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Famous Studios
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Fleischer Studios dissolution</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Fleischer_Studios/c8qlRvlY">Fleischer Studios</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Fleischer_Studios/c8qlRvlY">Fleischer Studios</a> was a successful animation studio responsible for producing cartoon shorts starring characters such as <a href="/facts/Betty_Boop/u7BR1IPW">Betty Boop</a> and <a href="/facts/Popeye_the_Sailor/CFL71y6V">Popeye the Sailor</a>. The studio moved its operations from New York City to <a href="/facts/Miami/L5FsgQcb">Miami</a>, Florida in 1938, following <a href="/facts/Trade_union/PjeN2WKu">union</a> problems and the start of production on its first feature film, <i><a href="/facts/Gulliver%2527s_Travels_(1939_film)/9ubrhtQV">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> (1939).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> While <i>Gulliver</i> was a success, the expense of the move and increased overhead costs created financial problems for the studio, which then depended on advances and loans from its distributor, <a href="/facts/Paramount_Pictures/F6UIvDD9">Paramount Pictures</a>, in order to continue production on its short subjects and to begin work on a second feature, <i><a href="/facts/Mr._Bug_Goes_to_Town/gvjBDBue">Mr. Bug Goes to Town</a></i> (also known as <i>Hoppity Goes to Town</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Compounding the problems the studio was facing was the fact that the studio's co-founders, brothers <a href="/facts/Max_Fleischer/DvF6aFbF">Max Fleischer</a> and <a href="/facts/Dave_Fleischer/ly6WFB7V">Dave Fleischer</a>, were becoming increasingly estranged, and by this time were no longer speaking to each other due to personal and professional disputes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> On May 25, 1941, Paramount assumed full ownership of Fleischer Studios, and required the Fleischer brothers to submit signed letters of resignation, to be used at Paramount's discretion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Following the unsuccessful release of <i>Mr. Bug</i> in December 1941,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Max Fleischer sent Paramount a telegram expressing his inability to cooperate with Dave.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Paramount responded by producing the letters of resignation, severing the Fleischer brothers from control of their studio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Paramount renamed the studio Famous Studios. Paramount owned the company but Famous remained a separate entity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Three top Fleischer employees were promoted to run the animation studio: business manager Sam Buchwald, storyboard artist <a href="/facts/Isadore_Sparber/VNnr9K5G">Isadore Sparber</a>, and Max Fleischer's son-in-law, head animator <a href="/facts/Seymour_Kneitel/7FHtqWTk">Seymour Kneitel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Buchwald assumed Max Fleischer's place as <a href="/facts/Executive_producer/HYuzvKSI">executive producer</a>, while Sparber and Kneitel shared Dave Fleischer's former responsibilities as supervising producers and credited directors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> A third director, <a href="/facts/Dan_Gordon_(animator)/eePpqFrY">Dan Gordon</a>, remained only briefly before being fired shortly after the move to New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Although the Fleischers left the studio at the end of 1941, Famous Studios was not officially incorporated until May 25, 1942, after Paramount's contract with Fleischer Studios had formally run its course.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The first Famous Studios cartoon was the Popeye short <i><a href="/facts/You%2527re_a_Sap%2c_Mr._Jap/h6HyuvbF">You're a Sap, Mr. Jap</a></i>, released on August 7, 1942. </p> <h3>Early years</h3> <p>Shortly after the takeover, Paramount began plans to move a significantly downsized Famous Studios back to New York, a move completed early in 1943.