of May 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit">[update]</a> to have the headquarters relocated in them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a> In October, the first flagship NSTC site was announced, an <a href="/facts/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography/NHpdP37J">extreme ultraviolet lithography</a> research lab at the <a href="/facts/College_of_Nanotechnology%2c_Science%2c_and_Engineering/TvV4o10Q">Albany Nanotech Complex</a> in <a href="/facts/Albany%2c_New_York/A4p7Ugnt">Albany, New York</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> The second flagship site was announced the next day as a chip design lab in <a href="/facts/Sunnyvale%2c_California/ghnntvr1">Sunnyvale, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> In January 2025, the third flagship site, a lab for chip packaging, was announced as <a href="/facts/Arizona_State_University_Research_Park/PjBpmzjH">Arizona State University Research Park</a> in <a href="/facts/Tempe%2c_Arizona/WxGF9L8G">Tempe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a> </p><p>Arrian Ebrahaimi and Jordan Schneider, writing for the <a href="/facts/Institute_for_Progress/qQa8BvbC">Institute for Progress</a>, recommended the NSTC be structured with more centralization, work quickly and ambitiously to address market failures and externalities in chip research, and follow the management model of the similar Belgian company <a href="/facts/IMEC/FQFKLaWL">IMEC</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a> </p> <h3>Metrology, packaging and digital twins initiatives</h3> <p>The Biden administration also invested at least $200 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a> in a new Manufacturing USA Institute under the Act, focused on spreading the use of <a href="/facts/Digital_twin/CIajYd9S">digital twins</a> in semiconductor design,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a> and $300 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a> in the NIST Advanced Packaging Manufacturing Program, focused on researching new <a href="/facts/Substrate_(materials_science)/LwwkV6rX">substrate</a> chemistries for <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit_packaging/Y52WABfR">semiconductor packaging</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a> The Commerce Department also awarded $100 million to 29 research projects in advanced <a href="/facts/Metrology/HC0MmLdb">metrology</a> by February,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a> and released a new notice of opportunity for metrology research funding on April 16.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> </p> <h3>Rule on business deals with countries of concern</h3> <p>In September 2023, the Commerce Department finalized its rule prohibiting Act funding recipients from expanding their manufacturing presence by more than 5 percent for advanced and 10 percent for mid-market chips through deals worth $100,000 or more, and brokering licensing agreements for technology transfers in China and other "countries of concern", as well as setting out how the Secretary would be notified of violations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a> </p> <h3>Stock buybacks and economic equality</h3> <p>In October 2022, Senators <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Warren/BWsxg6QM">Elizabeth Warren</a> and <a href="/facts/Tammy_Baldwin/f67rqV6Y">Tammy Baldwin</a> and Representatives <a href="/facts/Sean_Casten/Xa7RVp40">Sean Casten</a>, <a href="/facts/Jamaal_Bowman/KN7ERdAh">Jamaal Bowman</a>, <a href="/facts/Pramila_Jayapal/cNjLADRW">Pramila Jayapal</a> and <a href="/facts/Bill_Foster_(politician)/woWwzmUb">Bill Foster</a> sent a letter to Secretary Raimondo urging her to detail how the Commerce Department would enforce the law's provisions preventing companies from using CHIPS Act money directly on stock buybacks (they noted the law does not prevent recipients from using the money to free up their own funds for stock buybacks), as well as whether the department would claw back misused funds and resolve conflicts of interest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a> On February 10, 2023, they and Senators Bernie Sanders and <a href="/facts/Ed_Markey/5EN3HMxn">Ed Markey</a> repeated many of the same points to Michael Schmidt, head of the Department's CHIPS Program Office, and urged even stronger action, outlining what regulatory crackdowns the law authorizes the department to do.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a> </p><p>In January 2024, Warren and Jayapal wrote to Secretary Raimondo, Schmidt, and CHIPS Program Office investment head Todd Fisher expressing their concerns over who was staffing the main funds allocator, which reporting from <i><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Bloomberg_News/q4DStFUV">Bloomberg News</a> the previous summer and fall had found to be a small collection of elite bankers, consultants and lobbyists from Wall Street firms with potential conflicts of interest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a> </p><p>At the time <a href="/facts/BAE_Systems/W1wLXh5x">BAE Systems</a> was announced to be receiving a CHIPS Act grant, Warren and Casten wrote to CEO Tom Arsenault that they wanted BAE Systems to conform with the spirit of the Act, noting that BAE had engaged in $9.4 billion in stock buybacks the previous year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a> Journalist <a href="/facts/Les_Leopold/bqx8YKB7">Les Leopold</a> later cited the letter and Senator <a href="/facts/Chris_Van_Hollen/uIKAl2Ae">Chris Van Hollen</a>'s statements to denounce Intel's engagement in similar practices netting them nearly $153 billion since 1990 and their recent mass layoffs, following the $8.5 billion grant receipt announcement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a> </p> <h3>Grant delays</h3> <p>As of January 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit">[update]</a> only two small grants had been awarded, neither for production of the most advanced chips.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a> </p><p>One hurdle delaying the release of award monies is the <a href="/facts/National_Environmental_Policy_Act/USw6zahb">National Environmental Policy Act</a>, which requires that projects receive federal approvals before any funds can be dispersed. A federal government analysis cited by <i><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> found that these approvals, from 2013 to 2018, have taken an average of 4.5 years to receive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a> </p><p>In April 2024, Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo told CNBC at Samsung's grant announcement on the Taylor fab site that she expected all CHIPS Act grant money to be awarded by the end of the year, with most of the remaining funding going to equipment suppliers, <a href="/facts/Wafer_(electronics)/lCBJAoUL">wafer</a> makers, and chemical engineering firms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a> However, by mid-November 2024, only Polar Semiconductor and TSMC's grant deals had been finalized by the Biden administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a> This changed by the end of the month, as the Biden administration finalized its fifth and sixth grant agreements, with GlobalFoundries for its New York and Vermont projects, and with Intel for its Arizona, New Mexico, Ohio, and Oregon projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a> </p> <h3>Shortage of skilled workers</h3> <p>The US lacks the workforce required for fulfilling fab projects, with one study estimating a need of 300,000 additional skilled workers just to complete ongoing fab projects, not including new projects. Comparatively, the number of US students pursuing relevant degrees has been stagnant for 30 years, while international students face difficulties in staying to work. Plants planned by both TSMC and Intel have reportedly been struggling to find qualified workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a> Even after completion, in the operational/manufacturing stage, 40% of the permanent new workers will need two-year technician degrees and 60% will need four-year engineering degrees or higher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a> </p><p>In Arizona, local unions clashed with TSMC after it reported that fab construction in Arizona was running behind schedule due to "an insufficient amount of skilled workers" with the expertise needed to install specialized equipment. TSMC planned to send experienced Taiwanese technicians to train local workers, which local unions characterized as "a lack of respect for American workers". The Arizona Building and Construction Trades Council subsequently asked Congress to block visas for 500 Taiwanese workers. TSMC reported that due to issues with labor, its investment in the first Arizona fab is expected to be delayed into 2025, with the second fab delayed from 2026 to 2027.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a> (A third fab intended for hosting the <a href="/facts/2_nm_process/C2D8IXLK">2 nm process</a> would be announced in April 2024, though construction would not start until 2028.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a> In contrast, in February 2024 TSMC completed construction of its first fab in Japan, located in the Kumamoto region, in 20 months, by running 24-hour shifts, helped by the Japanese government and locals being welcoming to the influx of skilled Taiwanese workers needed for the project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a> </p><p>Intel similarly experienced delays from labor issues, with its planned Ohio fab expected to be delayed into 2026 due to a lack of skilled workers, as well as delays in grant funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a> </p> <h3>Labor relations results</h3> <p>On December 6, 2023, the Arizona Building Trades Council and TSMC announced a deal to ensure a union-run workforce development program, improvements to transparency, and increased communications with the company's Taiwanese management, would proceed at the Arizona site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a> </p><p>In August 2024, the <i>Prospect</i> reported on several effects of the CaSA on unionization, neutrality on which the CaSA does not require of grant recipients; more specifically, it covered Secretary Raimondo's lack of enforcement of the Commerce Department's Good Jobs Principles. Workers at an <a href="/facts/Analog_Devices%2c_Inc./xWFzrkre">Analog Devices, Inc.</a> fab in <a href="/facts/Beaverton%2c_Oregon/SmERc4Fg">Beaverton, Oregon</a> protested unsafe working conditions the previous June, and are lobbying Oregon state legislators to add unionization neutrality provisions to their state-level version of the Act. <a href="/facts/Microchip_Technology/7jDrY5rx">Microchip Technology</a> Vice President Dan Malinaric was recorded in July as pressuring workers to not form a union, a violation of the <a href="/facts/Wagner_Act/pqwjUtLu">Wagner Act</a>. The <a href="/facts/Communications_Workers_of_America/gd9TlsMX">Communications Workers of America</a> union was only able to reach community benefits agreements with a select few firms benefiting from the Act, including Akash Systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a> </p> <h3>Secure enclave issue</h3> <p>In March 2024, <i><a href="/facts/Bloomberg_News/q4DStFUV">Bloomberg News</a></i> reported that Intel was poised to receive $3.5 billion from the CaSA in the <a href="/facts/2024_United_States_federal_budget/9DnF9c3D">year's federal budget</a> (specifically the second '<a href="/facts/Omnibus_spending_bill/hndo1xSY">minibus</a>') as part of a "secure enclave" program which Intel claimed would help facilitate national security through carrying out <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a> contracts with high levels of secrecy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a> Citing interviews of Charles Wessner of the <a href="/facts/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies/ogpVs6o1">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> and key congressional aides, and a risk assessment report from the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force/lsIPfH0p">United States Department of the Air Force</a>, Austin Ahlman of the antitrust think tank Open Markets Institute criticized the plan, not least because it would take up more than 10 percent of the $39 billion in grants the Act designates for domestic semiconductors, as well as increase concentration in the domestic semiconductor industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a> <a href="/facts/GlobalFoundries/lFTS5fbT">GlobalFoundries</a> executives also criticized the plan. The DoD later withdrew its $2.5 billion contribution to the secure enclave plan and gave it to the Commerce Department,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a> which allowed Intel to finalize the funding agreement on September 16, 2024,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a> amid concerns of its shaky financial performance and lagging customer outreach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a> The funding agreement resulted in a reduction of Intel's later grant from an announced $8.5 billion to $7.86 billion in November.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="international-collaboration">International collaboration</h2> <h3>State Department funds</h3> <p>The State Department has awarded $200 million in partnerships to academia and foreign companies as of July 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit">[update]</a> under the Act's International Technology Security and Innovation Fund. The State Department has partnered with the governments of <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a>, <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> and <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> to distribute these funds, for technology incubation purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a> </p> <h3>India-US defense fab partnership</h3> <p>In order to manufacture chips for national security needs, the US military has partnered with Indian <a href="/facts/Startups/9lsjFELt">startups</a> to establish a semiconductor fabrication plant in <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>. With assistance from the India Semiconductor Mission and a strategic technology cooperation between the <a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Force/bWlsxC5D">United States Space Force</a> (USSF), Bharat Semi, and 3rdiTech, the fabrication plant would produce <a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">silicon carbide</a>, infrared, and <a href="/facts/Gallium_nitride/lmwUt4nk">gallium nitride</a> chips. The plant will prioritize supplying the high-voltage <a href="/facts/Power_electronics/8BAQ3jDP">power electronics</a>, advanced communications, and advanced sensors that are the three fundamental foundations of <a href="/facts/Modern_warfare/fgkY5fU3">modern warfare</a>. The chips will also be utilized in data centers, communications infrastructure, green energy systems, and railroads. It will support the development of a reliable and robust supply chain in the crucial area of national security.