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Virtually all of the Famous staff, including voice artist/storyman <a href="/facts/Jack_Mercer/vuaQARpI">Jack Mercer</a>, storyman Carl Meyer, voice artist <a href="/facts/Mae_Questel/wqrSS9Sy">Mae Questel</a>, and animators such as <a href="/facts/Myron_Waldman/X8mRvXkE">Myron Waldman</a>, <a href="/facts/David_Tendlar/hUbASYUh">David Tendlar</a>, Thomas Johnson, Nicholas Tafuri, and <a href="/facts/Al_Eugster/wTDzLsTX">Al Eugster</a>, were holdovers from the Fleischer era. These artists remained with Famous/Paramount for much of the studio's existence. As at Fleischer, the head animators carried out the tasks that were assigned to <a href="/facts/Animation_director/TxCzlBrz">animation directors</a> at other studios, while the credited directors—Kneitel, Sparber, Gordon, and Disney/Terrytoons veteran <a href="/facts/Bill_Tytla/BceYJHmm">Bill Tytla</a>—acted more as supervisors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sammy_Timberg/Fp5HayT6">Sammy Timberg</a> served as musical director until he was succeeded in 1944 by <a href="/facts/Winston_Sharples/Hk2VeJu9">Winston Sharples</a>, who formerly worked with the <a href="/facts/Van_Beuren_Studios/7dAFErI9">Van Beuren Studios</a>. </p><p>Continuing series from the Fleischer period included <i>Popeye the Sailor</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Superman_(1940s_animated_film_series)/WU7hyYHb">Superman</a></i>, both licensed from popular <a href="/facts/Comics/KeDK1haL">comics</a> characters. The expensive <i>Superman</i> cartoons, having lost their novelty value with exhibitors, ended production in 1943, a year after Famous' inception. They were replaced by a series starring the <i><a href="/facts/Saturday_Evening_Post/pzq344AB">Saturday Evening Post</a></i> comic-strip character <i><a href="/facts/Little_Lulu/cKmpnIE4">Little Lulu</a></i>. Also in 1943, Famous began producing the formerly black-and-white <i>Popeye</i> cartoons in <a href="/facts/Technicolor/cjULMcyR">Technicolor</a>, and began a new series of one-shot cartoons under the umbrella title <i><a href="/facts/Noveltoons/zGF2MXr7">Noveltoons</a></i> (similar in respects to the <i><a href="/facts/Color_Classics/g275uH4e">Color Classics</a></i> series from Fleischer Studios, and also the <i><a href="/facts/Looney_Tunes/GA22TKT4">Looney Tunes</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Merrie_Melodies/CACQ4o5f">Merrie Melodies</a></i> series from <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros./JRF3lhQ6">Warner Bros.</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>Noveltoons</i> series introduced several popular characters such as <i><a href="/facts/Herman_and_Katnip/CRhz7g7I">Herman and Katnip</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Baby_Huey/HqGFoYkK">Baby Huey</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost/xfLxfcGL">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a></i>. <i>Casper</i> was created by writer <a href="/facts/Seymour_Reit/gByzsKMJ">Seymour Reit</a> and Famous animator <a href="/facts/Joe_Oriolo/vj5gJmIV">Joe Oriolo</a> in the late 1930s as a children's-book manuscript, and was sold to Famous during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>. It became the studio's most successful wholly owned property.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In 1947, Paramount decided to stop paying <i>Little Lulu</i> creator <a href="/facts/Marge_(cartoonist)/veE6UER7">Marge Buell</a> licensing royalties, and created another "mischievous girl" character, <i><a href="/facts/Little_Audrey/wt5hLl3C">Little Audrey</a></i>, as a replacement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> That same year Famous resurrected an old Fleischer series, <i><a href="/facts/Screen_Songs/rvbPTsq1">Screen Songs</a></i>, introducing a new series of musical cartoons featuring a "<a href="/facts/Bouncing_ball_(music)/2qknmXbs">bouncing ball</a>" sing-along.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In 1951, the Screen Songs became "Kartune Musical Shorts," which ended in 1953 after Max Fleischer claimed ownership of the "bouncing ball" trademark. Only two more musical cartoons were released (as one-shot Noveltoons): 1954's <i>Candy Cabaret</i> and 1963's <i>Hobo's Holiday</i>. </p><p>Although the studio still carried much of the staff from the Fleischer regime, <a href="/facts/Animation/093f9nUg">animation</a> fans and historians note that its films soon diverged from the Fleischer style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Many historians, including <a href="/facts/Leonard_Maltin/s5P9WFYy">Leonard Maltin</a>, derided the company style for being highly formulaic and largely oriented toward a children's audience, with none of the artistic ambition or sophistication that the management under the Fleischer brothers strove for.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h3>Later period and sales of cartoon libraries</h3> <p>Sam Buchwald died of a heart attack in 1951.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Seymour Kneitel and Isadore Sparber became the production heads of the studio shortly afterward, and Dave Tendlar was promoted to director in 1953.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>The mid- and late-1950s brought a number of significant changes for Famous Studios. In 1955, Paramount sold most of its 1942–1950 shorts and cartoons (except for the <i>Popeye</i> and <i>Superman</i> shorts) to <a href="/facts/U.M._%2526_M._TV_Corporation/CQ7QCtSo">U.M. & M. TV Corporation</a> for <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">television</a> distribution. The <i>Popeye</i> cartoons were acquired by <a href="/facts/Associated_Artists_Productions/F1I5n85U">Associated Artists Productions</a>, and the <i>Superman</i> cartoons had already reverted to Superman's owners <a href="/facts/DC_Comics/gvuKz3yL">National Comics</a> after the studio's film rights to the character had expired. On October 1, 1956, Famous Studios was downsized and reorganized. Paramount assumed full control of the studio, integrating it as a division named Paramount Cartoon Studios.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Around the same time, Isadore Sparber was fired, leaving Seymour Kneitel in sole charge of the studio. In addition, because of studio budget cuts, the animation quality of the shorts began to drop sharply; by 1959 everything that the studio was turning out began to look noticeably <a href="/facts/Limited_animation/btbXk9qb">cheap, with limited animation</a>. Paramount also ceased using <a href="/facts/Technicolor/cjULMcyR">Technicolor</a> by this time in favor of less expensive color processes. The last Famous Studios short to use Technicolor was <i>Katnip's Big Day</i>, the finale of the <i><a href="/facts/Herman_and_Katnip/CRhz7g7I">Herman and Katnip</a></i> cartoon series. Despite the studio <a href="/facts/Submissions_for_Best_Animated_Short_Academy_Award/HHUglDFv">submitting some of their shorts</a> for <a href="/facts/Academy_Award/CwTxYuNQ">Academy Award</a> consideration, none received a nomination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>Paramount sold its 1950–59 cartoon film library and the rights to its established characters to <a href="/facts/Harvey_Comics/oapDXxGG">Harvey Comics</a> in 1959; however, the final theatrical cartoon to have any of their established characters already acquired by Harvey Comics since was <i>Turtle Scoop</i> featuring Tommy Tortoise and Moe Hare (both uncredited and redrawn) in 1961.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Paramount's attempts at creating replacement characters, among them <i>Jeepers and Creepers</i> and <i>The Cat</i>, proved unsuccessful. Nonetheless, television animation production outsourced from <a href="/facts/King_Features/KPWSDvm7">King Features</a> and <a href="/facts/Harvey_Films/yWHjclfp">Harvey Films</a> brought the company additional income. Ironically, these arrangements had Paramount working on new television cartoons starring Casper, whom they had originally created, and Popeye and Little Lulu, characters they had previously licensed for theatrical cartoons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> In the case of King Features' <i>Popeye</i> and <i>King Features Trilogy</i> TV cartoons, Paramount was one of several animation studios, among them <a href="/facts/Jack_Kinney_Productions/wCcWf6PY">Jack Kinney Productions</a> and <a href="/facts/Rembrandt_Films/GmCRRagw">Rembrandt Films</a>, to which King Features subcontracted production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The first of only two all-new <i>Little Lulu</i> cartoons after the character's 13-year hiatus off-screen, <i>Alvin's Solo Flight</i>, was released as part of the <i>Noveltoons</i> series in 1961, while twelve of the <i>King Features Trilogy</i> cartoons, starring characters such as <a href="/facts/Krazy_Kat/zl90D2HT">Krazy Kat</a>, Little Lulu, <a href="/facts/Beetle_Bailey/pNRqDooG">Beetle Bailey</a>, and <a href="/facts/Snuffy_Smith/rpXnJ4je">Snuffy Smith</a>, were released theatrically by Paramount in 1962 under the title <i>Comic Kings</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> In 1963, Paramount sold its pre-March 1962 cartoons to Harvey for one U.S. dollar, as part of a larger agreement to produce 26 new Casper cartoons for Harvey's <i><a href="/facts/The_New_Casper_Cartoon_Show/7PMskh9a">The New Casper Cartoon Show</a></i> for 78,000 dollars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Seymour Kneitel died of a <a href="/facts/Myocardial_infarction/xoGw0qcG">heart attack</a> in 1964, and Paramount brought in comic-book veteran <a href="/facts/Howard_Post/jBMjHqCC">Howard Post</a> to run the cartoon studio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Under Post's supervision, Paramount began new cartoon series and characters such as <i>Swifty and Shorty</i> and <i>Honey Halfwitch</i> (the latter having originated from the <i>Modern Madcaps</i> series in the 1965 short <i>Poor Little Witch Girl</i>), and allowed comic strip artist <a href="/facts/Jack_Mendelsohn/xCC4lNxo">Jack Mendelsohn</a> to direct two well-received cartoons based upon children's imaginations and drawing styles: <i>The Story of George Washington</i> and <i>A Leak in the Dike</i> (both 1965).