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a> </p><p>The two-way cooperation is part of the CHIPS and Science Act and <a href="/facts/United_States%25E2%2580%2593India_Initiative_on_Critical_and_Emerging_Technology/L7Qs26xc">United States–India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology</a>. In order to design and develop military-grade semiconductor for <a href="/facts/Night-vision_device/jJ58YGa0">night vision devices</a>, <a href="/facts/Missile_guidance/NSna0Dtk">missile guidance</a>, space sensors, drones, <a href="/facts/Fighter_aircraft/NuIvaGJg">fighter aircraft</a>, <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle/jhCbx5ur">electric vehicles</a>, <a href="/facts/Military_communications/SByW0dwA">military communications</a>, <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radars</a>, and jammers, the collaboration involves setting up design hubs, testing centers, centers of excellence, and two fabrication units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a> The project will receive a 50% <a href="/facts/Capital_expenditure/tKSPN9KP">capital expenditure</a> subsidy from the India Semiconductor Mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a> </p><p>To address the defense demands of the United States and its allies, the Shakti Semiconductor Fab will acquire complete expertise in the development of <a href="/facts/Compound_semiconductors/RMcsYTWQ">compound semiconductors</a>. The factory will begin phase one production in 2027, with an annual target of 50,000 units. The establishment of the facility would cost $500 million in investments. <a href="/facts/General_Atomics/u8jAsX9y">General Atomics</a> is 3rdiTech's technology validation partner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a> The company has worked under the DoD and the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)/9TG9a0ss">Ministry of Defence</a> in the United Kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a> </p><p>Designed for national security, the fabrication plant is the first multi-material fabrication facility in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a> On September 21, 2024, at a bilateral meeting between <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">President</a> <a href="/facts/Joe_Biden/fe2ThfUp">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_India/htYDwX0a">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/facts/Narendra_Modi/bVn4fGGz">Narendra Modi</a> in <a href="/facts/Delaware/4n4I3Rhu">Delaware</a>, the blueprint for the Bharat Semi Fab was revealed. The strategic significance of this project is further enhanced by the fact that it represents the US Space Force's first-ever international technology partnership.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="follow-up-environmental-bill">Follow-up environmental bill</h2> <p>On July 11, 2023, after complaints from semiconductor lobbyists on CHIPS Act-related permitting issues, Senators <a href="/facts/Mark_Kelly/hwD9V1Yu">Mark Kelly</a>, <a href="/facts/Sherrod_Brown/w21Frt6L">Sherrod Brown</a>, <a href="/facts/Todd_Young/pVQr1xu1">Todd Young</a>, <a href="/facts/Ted_Cruz/uysDJvQq">Ted Cruz</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bill_Hagerty/bJoVdDjL">Bill Hagerty</a> introduced the Building Chips in America Act, which would designate the Commerce Department the lead agency for major fab projects, limit the scope of NEPA reviews for certain fab projects, and cut judicial review times for them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a> The Senate passed the bill once on July 28, 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a> and again in December 2023. The House passed the companion bill on September 23, 2024, with a vote of 275–125. Amid protests from <a href="/facts/Zoe_Lofgren/rJhAPMS5">Zoe Lofgren</a>, the <a href="/facts/Sierra_Club/BGbcjkD8">Sierra Club</a>, <a href="/facts/Center_for_Biological_Diversity/LkjUxSrU">Center for Biological Diversity</a>, CHIPS Communities United, and two dozen other environmental groups,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a> President Biden signed the bill into law on October 2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="subsequent-development">Subsequent development</h2> <p>During <a href="/facts/2025_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress/FSuMh9jr">Donald Trump's 2025 speech to a joint session of Congress</a>, the president asked <a href="/facts/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives/BtGvrhK1">House Speaker</a> <a href="/facts/Mike_Johnson/9hw4xY6l">Mike Johnson</a> to “get rid” of the subject act.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/America_COMPETES_Act_of_2022/8WD5pqqg">America COMPETES Act of 2022</a> – original House version</li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Chips_Act/fbVP44fn">European Chips Act</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act/T64dfk69">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> and <a href="/facts/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022/8Cdfo0tk">Inflation Reduction Act of 2022</a> – other major acts in industrial policy signed by Biden</li> <li><a href="/facts/Technology_policy/48urDnxo">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Technology_education/HAP3GhgA">Technology education</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Techno-nationalism/x4nv9hdR">Techno-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act/TnMYFtH7">United States Innovation and Competition Act</a> – original Senate version</li> <li><a href="/facts/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War/Fu0XBBRL">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Artificial_Intelligence_Initiative_Act_of_2020/2Dn9maHL">National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/chips">Official CHIPS website</a> on nist.gov (also known as chips.gov)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/chips/chips-america-webinars">List of CHIPS webinars</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Chips and Science Act bill:</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/4346">H.R.4346 – Chips and Science Act</a> bill information on congress.gov</li> <li><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-17006/uslm/COMPS-17006.xml">CHIPS and Science Act</a> as amended (<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-17006/pdf/COMPS-17006.pdf">PDF</a>/<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-17006/">details</a>) in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office/U7CYW2fR">GPO</a> <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/167?link-type=uslm">CHIPS and Science Act</a> as enacted (<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/167?link-type=pdf&.pdf">PDF</a>/<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/167?link-type=details">details</a>) in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">US Statutes at Large</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Johnson, Lamar (August 9, 2022). "Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature". POLITICO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022. Biden said Micron, an American-based company, announced a 10-year, $40 billion investment on Tuesday for factories and building memory chips as a result of the law. He also touted a Monday announcement by American companies Qualcomm and GlobalFoundries to invest $4 billion to produce semiconductors in the United States. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Congressional Research Service (April 25, 2023). "Frequently Asked Questions: CHIPS Act of 2022 Provisions and Implementation". United States Congressional Research Service. <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47523" target="_blank">https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47523</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Zimmerman, Alessandra (August 26, 2022). "R&D Funding Breakdown: CHIPS and Science Act" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href="https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/CHIPS%20AAE.pdf?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D69209921711590814772918205876201604040%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1701808990" target="_blank">https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/CHIPS%20AAE.pdf?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D69209921711590814772918205876201604040%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1701808990</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Taiwan's dominance of the chip industry makes it more important – No industry matters more to Taiwan than chipmaking". The Economist. March 6, 2023. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023. America is also trying to stop China getting advanced chips. It passed the CHIPS and Science Act in August 2022, offering $39bn in subsidies and a 25% tax credit to promote manufacturing at home, as well as $13bn of investment in chip research. In October 2022 it banned the export of advanced chips and chipmaking gear to China. <a href="https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/03/06/taiwans-dominance-of-the-chip-industry-makes-it-more-important" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/03/06/taiwans-dominance-of-the-chip-industry-makes-it-more-important</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Krieger, Lisa (September 4, 2022). "The U.S. is bringing chip-making home. Is California ready? – What the $52.7 billion CHIPS Act might mean for the birthplace of technology". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. But experts say that new plants are unlikely to be erected here. Manufacturing is stifled by several factors: high real-estate costs, unreliable water, expensive electric bills and stiff regulations. In general, manufacturing has plummeted in California. Since 1990, the state has lost a third of its factory jobs. <a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/" target="_blank">https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). "The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Arcuri, Gregory; Shivakumar, Sujai (August 11, 2022). "A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips" target="_blank">https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Meyer, Robinson (August 10, 2022). "Congress Just Passed a Big Climate Bill. No, Not That One". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/08/chips-act-climate-bill-biden/671095/" target="_blank">https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/08/chips-act-climate-bill-biden/671095/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Peterson, Andrea (September 16, 2022). "Workforce Diversity Initiatives in the CHIPS and Science Act". AIP. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act" target="_blank">https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bui, Vivien (August 10, 2023). "The CHIPS and Science Act: A Game-Changer in its First Year". Energy.gov. Retrieved April 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/chips-and-science-act-game-changer-its-first-year" target="_blank">https://www.energy.gov/articles/chips-and-science-act-game-changer-its-first-year</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Guston, David (May 4, 2023). "Making the Most of the "Ethical and Societal Considerations" in the CHIPS and Science Act". Issues in Science and Technology. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://issues.org/ethical-societal-considerations-nsf-guston/" target="_blank">https://issues.org/ethical-societal-considerations-nsf-guston/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"CHIPS for America Seeks Public Input on Financial Incentives, New Institutes for Semiconductor Manufacturing". U.S. Department of Commerce. October 14, 2022. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2024. <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/" target="_blank">https://www.commerce.gov/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Text – H.R.4346 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022". U.S. Congress. August 9, 2022. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2022. <a href="http://www.congress.gov/" target="_blank">http://www.congress.gov/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS and Science Act Investments". Jack Conness. November 14, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments" target="_blank">https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Hayashi, Yuka (January 27, 2024). "Eager for Economic Wins, Biden to Announce Billions for Advanced Chips – Industry, lawmakers worry semiconductor production could take years because of negotiations, permitting and worker shortages". Wall Street Journal. More than 170 firms have applied but, to date, just two tiny grants have been made, to makers of less advanced chips. ... The most immediate threat to the timely construction is the National Environmental Policy Act, which requires large federally funded projects to pass environmental review before grants are released, regardless of whether they have already obtained state and local government permits. Full NEPA reviews took an average of 4.5 years between 2013 and 2018, according to a federal government report. Critics say each year of delay adds roughly 5% to the construction cost of a chip plant. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/eager-for-economic-wins-biden-to-announce-billions-for-advanced-chips-7e341e30" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/eager-for-economic-wins-biden-to-announce-billions-for-advanced-chips-7e341e30</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hayashi, Yuka; Jie, Yang (August 24, 2023). "Arizona Labor Spat Signals Challenges for U.S. Chip Manufacturing". Wall Street Journal. Industry executives and economists say a shortage of chip-industry workers in the U.S. is a big hurdle as the U.S. seeks to entice Asian chip makers that dominate global semiconductor supplies, and who enjoy deep pools of skilled workers and lower production costs at home. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hourihan, Matt; Roberts Chapman, Melissa; Muro, Mark (June 29, 2023). "The bold vision of the CHIPS and Science Act isn't getting the funding it needs". Brookings. Retrieved March 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-bold-vision-of-the-chips-and-science-act-isnt-getting-the-funding-it-needs/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-bold-vision-of-the-chips-and-science-act-isnt-getting-the-funding-it-needs/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Mui, Christine (March 9, 2024). "How Congress defanged Biden's big science push". POLITICO. Retrieved March 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/09/biden-touted-science-funding-but-congress-hollowed-out-his-promise-00146065" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/09/biden-touted-science-funding-but-congress-hollowed-out-his-promise-00146065</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Congressional Bill". May 21, 2020. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/3832" target="_blank">https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/3832</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Congressional Bill". June 11, 2020. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7178" target="_blank">https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7178</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Bipartisan support for US science more likely in Senate than House". Physics Today (8): 6419. 2014. Bibcode:2014PhT..2014h6419.. doi:10.1063/pt.5.028154. ISSN 1945-0699. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.028154" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.028154</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain". www.businesswire.com. March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220321005892/en/Purdue-Center-for-Tech-Diplomacy-Chairman-Keith-Krach-and-Director-Bonnie-Glick-Counsel-Commerce-Secretary-Gina-Raimondo-on-Securing-Semiconductor-Supply-Chain" target="_blank">https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220321005892/en/Purdue-Center-for-Tech-Diplomacy-Chairman-Keith-Krach-and-Director-Bonnie-Glick-Counsel-Commerce-Secretary-Gina-Raimondo-on-Securing-Semiconductor-Supply-Chain</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Krach, Keith (June 17, 2021). "The Senate just passed the next Apollo program". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/559065-the-senate-just-passed-the-next-apollo-program/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/559065-the-senate-just-passed-the-next-apollo-program/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Read @Kearney: The US–China high-tech competition is modernizing American industries: an interview with Keith Krach". Kearney. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.kearney.com/technology/article/-/insights/the-us-china-high-tech-competition-is-modernizing-american-industries-an-interview-with-keith-krach" target="_blank">https://www.kearney.com/technology/article/-/insights/the-us-china-high-tech-competition-is-modernizing-american-industries-an-interview-with-keith-krach</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Krach, Keith (June 17, 2021). "The Senate just passed the next Apollo program". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/559065-the-senate-just-passed-the-next-apollo-program/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/559065-the-senate-just-passed-the-next-apollo-program/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Young, Schumer Unveil Endless Frontier Act to Bolster U.S. Tech Leadership and Combat China | U.S. Senator Todd Young of Indiana". www.young.senate.gov. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.young.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/young-schumer-unveil-endless-frontier-act-to-bolster-us-tech-leadership-and-combat-china" target="_blank">https://www.young.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/young-schumer-unveil-endless-frontier-act-to-bolster-us-tech-leadership-and-combat-china</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"The Endless Frontier Act: Shifting the Focus from Defense to Offense". The National Law Review. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.natlawreview.com/article/endless-frontier-act-shifting-focus-defense-to-offense" target="_blank">https://www.natlawreview.com/article/endless-frontier-act-shifting-focus-defense-to-offense</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Ip, Greg (July 29, 2021). "'Industrial Policy' Is Back: The West Dusts Off Old Idea to Counter China". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/subsidies-chips-china-state-aid-biden-11627565906" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/subsidies-chips-china-state-aid-biden-11627565906</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Briefing with Under Secretary for Growth, Energy, and the Environment Keith Krach, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Mung Chiang, and Assistant Secretary for International Security and Nonproliferation Christopher A. Ford On Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation's Intent to Invest $12 Billion In the U.S. and on the CCP's Ability to Undermine U.S. Export Controls". United States Department of State. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://2017-2021.state.gov/briefing-with-under-secretary-for-growth-energy-and-the-environment-keith-krach-science-and-technology-adviser-to-the-secretary-mung-chiang-and-assistant-secretary-for-international-security-and-n/" target="_blank">https://2017-2021.state.gov/briefing-with-under-secretary-for-growth-energy-and-the-environment-keith-krach-science-and-technology-adviser-to-the-secretary-mung-chiang-and-assistant-secretary-for-international-security-and-n/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"US woos Taiwan and its chipmakers in step toward trade pact". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/US-China-tensions/US-woos-Taiwan-and-its-chipmakers-in-step-toward-trade-pact" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/US-China-tensions/US-woos-Taiwan-and-its-chipmakers-in-step-toward-trade-pact</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Patterson, Alan (August 1, 2022). "Architect of CHIPS Act Speaks on Its Impact". EE Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/" target="_blank">https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain". www.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.yahoo.com/now/purdue-center-tech-diplomacy-chairman-224100125.html" target="_blank">https://www.yahoo.com/now/purdue-center-tech-diplomacy-chairman-224100125.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Hamblen, Matt (August 9, 2022). "President Biden signs CHIPS and Science Act: comments and reactions". Fierce Electronics. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/president-biden-signs-chips-and-science-act-comments-and-reactions" target="_blank">https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/president-biden-signs-chips-and-science-act-comments-and-reactions</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"How the CHIPS and Science Act Benefits Microbiology". ASM.org. Retrieved May 2, 2025. <a href="https://asm.org/articles/policy/2022/aug2022/how-the-chips-and-science-act-benefits-microbiolog" target="_blank">https://asm.org/articles/policy/2022/aug2022/how-the-chips-and-science-act-benefits-microbiolog</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"The Bipartisan CHIPS Act—and a United U.S.— Are China's Biggest Fear". Newsweek. July 27, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/bipartisan-chips-act-united-us-are-chinas-biggest-fear-opinion-1728573" target="_blank">https://www.newsweek.com/bipartisan-chips-act-united-us-are-chinas-biggest-fear-opinion-1728573</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Sprunt, Barbara (July 27, 2022). "Legislation to subsidize U.S.-made semiconductor chips heads to Biden's desk". NPR. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2023. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Kelly, Makena (July 28, 2022). "CHIPS Act clears Congress, ensuring $52 billion boost to US foundries". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Patterson, Alan (August 1, 2022). "Architect of CHIPS Act Speaks on Its Impact". EE Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/" target="_blank">https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"Remarks by President Biden at Signing of H.R. 4346, "The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022"". The White House. August 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/08/09/remarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-h-r-4346-the-chips-and-science-act-of-2022/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/08/09/remarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-h-r-4346-the-chips-and-science-act-of-2022/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Herman, Arthur (October 17, 2022). "The Chip War With China Is Just Getting Started". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/arthurherman/2022/10/17/the-chip-war-with-china-is-just-getting-started/?sh=4224c4346a08" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/arthurherman/2022/10/17/the-chip-war-with-china-is-just-getting-started/?sh=4224c4346a08</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Swanson, Ana (August 3, 2022). "Congress Is Giving Billions to the Chip Industry. Strings Are Attached". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/business/economy/chip-industry-congress.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/business/economy/chip-industry-congress.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"What's in the recently passed CHIPS Act?". USAFacts. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022. <a href="https://usafacts.org/articles/whats-in-the-recently-passed-chips-act/" target="_blank">https://usafacts.org/articles/whats-in-the-recently-passed-chips-act/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). "The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Kersten, Alexander; Athanasia, Gabrielle; Arcuri, Gregory (August 9, 2022). "A Look at the CHIPS-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-chips-related-portions-chips" target="_blank">https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-chips-related-portions-chips</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). "The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Kersten, Alexander; Athanasia, Gabrielle; Arcuri, Gregory (August 9, 2022). "A Look at the CHIPS-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-chips-related-portions-chips" target="_blank">https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-chips-related-portions-chips</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Public Wireless Supply Chain Innovation Fund". National Telecommunications and Information Administration. February 12, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.ntia.gov/page/innovation-fund" target="_blank">https://www.ntia.gov/page/innovation-fund</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Debby Wu; Daniel Flatley; Jenny Leonard (August 2, 2022). "US to Stop TSMC, Intel From Adding Advanced Chip Fabs in China". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2022. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-02/us-to-stop-tsmc-intel-from-adding-advanced-chip-fabs-in-china" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-02/us-to-stop-tsmc-intel-from-adding-advanced-chip-fabs-in-china</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). "The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Arcuri, Gregory; Shivakumar, Sujai (August 11, 2022). "A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips" target="_blank">https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Johnson, Lamar (August 9, 2022). "Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature". POLITICO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022. Biden said Micron, an American-based company, announced a 10-year, $40 billion investment on Tuesday for factories and building memory chips as a result of the law. He also touted a Monday announcement by American companies Qualcomm and GlobalFoundries to invest $4 billion to produce semiconductors in the United States. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Errick, Kirsten (August 4, 2022). "NASA Authorization Act Aims to Strengthen U.S. Space Exploration". Nextgov.com. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022. <a href="https://www.nextgov.com/emerging-tech/2022/08/nasa-authorization-act-aims-strengthen-us-space-exploration/375394/" target="_blank">https://www.nextgov.com/emerging-tech/2022/08/nasa-authorization-act-aims-strengthen-us-space-exploration/375394/</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Peterson, Andrea (September 16, 2022). "Workforce Diversity Initiatives in the CHIPS and Science Act". AIP. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act" target="_blank">https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Meyer, Robinson (August 10, 2022). "Congress Just Passed a Big Climate Bill. No, Not That One". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/08/chips-act-climate-bill-biden/671095/" target="_blank">https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/08/chips-act-climate-bill-biden/671095/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Guston, David (May 4, 2023). "Making the Most of the "Ethical and Societal Considerations" in the CHIPS and Science Act". Issues in Science and Technology. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://issues.org/ethical-societal-considerations-nsf-guston/" target="_blank">https://issues.org/ethical-societal-considerations-nsf-guston/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"Agency-Related Foundation Will Propel DOE to New Heights". Energy.gov. February 9, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://www.energy.gov/technologytransitions/articles/agency-related-foundation-will-propel-doe-new-heights" target="_blank">https://www.energy.gov/technologytransitions/articles/agency-related-foundation-will-propel-doe-new-heights</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). "The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Peterson, Andrea (September 16, 2022). "Workforce Diversity Initiatives in the CHIPS and Science Act". AIP. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act" target="_blank">https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Arcuri, Gregory; Shivakumar, Sujai (August 11, 2022). "A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips" target="_blank">https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Ross, Martha; Muro, Mark (January 31, 2024). "How federal, state, and local leaders can leverage the CHIPS and Science Act as a landmark workforce opportunity". Brookings. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-federal-state-and-local-leaders-can-leverage-the-chips-and-science-act-as-a-landmark-workforce-opportunity/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-federal-state-and-local-leaders-can-leverage-the-chips-and-science-act-as-a-landmark-workforce-opportunity/</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>"CHIPS and Science Act Summary of Research Security Provisions" (PDF). Association of American Universities (AAU). September 9, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Key-Issues/Science-Security/CHIPSandScienceFinalResearchSecurityProvisions.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Key-Issues/Science-Security/CHIPSandScienceFinalResearchSecurityProvisions.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Guston, David (May 4, 2023). "Making the Most of the "Ethical and Societal Considerations" in the CHIPS and Science Act". Issues in Science and Technology. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://issues.org/ethical-societal-considerations-nsf-guston/" target="_blank">https://issues.org/ethical-societal-considerations-nsf-guston/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Peterson, Andrea (September 16, 2022). "Workforce Diversity Initiatives in the CHIPS and Science Act". AIP. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act" target="_blank">https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Ross, Martha; Muro, Mark (January 31, 2024). "How federal, state, and local leaders can leverage the CHIPS and Science Act as a landmark workforce opportunity". Brookings. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-federal-state-and-local-leaders-can-leverage-the-chips-and-science-act-as-a-landmark-workforce-opportunity/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-federal-state-and-local-leaders-can-leverage-the-chips-and-science-act-as-a-landmark-workforce-opportunity/</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Peterson, Andrea (September 16, 2022). "Workforce Diversity Initiatives in the CHIPS and Science Act". AIP. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act" target="_blank">https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2022/workforce-diversity-initiatives-chips-and-science-act</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Sprunt, Barbara (July 27, 2022). "Legislation to subsidize U.S.-made semiconductor chips heads to Biden's desk". NPR. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2023. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>"Governor Wolf, Bipartisan Governors Urge Congress to Pass CHIPS Act to Create American Jobs, Boost Semiconductor Production". Governor Tom Wolf. November 10, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629103852/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/governor-wolf-bipartisan-governors-urge-congress-to-pass-chips-act-to-create-american-jobs-boost-semiconductor-production/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220629103852/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/governor-wolf-bipartisan-governors-urge-congress-to-pass-chips-act-to-create-american-jobs-boost-semiconductor-production/</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>"Governors urge passage of CHIPS Act funding to spur semiconductor 're-shoring' | InsideTrade.com". insidetrade.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022. <a href="https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/governors-urge-passage-chips-act-funding-spur-semiconductor-%E2%80%98re-shoring%E2%80%99" target="_blank">https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/governors-urge-passage-chips-act-funding-spur-semiconductor-%E2%80%98re-shoring%E2%80%99</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>"Congress passes CHIPS Act, paving way for microchip plant in Ohio". WEWS. July 28, 2022. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022. <a href="https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/state/congresss-passage-of-chips-act-paves-way-for-intels-microchip-plant-in-ohio" target="_blank">https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/state/congresss-passage-of-chips-act-paves-way-for-intels-microchip-plant-in-ohio</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>BeMiller, Haley. "Intel CEO: Company moving 'full speed ahead' on Ohio plans after CHIPS Act passes Congress". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022. <a href="https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2022/07/28/chips-act-four-ohio-republicans-boost-bill-pushed-intel/10176845002/" target="_blank">https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2022/07/28/chips-act-four-ohio-republicans-boost-bill-pushed-intel/10176845002/</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Moneyhon, Carl H. (2000). Coke, Richard (1829–1897), governor of Texas and U.S. senator. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400249. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2022. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400249" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400249</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Nellis, Stephen (July 20, 2022). "Chip designers warm to U.S. bill despite big benefits to Intel". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-chip-industry-split-over-chips-act-benefits-intel-sources-2022-07-18/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-chip-industry-split-over-chips-act-benefits-intel-sources-2022-07-18/</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Cheng Ting-Fang; Lauly Li; Yifan Yu (August 2, 2022). "CHIPS Act leaves chipmakers facing choice between U.S. and China". NIKKEI Asia. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Tech/Semiconductors/CHIPS-Act-leaves-chipmakers-facing-choice-between-U.S.-and-China" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Tech/Semiconductors/CHIPS-Act-leaves-chipmakers-facing-choice-between-U.S.-and-China</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Motley Fool Transcribing (October 28, 2022). "Intel (INTC) Q3 2022 Earnings Call Transcript". The Motley Fool. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. <a href="https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2022/10/27/intel-intc-q3-2022-earnings-call-transcript/" target="_blank">https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2022/10/27/intel-intc-q3-2022-earnings-call-transcript/</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Harris, Lee (February 28, 2023). "Harris on TAP: Unions for On-Time Construction". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. <a href="https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-02-28-commerce-semiconductor-construction-labor/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-02-28-commerce-semiconductor-construction-labor/</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Sprunt, Barbara (July 27, 2022). "Legislation to subsidize U.S.-made semiconductor chips heads to Biden's desk". NPR. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2023. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Kelly, Makena (July 28, 2022). "CHIPS Act clears Congress, ensuring $52 billion boost to US foundries". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>"NEWS: Sanders Opposes All Blank Checks to Chip Companies » Senator Bernie Sanders". Senator Bernie Sanders. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022. <a href="https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-opposes-all-blank-checks-to-chip-companies/" target="_blank">https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-opposes-all-blank-checks-to-chip-companies/</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>O'Meara, Sean (July 29, 2022). "China Says US Chip Act Will Harm Supply Chain, Global Trade". Asia Financial. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022. <a href="https://www.asiafinancial.com/china-says-us-chip-act-will-harm-supply-chain-global-trade" target="_blank">https://www.asiafinancial.com/china-says-us-chip-act-will-harm-supply-chain-global-trade</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Timmers, Paul; Kreps, Sarah (December 20, 2022). "Bringing economics back into EU and U.S. chips policy". Brookings. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/bringing-economics-back-into-the-politics-of-the-eu-and-u-s-chips-acts-china-semiconductor-competition/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/bringing-economics-back-into-the-politics-of-the-eu-and-u-s-chips-acts-china-semiconductor-competition/</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Goger, Annelies; Ozkazanc-Pan, Banu (May 25, 2023). "The CHIPS and Science Act won't build inclusive innovation ecosystems on its own". Brookings. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-chips-and-science-act-wont-build-inclusive-innovation-ecosystems-on-its-own/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-chips-and-science-act-wont-build-inclusive-innovation-ecosystems-on-its-own/</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Ross, Martha; Muro, Mark (January 31, 2024). "How federal, state, and local leaders can leverage the CHIPS and Science Act as a landmark workforce opportunity". Brookings. Retrieved April 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-federal-state-and-local-leaders-can-leverage-the-chips-and-science-act-as-a-landmark-workforce-opportunity/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-federal-state-and-local-leaders-can-leverage-the-chips-and-science-act-as-a-landmark-workforce-opportunity/</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Carroll, Georgia; Maslia, Zac (May 2, 2024). "CHIPS Act: The Climate Consequences of a Growing Demand for Semiconductors". Substack. Retrieved May 2, 2024. <a href="https://thegigaton.substack.com/p/chips-act-the-climate-consequences" target="_blank">https://thegigaton.substack.com/p/chips-act-the-climate-consequences</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Kuttner, Robert (January 24, 2023). "Reclaiming U.S. Industry". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023. <a href="https://prospect.org/economy/2023-01-24-biden-american-industrial-policy/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/economy/2023-01-24-biden-american-industrial-policy/</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Tankersley, Jim; Swanson, Jim (February 27, 2023). "Biden's Semiconductor Plan Flexes the Power of the Federal Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/27/us/politics/chips-act-biden-commerce-department.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/27/us/politics/chips-act-biden-commerce-department.html</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Harris, Lee (February 28, 2023). "Harris on TAP: Unions for On-Time Construction". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. <a href="https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-02-28-commerce-semiconductor-construction-labor/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-02-28-commerce-semiconductor-construction-labor/</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Harris, Lee (June 22, 2023). "Chipmaker's Scramble to Build Marred by Mistakes and Injuries". The American Prospect. Retrieved June 24, 2023. <a href="https://prospect.org/labor/2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/labor/2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents/</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>"CHIPS for America's Strong Start". U.S. Department of Commerce. April 13, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023. <a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOC/bulletins/354ebdf" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOC/bulletins/354ebdf</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Dayen, David (May 25, 2023). "A Liberalism That Builds Power". The American Prospect. Retrieved May 26, 2023. <a href="/wiki/David_Dayen" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Dayen</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Lee, Jane; Nellis, Stephen (May 22, 2023). "Applied Materials to invest $4 bln in Silicon Valley chip research center". Reuters. Retrieved June 24, 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/applied-materials-invest-4-bln-silicon-valley-chip-research-center-2023-05-22/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/applied-materials-invest-4-bln-silicon-valley-chip-research-center-2023-05-22/</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Harris, Lee (April 7, 2023). "BASED: CHIPS Act Manufacturer Snubs Union Workers". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023. <a href="https://americanprospect.bluelena.io/index.php?action=social&chash=cb79f8fa58b91d3af6c9c991f63962d3.1990" target="_blank">https://americanprospect.bluelena.io/index.php?action=social&chash=cb79f8fa58b91d3af6c9c991f63962d3.1990</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Harris, Lee (June 22, 2023). "Chipmaker's Scramble to Build Marred by Mistakes and Injuries". The American Prospect. Retrieved June 24, 2023. <a href="https://prospect.org/labor/2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/labor/2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents/</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Achilles, Todd; Peinert, Erik; Rangel, Daniel (February 6, 2024). "Reshoring and Restoring: CHIPS Implementation for a Competitive Semiconductor Industry". American Economic Liberties Project. Retrieved March 17, 2024. <a href="https://www.economicliberties.us/our-work/reshoring-and-restoring-chips-implementation-for-a-competitive-semiconductor-industry/" target="_blank">https://www.economicliberties.us/our-work/reshoring-and-restoring-chips-implementation-for-a-competitive-semiconductor-industry/</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>"Celebrating One Year of 'CHIPS and Science'" (PDF). NSF - National Science Foundation. August 4, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2024. <a href="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/2023-08/NSF%20CHIPS_and_Science_1_year_fact_sheet.pdf" target="_blank">https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/2023-08/NSF%20CHIPS_and_Science_1_year_fact_sheet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Bui, Vivien (August 10, 2023). "The CHIPS and Science Act: A Game-Changer in its First Year". Energy.gov. Retrieved April 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/chips-and-science-act-game-changer-its-first-year" target="_blank">https://www.energy.gov/articles/chips-and-science-act-game-changer-its-first-year</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Gianchandani, Erwin; Narcho, Gracie (August 13, 2024). "Celebrating the 2nd anniversary of the 'CHIPS and Science Act of 2022'". NSF - National Science Foundation. Retrieved September 12, 2024. <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/tip/updates/celebrating-2nd-anniversary-chips-science-act-2022" target="_blank">https://new.nsf.gov/tip/updates/celebrating-2nd-anniversary-chips-science-act-2022</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>51 U.S.C. § 20113, 136 Stat. 1754 <a href="/wiki/Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" target="_blank">/wiki/Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Committee on NASA Mission Critical Workforce, Infrastructure, and Technology; Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board; Space Studies Board; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2024). NASA at a Crossroads: Maintaining Workforce, Infrastructure, and Technology Preeminence in the Coming Decades. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/27519. ISBN 978-0-309-71631-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-0-309-71631-4" target="_blank">978-0-309-71631-4</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Krach, Keith; Hormats, Bob (December 21, 2022). "Funding the CHIPS and Science Act is a national security imperative". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/3782796-funding-the-chips-and-science-act-is-a-national-security-imperative/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/3782796-funding-the-chips-and-science-act-is-a-national-security-imperative/</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Patterson, Alan (August 1, 2022). "Architect of CHIPS Act Speaks on Its Impact". EE Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/" target="_blank">https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>"Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS and Science Act Investments". Jack Conness. November 14, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments" target="_blank">https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Ravi, Sarah; Casanova, Robert (December 14, 2022). "The CHIPS Act Has Already Sparked $200 Billion in Private Investments for U.S. Semiconductor Production". Semiconductor Industry Association. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/the-chips-act-has-already-sparked-200-billion-in-private-investments-for-u-s-semiconductor-production/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/the-chips-act-has-already-sparked-200-billion-in-private-investments-for-u-s-semiconductor-production/</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Culpan, Tim (September 17, 2024). "Apple Mobile Processors Are Now Made in America. By TSMC". Substack. Retrieved October 22, 2024. <a href="https://timculpan.substack.com/p/apple-mobile-processors-are-now-made" target="_blank">https://timculpan.substack.com/p/apple-mobile-processors-are-now-made</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Hawkins, Mackenzie (October 24, 2024). "TSMC's Arizona Chip Production Yields Surpass Taiwan's in Win for US Push". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-24/tsmc-s-arizona-chip-production-yields-surpass-taiwan-s-a-win-for-us-push" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-24/tsmc-s-arizona-chip-production-yields-surpass-taiwan-s-a-win-for-us-push</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>"GlobalFoundries Plans to Build New Fab in Upstate New York in Private-Public Partnership to Support U.S. Semiconductor Manufacturing" (Press release). GlobalFoundries. July 19, 2021. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://investors.gf.com/news-releases/news-release-details/globalfoundries-plans-build-new-fab-upstate-new-york-private" target="_blank">https://investors.gf.com/news-releases/news-release-details/globalfoundries-plans-build-new-fab-upstate-new-york-private</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>"Samsung says it will build $17B chip factory in Texas". NPR. Associated Press. November 24, 2021. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/11/24/1058770506/samsung-says-it-will-build-17b-chip-factory-in-texas" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2021/11/24/1058770506/samsung-says-it-will-build-17b-chip-factory-in-texas</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>"Intel to invest up to $100 billion in Ohio chip plants". CNBC. January 21, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/21/intel-plans-20-billion-chip-manufacturing-site-in-ohio.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/21/intel-plans-20-billion-chip-manufacturing-site-in-ohio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Service, Purdue News (May 27, 2022). "Purdue launches nation's first comprehensive Semiconductor Degrees Program". www.