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>However, Post left the studio due to internal conflicts with the Paramount staff. His replacement was <a href="/facts/Shamus_Culhane/Rc1foIga">Shamus Culhane</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/facts/Fleischer_Studios/c8qlRvlY">Fleischer Studios</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Culhane completed a few films that Post started and then ignored the rule book and made films that were very different from the previous regime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> In 1966, the studio subcontracted <i><a href="/facts/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)/Mv61HeRo">The Mighty Thor</a></i> cartoons from <a href="/facts/Grantray-Lawrence_Animation/AuDe3bGY">Grantray-Lawrence Animation</a>, producers of the animated television series <i><a href="/facts/The_Marvel_Super_Heroes/0XVFIoS9">The Marvel Super Heroes</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> In 1967, Culhane directed another short based on children's art, <i>My Daddy, the Astronaut</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> which became Paramount's first film to be shown at an <a href="/facts/List_of_regional_animation_festivals/5KpKMNNL">animation festival</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> However, when Paramount's board of directors rejected a proposal to produce episodes for a second Grantray-Lawrence series, <i><a href="/facts/Spider-Man_(1967_TV_series)/071ozxlY">Spider-Man</a></i>, Culhane quit the studio, and was succeeded by former <a href="/facts/Terrytoons/dEIATgD3">Terrytoons</a> animator <a href="/facts/Ralph_Bakshi/9p6CYJ2r">Ralph Bakshi</a> in mid-1967.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>In 1967 Paramount radically revamped its short-subject release schedule to reflect all-new attractions. Black-and-white subjects were discontinued, as were all cartoon reissues (such as the "Popeye Champions"). The studio retired the <i>Noveltoons</i> and <i>Modern Madcaps</i> series, replacing them with <i>Go Go Toons</i>, <i>Merry Makers</i>, and <i>Fractured Fables</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Ralph Bakshi quickly put several shorts into production, experimenting with new characters and ideas, but by late 1967 Paramount's new owners, <a href="/facts/Gulf%252BWestern/gP3AV4BJ">Gulf+Western</a>, had decided to shut down the animation studio, a task completed in December. The last cartoon from Paramount Cartoon Studios, <i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aNY0I76KpY">Mouse Trek</a></i>, the finale of the <i>Fractured Fables</i> series, premiered on December 31, 1967.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2> <p>Despite the reputation of the studio in recent years, the Famous shorts have since gained a <a href="/facts/Cult_following/bzUD4beU">cult following</a> on both public-domain home media and in animation circles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>The 1961 short <i>Abner the Baseball</i> is displayed at the <a href="/facts/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame/S6us3Lke">Baseball Hall of Fame</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ownership-and-licensing">Ownership and licensing</h2> <p>Throughout the 1950s, most of the major Hollywood studios sold off their film libraries to various television companies. In the case of Paramount, throughout the decade, they sold off the Famous Studios library to various different TV syndication companies resulting in multiple studios owning different cartoons. </p> <h3>U.M. & M. TV Corporation</h3> <p>In January 1956, Paramount sold the Pre-October 1950 Fleischer and Famous Studios cartoons (excluding <i>Popeye</i> and <i>Superman</i>) to <a href="/facts/U.M._%2526_M._TV_Corporation/CQ7QCtSo">U.M. & M. TV Corporation</a> for $3 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> In 1957, U.M & M was bought out by <a href="/facts/National_Telefilm_Associates/lSEFNj1K">National Telefilm Associates</a> (NTA). In the 1980s, NTA changed its name to <a href="/facts/Republic_Pictures/H1vVe5vC">Republic Pictures</a> after the original studio of that name, whose library NTA had also acquired. After a brief period of ownership by <a href="/facts/Spelling_Entertainment/Xdg6xCrj">Spelling Entertainment</a> in 1994, Republic Pictures was purchased by Paramount's parent company <a href="/facts/Viacom_(1952%25E2%2580%25932006)/R8Ymse2h">Viacom</a> in 1996, placing the shorts back in Paramount's control (Republic Pictures was renamed Melange Pictures LLC. in 2006). </p><p>Due to poor attention to then-required copyright renewals over the decades, many of these cartoons are now in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>. </p> <h3><i>Popeye</i> and <i>Superman</i></h3> <p>In June 1956, Paramount sold the entirety of the Fleischer/Famous Studios <i>Popeye</i> cartoons from 1933 to 1957 to <a href="/facts/Associated_Artists_Productions/F1I5n85U">Associated Artists Productions</a> (which had also recently purchased much of the <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros./JRF3lhQ6">Warner Bros.