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2022/Q2/purdue-launches-nations-first-comprehensive-semiconductor-degrees-program.html" target="_blank">https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2022/Q2/purdue-launches-nations-first-comprehensive-semiconductor-degrees-program.html</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Paul, Joseph (May 27, 2022). "Purdue launches nation's first semiconductor degree program". WLFI News 18. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.wlfi.com/news/purdue-launches-nations-first-semiconductor-degree-program/article_e2e3ccac-ddf3-11ec-a80c-478643b0c0f6.html" target="_blank">https://www.wlfi.com/news/purdue-launches-nations-first-semiconductor-degree-program/article_e2e3ccac-ddf3-11ec-a80c-478643b0c0f6.html</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>"Texas Instruments Breaks Ground on New 300mm Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication Plant in Sherman, Texas". May 20, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.semiconductor-digest.com/texas-instruments-breaks-ground-on-new-300mm-semiconductor-wafer-fabrication-plant-in-sherman-texas/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductor-digest.com/texas-instruments-breaks-ground-on-new-300mm-semiconductor-wafer-fabrication-plant-in-sherman-texas/</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Lee, Jane Lanhee (July 20, 2022). "SkyWater unveils plans to build $1.8 bln chip facility in Indiana". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/skywater-unveils-plans-build-18-bln-chip-facility-indiana-2022-07-20/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/skywater-unveils-plans-build-18-bln-chip-facility-indiana-2022-07-20/</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>"SkyWater Plans to Build Advanced $1.8B Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in Partnership with the State of Indiana and Purdue University". www.businesswire.com. July 20, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220720005657/en/SkyWater-Plans-to-Build-Advanced-1.8B-Semiconductor-Manufacturing-Facility-in-Partnership-with-the-State-of-Indiana-and-Purdue-University" target="_blank">https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220720005657/en/SkyWater-Plans-to-Build-Advanced-1.8B-Semiconductor-Manufacturing-Facility-in-Partnership-with-the-State-of-Indiana-and-Purdue-University</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>"Wolfspeed Selects North Carolina for World's Largest Silicon Carbide Materials Facility". Wolfspeed press release. September 9, 2022. Archived from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2023. In addition, the company hopes to apply for and obtain federal funding from the CHIPS and Science Act to accelerate the construction and build-out of the facility. <a href="https://www.wolfspeed.com/company/news-events/news/wolfspeed-selects-north-carolina-for-worlds-largest-silicon-carbide-materials-facility/" target="_blank">https://www.wolfspeed.com/company/news-events/news/wolfspeed-selects-north-carolina-for-worlds-largest-silicon-carbide-materials-facility/</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Johnson, Lamar (August 9, 2022). "Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature". POLITICO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022. Biden said Micron, an American-based company, announced a 10-year, $40 billion investment on Tuesday for factories and building memory chips as a result of the law. He also touted a Monday announcement by American companies Qualcomm and GlobalFoundries to invest $4 billion to produce semiconductors in the United States. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>"Chipmaker Micron to build $20 billion N.Y. factory amid semiconductor boom". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. New York is giving Micron $5.5 billion in tax credits over the life of the project if the company meets certain employment targets. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/04/micron-chip-factory-new-york/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/04/micron-chip-factory-new-york/</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Lohr, Steve (October 4, 2022). "Micron Pledges Up to $100 Billion for Semiconductor Factory in New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/micron-chip-clay-syracuse.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/micron-chip-clay-syracuse.html</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>"Chipmaker Micron to build $20 billion N.Y. factory amid semiconductor boom". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. New York is giving Micron $5.5 billion in tax credits over the life of the project if the company meets certain employment targets. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/04/micron-chip-factory-new-york/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/04/micron-chip-factory-new-york/</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Kinery, Emma (December 6, 2022). "TSMC to up Arizona investment to $40 billion with second semiconductor chip plant". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/06/tsmc-to-up-arizona-investment-to-40-billion-with-second-semiconductor-chip-plant.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/06/tsmc-to-up-arizona-investment-to-40-billion-with-second-semiconductor-chip-plant.html</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Jie, Yang (December 5, 2022). "TSMC's Arizona Chip Plant, Awaiting Biden Visit, Faces Birthing Pains – Taiwanese company cites high costs and shortage of skilled personnel as it pushes to open $12 billion factory next year". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023. Mr. Biden has been pushing to bring more high-tech manufacturing to the U.S. In August, he signed a law that includes $52 billion in direct aid for building semiconductor plants, which lawmakers viewed as key to ensuring American technology leadership and securing supply chains. ... Mr. Chang said the cost of making chips in Arizona may be at least 50% higher than in Taiwan. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/tsmcs-arizona-chip-plant-awaiting-biden-visit-faces-birthing-pains-11670236129?mod=Searchresults_pos2&page=1" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/tsmcs-arizona-chip-plant-awaiting-biden-visit-faces-birthing-pains-11670236129?mod=Searchresults_pos2&page=1</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Smith, Noah (February 7, 2023). "The Build-Nothing Country – Stasis has become America's spoils system, and it can't go on". Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023. TSMC, the Taiwanese company that recently agreed to build a big plant in Arizona, is running into major cost issues: <a href="/wiki/Noah_Smith_(writer)" target="_blank">/wiki/Noah_Smith_(writer)</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>Harris, Lee (June 22, 2023). "Chipmaker's Scramble to Build Marred by Mistakes and Injuries". The American Prospect. Retrieved June 24, 2023. <a href="https://prospect.org/labor/2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/labor/2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents/</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Butler, Aaron (July 26, 2023). "My View: TSMC should not blame US workers for Phoenix construction delays". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2023/07/27/tsmc-worker-shortage-phoenix.html" target="_blank">https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2023/07/27/tsmc-worker-shortage-phoenix.html</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Toh, Michelle (January 19, 2024). "TSMC says its $40 billion chip project in Arizona faces a further delay". CNN. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/19/tech/tsmc-taiwan-arizona-project-delay-intl-hnk/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/19/tech/tsmc-taiwan-arizona-project-delay-intl-hnk/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Zhou, Viola (April 23, 2024). "Inside TSMC's struggle to build a chip factory in the U.S. suburbs". Rest of World. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://restofworld.org/2024/tsmc-arizona-expansion/" target="_blank">https://restofworld.org/2024/tsmc-arizona-expansion/</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Clarke, Kaitlyn (February 15, 2023). "Texas Instruments To Build New Chip Factory in Lehi, Bringing Hundreds of Jobs to the State". business.utah.gov. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. <a href="https://business.utah.gov/tax-credits/texas-instruments-to-build-new-chip-factory-in-lehi-bringing-hundreds-of-jobs-to-the-state/" target="_blank">https://business.utah.gov/tax-credits/texas-instruments-to-build-new-chip-factory-in-lehi-bringing-hundreds-of-jobs-to-the-state/</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>"Governor Kelly Announces Integra Technologies to Invest $1.8B, Create Nearly 2,000 Jobs with Wichita Semiconductor Plant". Kansas Department of Commerce. February 2, 2023. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. <a href="https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-integra-technologies-to-invest-1-8b-create-nearly-2000-jobs-with-wichita-semiconductor-plant/" target="_blank">https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-integra-technologies-to-invest-1-8b-create-nearly-2000-jobs-with-wichita-semiconductor-plant/</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>"Governor Kelly Announces EMP Shield Plans to Build $1.9 Billion, 1,200-Job Computer Chip Manufacturing Facility in Coffey County". Kansas Department of Commerce. February 20, 2023. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. EMP Shield will leverage state support to apply for CHIPS Act funding to see its plans to fruition. The project came together shortly after the CHIPS Act was signed into law last August. Additional stipulations include private-public partnerships as well as the involvement of higher education institutions. <a href="https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-emp-shield-plans-to-build-1-9-billion-1200-job-computer-chip-manufacturing-facility-in-coffey-county/" target="_blank">https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-emp-shield-plans-to-build-1-9-billion-1200-job-computer-chip-manufacturing-facility-in-coffey-county/</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Bellan, Rebecca (April 26, 2023). "Bosch to acquire TSI Semiconductors to boost US chip production". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 24, 2023. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/26/bosch-to-acquire-tsi-semiconductors-for-1-5b-to-boost-us-chip-production/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/26/bosch-to-acquire-tsi-semiconductors-for-1-5b-to-boost-us-chip-production/</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>"Amkor Announces US Advanced Packaging and Test Facility". Amkor Technology. November 30, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://ir.amkor.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amkor-announces-us-advanced-packaging-and-test-facility" target="_blank">https://ir.amkor.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amkor-announces-us-advanced-packaging-and-test-facility</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration and BAE Systems, Inc., Announce CHIPS Preliminary Terms to Support Critical U.S. National Security Project in Nashua, New Hampshire". U.S. Department of Commerce. December 11, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2023/12/biden-harris-administration-and-bae-systems-inc-announce-chips" target="_blank">https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2023/12/biden-harris-administration-and-bae-systems-inc-announce-chips</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>Gordon, Alex (March 21, 2024). "CHIPS Incentives Awards". Semiconductor Industry Association. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces CHIPS Preliminary Terms with Microchip Technology to Strengthen Supply Chain Resilience for America's Automotive, Defense, and Aerospace Industries". NIST. January 4, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/biden-harris-administration-announces-chips-preliminary-terms-microchip" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/biden-harris-administration-announces-chips-preliminary-terms-microchip</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Gordon, Alex (March 21, 2024). "CHIPS Incentives Awards". Semiconductor Industry Association. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Preliminary Terms with GlobalFoundries to Strengthen Domestic Legacy Chip Supply for U.S. Auto and Defense Industries". NIST. February 19, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/02/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-globalfoundries" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/02/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-globalfoundries</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>Gordon, Alex (March 21, 2024). "CHIPS Incentives Awards". Semiconductor Industry Association. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Lobosco, Katie; Nilsen, Ella; Klein, Betsy (March 20, 2024). "Biden makes biggest CHIPS announcement yet as he sells his economic wins to Arizona amid climate worries". CNN. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/20/politics/chips-act-intel-funding-biden/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/20/politics/chips-act-intel-funding-biden/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>"US CHIPS Act Funding for Intel". Intel. March 21, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/resources/us-chips-act-funding-intel.html" target="_blank">https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/resources/us-chips-act-funding-intel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>Gordon, Alex (March 21, 2024). "CHIPS Incentives Awards". Semiconductor Industry Association. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/chips-incentives-awards/</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Preliminary Terms with TSMC, Expanded Investment from Company to Bring World's Most Advanced Leading-Edge Technology to the U.S." U.S. Department of Commerce. April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2024/04/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-tsmc-expanded" target="_blank">https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2024/04/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-tsmc-expanded</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Belanger, Ashley (April 8, 2024). "TSMC will build third Arizona fab after winning $6.6B in CHIPS funding". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/04/tsmc-will-build-third-arizona-fab-after-winning-6-6b-in-chips-funding/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/04/tsmc-will-build-third-arizona-fab-after-winning-6-6b-in-chips-funding/</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Swanson, Ana; Ngo, Madeleine (November 15, 2024). "Biden Cements TSMC Grant Before Trump Takes Over". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/15/business/economy/tsmc-chips-grant-biden.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/15/business/economy/tsmc-chips-grant-biden.html</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Preliminary Terms with Samsung Electronics to Establish Leading-Edge Semiconductor Ecosystem in Central Texas". U.S. Department of Commerce. April 15, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2024/04/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-samsung" target="_blank">https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2024/04/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-samsung</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>The White House (April 25, 2024). "FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces up to $6.1 Billion Preliminary Agreement with Micron under the CHIPS and Science Act". The White House. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/04/25/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-up-to-6-1-billion-preliminary-agreement-with-micron-under-the-chips-and-science-act/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/04/25/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-up-to-6-1-billion-preliminary-agreement-with-micron-under-the-chips-and-science-act/</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>Susan Davis (April 25, 2024). "Biden is giving $6 billion to Micron for a semiconductor project in Upstate New York". NPR. Retrieved April 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2024/04/25/1246888804/biden-chips-syracuse-micron" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2024/04/25/1246888804/biden-chips-syracuse-micron</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Preliminary Terms with Polar Semiconductor to Establish an Independent American Foundry". NIST. May 13, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/05/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-polar-semiconductor" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/05/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-polar-semiconductor</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Preliminary Terms with Absolics to Support Development of Glass Substrate Technology for Semiconductor Advanced Packaging". NIST. May 23, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/05/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-absolics-support" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/05/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-absolics-support</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Preliminary Terms with Rocket Lab to Expand Production of Compound Semiconductors that Power Spacecrafts and Satellites". NIST. June 11, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/06/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-rocket-lab-expand" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/06/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-rocket-lab-expand</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>"Department of Commerce Announces CHIPS Incentives Award with Hemlock Semiconductor to Help Secure U.S. Production Capacity of Semiconductor-Grade Polysilicon". U.S. Department of Commerce. January 7, 2025. Retrieved February 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2025/01/department-commerce-announces-chips-incentives-award-hemlock" target="_blank">https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2025/01/department-commerce-announces-chips-incentives-award-hemlock</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>Hawkins, Mackenzie; King, Ian; Deutsch, Jillian; Yoshiaki, Nohara; Gao, Yuan (May 13, 2024). "Global Chips Battle Intensifies With $81 Billion Subsidy Surge". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-05-12/chip-technology-spending-gets-81-billion-boost-in-china-rivalry" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-05-12/chip-technology-spending-gets-81-billion-boost-in-china-rivalry</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>"FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces 31 Regional Tech Hubs to Spur American Innovation, Strengthen Manufacturing, and Create Good-Paying Jobs in Every Region of the Country". U.S. Department of Commerce. October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023. <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/fact-sheets/2023/10/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-31-regional-tech-hubs" target="_blank">https://www.commerce.gov/news/fact-sheets/2023/10/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-31-regional-tech-hubs</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>"Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs (Tech Hubs)". U.S. Economic Development Administration. October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023. <a href="https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/regional-technology-and-innovation-hubs" target="_blank">https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/regional-technology-and-innovation-hubs</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>Shepardson, David (October 23, 2023). "US picks 31 regional hubs to spur tech innovation". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-administration-picks-31-regional-tech-hubs-spur-us-innovation-2023-10-23/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-administration-picks-31-regional-tech-hubs-spur-us-innovation-2023-10-23/</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Next Funding Round of $504 Million for 12 Tech Hubs Across America". U.S. Economic Development Administration. July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024. <a href="https://www.eda.gov/news/press-release/2024/07/02/biden-harris-administration-announces-next-funding-round-504-million" target="_blank">https://www.eda.gov/news/press-release/2024/07/02/biden-harris-administration-announces-next-funding-round-504-million</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>Ravi, Sarah; Casanova, Robert (December 14, 2022). "The CHIPS Act Has Already Sparked $200 Billion in Private Investments for U.S. Semiconductor Production". Semiconductor Industry Association. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/the-chips-act-has-already-sparked-200-billion-in-private-investments-for-u-s-semiconductor-production/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/the-chips-act-has-already-sparked-200-billion-in-private-investments-for-u-s-semiconductor-production/</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>"Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS and Science Act Investments". Jack Conness. November 14, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments" target="_blank">https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>"Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS and Science Act Investments". Jack Conness. November 14, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments" target="_blank">https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>Mechanic, Michael (April 27, 2023). "House Republicans Are Playing Debt-Ceiling Russian Roulette". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 6, 2023. <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/04/house-republicans-debt-ceiling-clean-energy-ira-irs-joe-biden/" target="_blank">https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/04/house-republicans-debt-ceiling-clean-energy-ira-irs-joe-biden/</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>Jenkins, Jesse D. (May 2023). "What "Electrify Everything" Actually Looks Like". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 8, 2023. <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2023/04/electrify-everything-scope-data/" target="_blank">https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2023/04/electrify-everything-scope-data/</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>Dayen, David (May 25, 2023). "A Liberalism That Builds Power". The American Prospect. Retrieved May 26, 2023. <a href="/wiki/David_Dayen" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Dayen</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>John Podesta (May 10, 2023). "Remarks as Prepared for Delivery Before the Bipartisan Policy Center by Senior Advisor John Podesta on the Biden-Harris Administration's Priorities for Energy Infrastructure Permitting Reform". The White House. Retrieved June 6, 2023. <a href="/wiki/John_Podesta" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Podesta</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>Financial Times (December 6, 2023). How Biden's Inflation Reduction Act changed the world. London, UK: YouTube. Event occurs at 3:27. Retrieved January 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfaubxeS5HU" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfaubxeS5HU</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>Ragland, Will; Koronowski, Ryan; Simhoni, Shanee (June 20, 2023). "Biden Administration Investment Tracker". Center for American Progress. Retrieved June 29, 2023. <a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/investment-tracker/" target="_blank">https://www.americanprogress.org/article/investment-tracker/</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>"Investing In America". The White House. January 10, 2025. Retrieved January 10, 2025. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/invest/?utm_source=invest.gov" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/invest/?utm_source=invest.gov</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>Krieger, Lisa (September 4, 2022). "The U.S. is bringing chip-making home. Is California ready? – What the $52.7 billion CHIPS Act might mean for the birthplace of technology". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. But experts say that new plants are unlikely to be erected here. Manufacturing is stifled by several factors: high real-estate costs, unreliable water, expensive electric bills and stiff regulations. In general, manufacturing has plummeted in California. Since 1990, the state has lost a third of its factory jobs. <a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/" target="_blank">https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>Krieger, Lisa (September 4, 2022). "The U.S. is bringing chip-making home. Is California ready? – What the $52.7 billion CHIPS Act might mean for the birthplace of technology". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. But experts say that new plants are unlikely to be erected here. Manufacturing is stifled by several factors: high real-estate costs, unreliable water, expensive electric bills and stiff regulations. In general, manufacturing has plummeted in California. Since 1990, the state has lost a third of its factory jobs. <a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/" target="_blank">https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>"Applied Materials Launches Multibillion-Dollar R&D Platform in Silicon Valley to Accelerate Semiconductor Innovation". Applied Materials. May 22, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023. <a href="https://ir.appliedmaterials.com/news-releases/news-release-details/applied-materials-launches-multibillion-dollar-rd-platform" target="_blank">https://ir.appliedmaterials.com/news-releases/news-release-details/applied-materials-launches-multibillion-dollar-rd-platform</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:167"><p>Leggate, James (May 24, 2023). "Applied Materials to Build Chip R&D Center Costing Up to $4B". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved August 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.enr.com/articles/56516-applied-materials-to-build-chip-r-and-d-center-costing-up-to-4b" target="_blank">https://www.enr.com/articles/56516-applied-materials-to-build-chip-r-and-d-center-costing-up-to-4b</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:168"><p>Lee, Jane; Nellis, Stephen (May 22, 2023). "Applied Materials to invest $4 bln in Silicon Valley chip research center". Reuters. Retrieved June 24, 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/applied-materials-invest-4-bln-silicon-valley-chip-research-center-2023-05-22/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/applied-materials-invest-4-bln-silicon-valley-chip-research-center-2023-05-22/</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:169"><p>Hourihan, Matt; Roberts Chapman, Melissa; Muro, Mark (June 29, 2023). "The bold vision of the CHIPS and Science Act isn't getting the funding it needs". Brookings. Retrieved March 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-bold-vision-of-the-chips-and-science-act-isnt-getting-the-funding-it-needs/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-bold-vision-of-the-chips-and-science-act-isnt-getting-the-funding-it-needs/</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:170"><p>Hourihan, Matt; Roberts Chapman, Melissa; Muro, Mark (June 29, 2023). "The bold vision of the CHIPS and Science Act isn't getting the funding it needs". Brookings. Retrieved March 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-bold-vision-of-the-chips-and-science-act-isnt-getting-the-funding-it-needs/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-bold-vision-of-the-chips-and-science-act-isnt-getting-the-funding-it-needs/</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>Mui, Christine (March 9, 2024). "How Congress defanged Biden's big science push". POLITICO. Retrieved March 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/09/biden-touted-science-funding-but-congress-hollowed-out-his-promise-00146065" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/09/biden-touted-science-funding-but-congress-hollowed-out-his-promise-00146065</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:172"><p>Friedman, Drew (March 5, 2024). "6-bill minibus rewards some agencies, while slashing budgets for others". Federal News Network. Retrieved April 30, 2024. <a href="https://federalnewsnetwork.com/budget/2024/03/6-bill-minibus-rewards-some-agencies-while-slashing-budgets-for-others/?readmore=1" target="_blank">https://federalnewsnetwork.com/budget/2024/03/6-bill-minibus-rewards-some-agencies-while-slashing-budgets-for-others/?readmore=1</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:173"><p>"CHIPS and Science Funding Gaps Continues to Stifle Scientific Competitiveness". Federation of American Scientists. April 8, 2024. <a href="https://fas.org/publication/chips-funding-gaps-april/" target="_blank">https://fas.org/publication/chips-funding-gaps-april/</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:174"><p>"CHIPS Program Suspends Plans for R&D Facility Funds". AIP. April 1, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/chips-program-suspends-plans-for-r-d-facility-funds" target="_blank">https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/chips-program-suspends-plans-for-r-d-facility-funds</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:175"><p>Shepardson, David; Alper, Alexandra (April 1, 2024). "California Democrats urge Biden not to scrap chips R&D funding". Reuters. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/california-democrats-urge-biden-not-scrap-chips-rd-funding-2024-04-01/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/world/us/california-democrats-urge-biden-not-scrap-chips-rd-funding-2024-04-01/</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:176"><p>"Mission". Natcast. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://natcast.org/about" target="_blank">https://natcast.org/about</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:177"><p>88 CFR 25378 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" target="_blank">/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:178"><p>"CHIPS for America Announces Selection Committee for the Board of Trustees of the National Semiconductor Technology Center". NIST. June 20, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/06/chips-america-announces-selection-committee-board-trustees-national" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/06/chips-america-announces-selection-committee-board-trustees-national</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:179"><p>88 CFR 57102 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" target="_blank">/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:180"><p>"NSTC Governance". Natcast. February 9, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://natcast.org/nstc-governance" target="_blank">https://natcast.org/nstc-governance</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:181"><p>"NSTC Governance". Natcast. February 9, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://natcast.org/nstc-governance" target="_blank">https://natcast.org/nstc-governance</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:182"><p>The White House (February 9, 2024). "FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Over $5 Billion from the CHIPS and Science Act for Research, Development, and Workforce". The White House. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:183"><p>"CHIPS for America and Natcast to Give Update on the National Semiconductor Technology Center". Natcast. April 1, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://natcast.org/chips-for-america-and-natcast-to-give-update-on-the-national-semiconductor-technology-center" target="_blank">https://natcast.org/chips-for-america-and-natcast-to-give-update-on-the-national-semiconductor-technology-center</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:184"><p>"Natcast FY25-27 Strategic Plan" (PDF). Natcast. October 24, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024. <a href="https://natcast-1e229.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2024/10/NSTC-Strategic-Plan-FY-2025-2027fweb.pdf" target="_blank">https://natcast-1e229.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2024/10/NSTC-Strategic-Plan-FY-2025-2027fweb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:185"><p>"Natcast Terms of Use". Natcast. April 5, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://natcast.org/terms-of-use" target="_blank">https://natcast.org/terms-of-use</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:186"><p>Rulison, Larry (November 14, 2023). "Could a federal chip lab be anchored in Albany?". Times Union. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.timesunion.com/business/article/federal-chip-lab-anchored-albany-18487970.php" target="_blank">https://www.timesunion.com/business/article/federal-chip-lab-anchored-albany-18487970.php</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:187"><p>Murphy, Mike (October 31, 2024). "The National EUV Accelerator comes to Albany". IBM Research. Retrieved October 31, 2024. <a href="https://research.ibm.com/blog/euv-center-albany-nstc" target="_blank">https://research.ibm.com/blog/euv-center-albany-nstc</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:188"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Sunnyvale, Ca, as Expected Location for Second CHIPS for America R&D Flagship Facility". Natcast. November 1, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024. <a href="https://natcast.org/biden-harris-announces-second-chips-flagship-facility" target="_blank">https://natcast.org/biden-harris-announces-second-chips-flagship-facility</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:189"><p>"Third CHIPS for America R&D Flagship Facility Announced". Natcast. January 6, 2025. Retrieved January 15, 2025. <a href="https://natcast.org/third-chips-for-america-rd-flagship-facility-announced" target="_blank">https://natcast.org/third-chips-for-america-rd-flagship-facility-announced</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:190"><p>Ebrahimi, Arrian; Schneider, Jordan; Hwang, Tim; Watney, Caleb; Richards, Adin (April 22, 2024). "How to Make the NSTC a Moonshot Success". Institute for Progress. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://ifp.org/how-to-make-the-nstc-a-moonshot-success/" target="_blank">https://ifp.org/how-to-make-the-nstc-a-moonshot-success/</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:191"><p>The White House (February 9, 2024). "FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Over $5 Billion from the CHIPS and Science Act for Research, Development, and Workforce". The White House. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:192"><p>89 CFR 6506 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" target="_blank">/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:193"><p>The White House (February 9, 2024). "FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Over $5 Billion from the CHIPS and Science Act for Research, Development, and Workforce". The White House. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:194"><p>89 CFR 6508 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" target="_blank">/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:195"><p>The White House (February 9, 2024). "FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Over $5 Billion from the CHIPS and Science Act for Research, Development, and Workforce". The White House. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/09/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-5-billion-from-the-chips-and-science-act-for-research-development-and-workforce/</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:196"><p>"FY2024 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program for CHIPS for America – CHIPS Metrology". SBIR.gov. April 16, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.sbir.gov/node/2609701" target="_blank">https://www.sbir.gov/node/2609701</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:197"><p>15 CFR 231 <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" target="_blank">/wiki/Title_15_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:198"><p>Gupta, Sourabh (January 15, 2024). "Biden-Xi Woodside Summit and the Slow Rehabilitation of US-PRC Ties". Comparative Connections. Retrieved April 4, 2024. <a href="https://cc.pacforum.org/2024/01/biden-xi-woodside-summit-and-the-slow-rehabilitation-of-us-prc-ties/" target="_blank">https://cc.pacforum.org/2024/01/biden-xi-woodside-summit-and-the-slow-rehabilitation-of-us-prc-ties/</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:199"><p>"Prevent Stock Buybacks by Corporations That Receive CHIPS Act Funds" (PDF). Letter to. October 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2024.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="https://www.baldwin.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/letter_re_chips_stock_buyback.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.baldwin.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/letter_re_chips_stock_buyback.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:200"><p>Warren, Elizabeth (February 10, 2023). "CHIPS Funds Should Not Be Used to Enrich Corporate Executives and Shareholders at Taxpayers' Expense" (PDF). Letter to Michael Schmidt. Retrieved April 4, 2024. <a href="http://ct.symplicity.com/t/wrn/8200478f9d5f97023b430d497a0b8201/2665571418/realurl=https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2023.02.10%20Follow%20Up%20Letter%20re%20CHIPS%20Stock%20Buybacks.pdf" target="_blank">http://ct.symplicity.com/t/wrn/8200478f9d5f97023b430d497a0b8201/2665571418/realurl=https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2023.02.10%20Follow%20Up%20Letter%20re%20CHIPS%20Stock%20Buybacks.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:201"><p>Warren, Elizabeth (January 9, 2024). "CHIPS revolving door" (PDF). Letter to Gina Raimondo. Retrieved April 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2024.01.09%20Letter%20to%20Commerce%20re.%20CHIPS%20revolving%20door.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2024.01.09%20Letter%20to%20Commerce%20re.%20CHIPS%20revolving%20door.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:202"><p>Hayashi, Yuka (August 15, 2023). "Why Washington Went to Wall Street to Revive the U.S. Chips Industry". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/why-the-white-house-went-to-wall-street-to-revive-the-u-s-chips-industry-fe0a0aac" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/why-the-white-house-went-to-wall-street-to-revive-the-u-s-chips-industry-fe0a0aac</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:203"><p>Hawkins, Mackenzie; Leonard, Jenny; King, Ian; Martin, Eric (September 25, 2023). "Ex-Wall Streets Help Washington Divvy Up $100 Billion to Win the Global Chip Race". Bloomberg News. Retrieved April 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-25/chips-act-commerce-taps-wall-streeters-to-help-shape-semiconductor-deals" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-25/chips-act-commerce-taps-wall-streeters-to-help-shape-semiconductor-deals</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:204"><p>Warren, Elizabeth (February 6, 2024). "CHIPS awards and refraining from stock buybacks" (PDF). Letter to Tom Arsenault. Retrieved April 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2024.02.06%20Letter%20to%20BAE%20Systems%20re.%20CHIPS%20award1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2024.02.06%20Letter%20to%20BAE%20Systems%20re.%20CHIPS%20award1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:205"><p>Leopold, Les (March 27, 2024). "Intel Brags of $152 Billion in Stock Buybacks Over Last 35 Years. So Why Does It Need $8 Billion Subsidy?". Common Dreams. Retrieved April 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/intel-subsidy-chips-act-stock-buyback" target="_blank">https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/intel-subsidy-chips-act-stock-buyback</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:206"><p>Hayashi, Yuka (January 27, 2024). "Eager for Economic Wins, Biden to Announce Billions for Advanced Chips – Industry, lawmakers worry semiconductor production could take years because of negotiations, permitting and worker shortages". Wall Street Journal. More than 170 firms have applied but, to date, just two tiny grants have been made, to makers of less advanced chips. ... The most immediate threat to the timely construction is the National Environmental Policy Act, which requires large federally funded projects to pass environmental review before grants are released, regardless of whether they have already obtained state and local government permits. Full NEPA reviews took an average of 4.5 years between 2013 and 2018, according to a federal government report. Critics say each year of delay adds roughly 5% to the construction cost of a chip plant. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/eager-for-economic-wins-biden-to-announce-billions-for-advanced-chips-7e341e30" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/eager-for-economic-wins-biden-to-announce-billions-for-advanced-chips-7e341e30</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:207"><p>Hayashi, Yuka (January 27, 2024). "Eager for Economic Wins, Biden to Announce Billions for Advanced Chips – Industry, lawmakers worry semiconductor production could take years because of negotiations, permitting and worker shortages". Wall Street Journal. More than 170 firms have applied but, to date, just two tiny grants have been made, to makers of less advanced chips. ... The most immediate threat to the timely construction is the National Environmental Policy Act, which requires large federally funded projects to pass environmental review before grants are released, regardless of whether they have already obtained state and local government permits. Full NEPA reviews took an average of 4.5 years between 2013 and 2018, according to a federal government report. Critics say each year of delay adds roughly 5% to the construction cost of a chip plant. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/eager-for-economic-wins-biden-to-announce-billions-for-advanced-chips-7e341e30" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/eager-for-economic-wins-biden-to-announce-billions-for-advanced-chips-7e341e30</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:208"><p>Cassella, Megan (April 15, 2024). "Raimondo: Commerce Dept. will allocate all of the CHIPS Act grant money this year". CNBC. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/15/gina-raimondo-commerce-will-spend-all-chips-act-money-this-year.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/15/gina-raimondo-commerce-will-spend-all-chips-act-money-this-year.html</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:209"><p>Swanson, Ana; Ngo, Madeleine (November 15, 2024). "Biden Cements TSMC Grant Before Trump Takes Over". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/15/business/economy/tsmc-chips-grant-biden.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/15/business/economy/tsmc-chips-grant-biden.html</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:210"><p>Shepardson, David (November 20, 2024). "US finalizes $1.5 billion chips award for GlobalFoundries to expand production". Reuters. Retrieved November 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-finalizes-15-billion-chips-award-globalfoundries-expand-production-2024-11-20/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-finalizes-15-billion-chips-award-globalfoundries-expand-production-2024-11-20/</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:211"><p>Shepardson, David (November 26, 2024). "US finalizes $7.86 billion chips manufacturing award for Intel". Reuters. Retrieved November 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-finalizes-786-billion-chips-manufacturing-award-intel-2024-11-26/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-finalizes-786-billion-chips-manufacturing-award-intel-2024-11-26/</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:212"><p>"$52 Billion Chipmaking Plan Is Racing Toward Failure". Washington Post. March 28, 2023. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/03/28/chips-act-funding-isn-t-what-us-semiconductor-manufacturers-need/fa80c040-cd62-11ed-8907-156f0390d081_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/03/28/chips-act-funding-isn-t-what-us-semiconductor-manufacturers-need/fa80c040-cd62-11ed-8907-156f0390d081_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:213"><p>Hayashi, Yuka; Jie, Yang (August 24, 2023). "Arizona Labor Spat Signals Challenges for U.S. Chip Manufacturing". Wall Street Journal. Industry executives and economists say a shortage of chip-industry workers in the U.S. is a big hurdle as the U.S. seeks to entice Asian chip makers that dominate global semiconductor supplies, and who enjoy deep pools of skilled workers and lower production costs at home. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:214"><p>Hayashi, Yuka; Jie, Yang (August 24, 2023). "Arizona Labor Spat Signals Challenges for U.S. Chip Manufacturing". Wall Street Journal. Industry executives and economists say a shortage of chip-industry workers in the U.S. is a big hurdle as the U.S. seeks to entice Asian chip makers that dominate global semiconductor supplies, and who enjoy deep pools of skilled workers and lower production costs at home. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:215"><p>Hayashi, Yuka; Jie, Yang (August 24, 2023). "Arizona Labor Spat Signals Challenges for U.S. Chip Manufacturing". Wall Street Journal. Industry executives and economists say a shortage of chip-industry workers in the U.S. is a big hurdle as the U.S. seeks to entice Asian chip makers that dominate global semiconductor supplies, and who enjoy deep pools of skilled workers and lower production costs at home. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/tech/arizona-labor-spat-signals-challenges-for-u-s-chip-manufacturing-5632cfe3</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:216"><p>Huang, Elaine (November 11, 2023). "TSMC in Arizona: Who wins in dispute with labor union?". CommonWealth Magazine. With an investment of US$40 billion the Arizona fab is the biggest investment that TMSC has undertaken to date, and the highest investment ever made by a foreign company in the United States. <a href="https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=3566" target="_blank">https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=3566</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:217"><p>Butler, Aaron (July 26, 2023). "My View: TSMC should not blame US workers for Phoenix construction delays". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2023/07/27/tsmc-worker-shortage-phoenix.html" target="_blank">https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2023/07/27/tsmc-worker-shortage-phoenix.html</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:218"><p>Zhou, Viola (April 23, 2024). "Inside TSMC's struggle to build a chip factory in the U.S. suburbs". Rest of World. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://restofworld.org/2024/tsmc-arizona-expansion/" target="_blank">https://restofworld.org/2024/tsmc-arizona-expansion/</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:219"><p>"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Preliminary Terms with TSMC, Expanded Investment from Company to Bring World's Most Advanced Leading-Edge Technology to the U.S." U.S. Department of Commerce. April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2024/04/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-tsmc-expanded" target="_blank">https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2024/04/biden-harris-administration-announces-preliminary-terms-tsmc-expanded</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:220"><p>Belanger, Ashley (April 8, 2024). "TSMC will build third Arizona fab after winning $6.6B in CHIPS funding". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/04/tsmc-will-build-third-arizona-fab-after-winning-6-6b-in-chips-funding/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/04/tsmc-will-build-third-arizona-fab-after-winning-6-6b-in-chips-funding/</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:221"><p>Sants, Arthur (March 5, 2024). "What TSMC's new plant tells us about Intel and the US's ambitions". Investors' Chronicle. Usually, it takes around three years to build such a plant. The Kumamoto project was completed in just 20 months. Semiconductor industry analyst Kevin Xu explained this was done by working seven days a week and running 24-hour non-stop shifts. ... In Japan, rather than unions resisting experienced Taiwanese workers moving to the country, they made them feel as welcome as possible, according to Xu: he said supermarkets even started stocking Taiwanese food, while an international school started hiring more Taiwanese teachers. <a href="https://www.investorschronicle.co.uk/news/2024/03/05/what-tsmc-s-new-plant-tells-us-about-intel-and-the-us-s-ambitions/" target="_blank">https://www.investorschronicle.co.uk/news/2024/03/05/what-tsmc-s-new-plant-tells-us-about-intel-and-the-us-s-ambitions/</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:222"><p>Sants, Arthur (March 5, 2024). "What TSMC's new plant tells us about Intel and the US's ambitions". Investors' Chronicle. Usually, it takes around three years to build such a plant. The Kumamoto project was completed in just 20 months. Semiconductor industry analyst Kevin Xu explained this was done by working seven days a week and running 24-hour non-stop shifts. ... In Japan, rather than unions resisting experienced Taiwanese workers moving to the country, they made them feel as welcome as possible, according to Xu: he said supermarkets even started stocking Taiwanese food, while an international school started hiring more Taiwanese teachers. <a href="https://www.investorschronicle.co.uk/news/2024/03/05/what-tsmc-s-new-plant-tells-us-about-intel-and-the-us-s-ambitions/" target="_blank">https://www.investorschronicle.co.uk/news/2024/03/05/what-tsmc-s-new-plant-tells-us-about-intel-and-the-us-s-ambitions/</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:223"><p>Newman, Logan (December 6, 2023). "TSMC Arizona, AZBTC agree to workforce partnership". GPEC. Retrieved April 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.gpec.org/news/tsmc-azbtc-agree-to-partnership/" target="_blank">https://www.gpec.org/news/tsmc-azbtc-agree-to-partnership/</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:224"><p>Stacher, Macy (August 30, 2024). "How Much Will the CHIPS Act Help the Workers Who Make Them?". The American Prospect. Retrieved September 1, 2024. <a href="https://prospect.org/labor/2024-08-30-how-much-will-chips-act-help-workers/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/labor/2024-08-30-how-much-will-chips-act-help-workers/</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:225"><p>Hawkins, Mackenzie (March 6, 2024). "Intel Stands to Win $3.5 Billion to Produce Chips for Military". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 17, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-06/intel-stands-to-win-3-5-billion-to-produce-chips-for-military" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-06/intel-stands-to-win-3-5-billion-to-produce-chips-for-military</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:226"><p>Ahlman, Austin (March 8, 2024). "Intel's $3.5 Billion Boondoggle". The American Prospect. Retrieved March 17, 2024. <a href="https://prospect.org/economy/2024-03-08-intels-3-5-billion-boondoggle-chips-act/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/economy/2024-03-08-intels-3-5-billion-boondoggle-chips-act/</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:227"><p>Ahlman, Austin (March 8, 2024). "Intel's $3.5 Billion Boondoggle". The American Prospect. Retrieved March 17, 2024. <a href="https://prospect.org/economy/2024-03-08-intels-3-5-billion-boondoggle-chips-act/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/economy/2024-03-08-intels-3-5-billion-boondoggle-chips-act/</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:228"><p>Hawkins, Mackenzie; King, Ian (March 12, 2024). "Pentagon Scraps Plan to Spend $2.5 Billion on Intel Grant". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved April 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-12/pentagon-scraps-plan-to-spend-2-5-billion-on-intel-chip-grant" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-12/pentagon-scraps-plan-to-spend-2-5-billion-on-intel-chip-grant</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:229"><p>Hawkins, Mackenzie; King, Ian (March 12, 2024). "Pentagon Scraps Plan to Spend $2.5 Billion on Intel Grant". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved April 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-12/pentagon-scraps-plan-to-spend-2-5-billion-on-intel-chip-grant" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-12/pentagon-scraps-plan-to-spend-2-5-billion-on-intel-chip-grant</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:230"><p>Clark, Don; Ngo, Madeleine; Swanson, Ana (September 16, 2024). "Intel, Aiming to Reverse Slump, Unveils New Contracts and Cost Cuts". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/16/us/politics/intel-chips-semiconductor-grant.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/16/us/politics/intel-chips-semiconductor-grant.html</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:231"><p>"The fall of Intel is a cautionary tale for Silicon Valley". The San Francisco Standard. August 19, 2024. Retrieved November 5, 2024. <a href="https://sfstandard.com/2024/08/19/intel-once-chip-leader-now-trailing/" target="_blank">https://sfstandard.com/2024/08/19/intel-once-chip-leader-now-trailing/</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:232"><p>Swanson, Ana; Mickle, Tripp (October 24, 2024). "The White House Bet Big on Intel. Will It Backfire?". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/24/us/politics/intel-chips-biden.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/24/us/politics/intel-chips-biden.html</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:233"><p>Hawkins, Mackenzie (September 4, 2024). "Intel's Money Woes Throw Biden Team's Chip Strategy Into Turmoil". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-04/intel-s-money-woes-throw-biden-team-s-chip-strategy-into-turmoil" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-04/intel-s-money-woes-throw-biden-team-s-chip-strategy-into-turmoil</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:234"><p>Albergotti, Reed; Hoffman, Liz (November 1, 2024). "Concerns grow in Washington over Intel". Semafor. Retrieved November 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.semafor.com/article/11/01/2024/concerns-grow-in-washington-over-intel" target="_blank">https://www.semafor.com/article/11/01/2024/concerns-grow-in-washington-over-intel</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:235"><p>Shepardson, David (November 26, 2024). "US finalizes $7.86 billion chips manufacturing award for Intel". Reuters. Retrieved November 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-finalizes-786-billion-chips-manufacturing-award-intel-2024-11-26/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-finalizes-786-billion-chips-manufacturing-award-intel-2024-11-26/</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:236"><p>"The U.S. Department of State International Technology Security and Innovation Fund". United States Department of State. July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.state.gov/the-u-s-department-of-state-international-technology-security-and-innovation-fund/" target="_blank">https://www.state.gov/the-u-s-department-of-state-international-technology-security-and-innovation-fund/</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:237"><p>Bhaumik, Anirban. "US Space Force to help set up semiconductor plant in India to meet national security needs". Deccan Herald. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-to-get-first-national-security-semiconductor-fabrication-plant-3201871" target="_blank">https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-to-get-first-national-security-semiconductor-fabrication-plant-3201871</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:238"><p>Jha, Prashant (September 23, 2024). "This is India's Taiwan moment, there is no turning back: Bharat Semi founders". Hindustan Times. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/this-is-india-s-taiwan-moment-there-is-no-turning-back-bharat-semi-founders-101727102876329.html" target="_blank">https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/this-is-india-s-taiwan-moment-there-is-no-turning-back-bharat-semi-founders-101727102876329.html</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:239"><p>Singh, Surendra (September 27, 2024). "Fabrication unit in India to provide semiconductor chips to US, Indian forces". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fabrication-unit-in-india-to-provide-semiconductor-chips-to-us-indian-forces/articleshow/113678007.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fabrication-unit-in-india-to-provide-semiconductor-chips-to-us-indian-forces/articleshow/113678007.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:240"><p>Barik, Soumyarendra (September 26, 2024). "3rdiTech: The chipmaker at the heart of the new India-US compound semiconductor partnership". The Indian Express. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/pm-modi-joe-biden-semiconductor-fabrication-plant-india-start-up-9588623/" target="_blank">https://indianexpress.com/article/business/pm-modi-joe-biden-semiconductor-fabrication-plant-india-start-up-9588623/</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:241"><p>Luthra, Parikshit (September 24, 2024). "India to get 100% tech transfer from US for Shakti Semiconductor Fab". CNBCTV18. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/india-to-get-100-tech-transfer-from-us-for-shakti-semiconductor-fab-19481882.htm" target="_blank">https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/india-to-get-100-tech-transfer-from-us-for-shakti-semiconductor-fab-19481882.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:242"><p>Mishra, Ashutosh; Shinde, Shivani (September 23, 2024). "Meet Bharat Semi, startup behind Indo-US semiconductor fab partnership". Business Standard. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/bharat-semi-startup-behind-indo-us-partnership-in-semiconductor-fab-124092301132_1.html" target="_blank">https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/bharat-semi-startup-behind-indo-us-partnership-in-semiconductor-fab-124092301132_1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:243"><p>Vishnuraj, Sujatha (September 27, 2024). "West Bengal identifies land for India's first national security semiconductor plant". Manufacturing Today. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/west-bengal-identifies-land-for-indias-first-national-security-semiconductor-plant" target="_blank">https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/west-bengal-identifies-land-for-indias-first-national-security-semiconductor-plant</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:244"><p>Siddiqui, Huma (September 23, 2024). "India-US semiconductor partnership breaks ground on National Security and Technology front". Financialexpress. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-india-us-semiconductor-partnership-breaks-ground-on-national-security-and-technology-front-3618852/" target="_blank">https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-india-us-semiconductor-partnership-breaks-ground-on-national-security-and-technology-front-3618852/</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:245"><p>"Brown, Colleagues Introduce Bipartisan, Bicameral Bill to Speed up Historic Domestic Manufacturing Provisions Included in Chips Act". Senator Sherrod Brown. July 11, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/sherrod-brown-colleagues-bipartisan-bill-manufacturing-provisions-chips-act" target="_blank">https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/sherrod-brown-colleagues-bipartisan-bill-manufacturing-provisions-chips-act</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:246"><p>Neuffer, John (July 28, 2023). "Press Release: SIA Applauds Senate Passage of CHIPS Permitting Legislation". Semiconductor Industry Association. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.semiconductors.org/sia-applauds-senate-passage-of-chips-permitting-legislation/" target="_blank">https://www.semiconductors.org/sia-applauds-senate-passage-of-chips-permitting-legislation/</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:247"><p>Bordelon, Brendan; Mui, Christine; Brugger, Kelsey (September 24, 2024). "Biden breaks with environmentalists, House Dems on chip bill". POLITICO. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/24/congress-forces-biden-to-choose-between-chips-and-climate-00180809" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/24/congress-forces-biden-to-choose-between-chips-and-climate-00180809</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:248"><p>The White House (October 2, 2024). "Bill Signed: S. 2228". The White House. Retrieved October 20, 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/legislation/2024/10/02/bill-signed-s-2228/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/legislation/2024/10/02/bill-signed-s-2228/</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:249"><p>"118th Congress (2023-2024): Building Chips in America Act of 2023 (All Actions)". Congress.gov. October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/2228/all-actions" target="_blank">https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/2228/all-actions</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:250"><p>Shine, Ian (October 9, 2024). "The Building Chips in America Act: what's in the new bill?". World Economic Forum. Retrieved October 20, 2024. <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/10/building-chips-in-america-act-semiconductor-industry/" target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/10/building-chips-in-america-act-semiconductor-industry/</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:251"><p>"Trump tells Congress to end CHIPS Act". POLITICO. March 5, 2025. Retrieved March 5, 2025. <a href="https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/03/04/trump-joint-address-to-congress/trump-tells-congress-to-end-chips-act-00212871" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/03/04/trump-joint-address-to-congress/trump-tells-congress-to-end-chips-act-00212871</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>