</a> back catalog) for $1.25 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The assets of A.A.P. were in turn purchased by <a href="/facts/United_Artists/4cSJnjrI">United Artists</a> in 1958. In 1981, United Artists merged with <a href="/facts/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/sQdE9Kg2">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> to form MGM/UA. In 1986, <a href="/facts/Ted_Turner/AKYaWLto">Ted Turner</a>'s <a href="/facts/Turner_Broadcasting_System/c9jla2QY">Turner Broadcasting System</a> attempted to acquire MGM/UA, but due to debt concerns, Turner was forced to sell the company back to its previous owner <a href="/facts/Kirk_Kerkorian/1840Dkko">Kirk Kerkorian</a>. However, Turner kept most of the pre-May 1986 MGM library as well as a few portions of the United Artists library, including the former A.A.P. library, and formed his own holding company <a href="/facts/Turner_Entertainment/2TfgMzsF">Turner Entertainment Co.</a> to manage the rights. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting merged with <a href="/facts/WarnerMedia/MvXvu3lU">Time Warner</a> (now <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros._Discovery/0rV6EadW">Warner Bros. Discovery</a>). Since then, <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros./JRF3lhQ6">Warner Bros.</a> controls the rights to the theatrical <i>Popeye</i> cartoons via Turner Entertainment Co. </p><p>As per their original contract, the rights to the <i>Superman</i> cartoons reverted to <a href="/facts/DC_Comics/gvuKz3yL">National Comics</a> after Paramount's deal expired in 1947. While the cartoons themselves are now in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a> after their original copyrights were not renewed, the ancillary rights are still owned by <a href="/facts/DC_Comics/gvuKz3yL">DC Comics</a>, and the cartoons (in authorized editions from the original negatives) are distributed by Warner Bros., which has owned DC since 1969. </p> <h3>Harvey Comics and Harvey Films</h3> <p>In July 1958, Paramount sold off the Famous Studios cartoons made between October 1950 and December 1959, as well as the rights to all original characters created by Famous Studios (Casper, Baby Huey, Herman and Katnip, Little Audrey, etc.) to <a href="/facts/Harvey_Comics/oapDXxGG">Harvey Comics</a> for $1.7 million,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> who in turn created <a href="/facts/Harvey_Films/yWHjclfp">Harvey Films</a> to handle the rights and rebranded the cartoons as <i>Harveytoons</i>. The deal also gave <a href="/facts/American_Broadcasting_Company/WGxg4vRX">ABC</a> television distribution rights to the cartoons for the next 30 years (the rights reverted back to Harvey in 1989) while Paramount retained theatrical rights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> In 1963, Paramount sold its cartoons made between January 1960 and February 1962, again to Harvey Comics, for $1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p><p>In 2001, Harvey Comics was purchased by the holding company <a href="/facts/DreamWorks_Classics/FRUQfjoF">Classic Media</a>. In 2012, Classic Media was purchased by <a href="/facts/DreamWorks_Animation/qXUu6Tmt">DreamWorks Animation</a>, which retains ownership of the cartoons. In 2016, DreamWorks Animation was purchased by <a href="/facts/Comcast/5osy4Q0h">Comcast</a>'s <a href="/facts/NBCUniversal/s4QPPX62">NBCUniversal</a>, with <a href="/facts/Universal_Pictures/2xUCraUP">Universal Pictures</a> assuming the distribution of the cartoons on behalf of DreamWorks. </p><p>However, while NBCUniversal and DreamWorks Animation own the bulk of the rights to the <i>Harveytoons</i> catalog, as per their original 1958 contract, Paramount still retains theatrical rights to the cartoons and thus also controls the original camera negatives. However, the contract also stipulates that Harvey (and by extension, DreamWorks and NBCUniversal) are allowed to access the original film elements from Paramount whenever they feel the need to update their prints.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h3>The later cartoons</h3> <p>Paramount continues to own the rights to the cartoons made from March 1962 to December 1967. </p> <h3>Home media</h3> <p>As of 2021, there has been no official release of the Paramount-owned Famous Studios library. Many of the cartoons are in the public domain and widely available (albeit usually in poor quality) in several low-budget DVDs and Blu-Rays sold in supermarkets and department stores. In 2012, Thunderbean Animation restored and released a collection of public-domain <i>Noveltoons</i> on DVD entitled <i>Noveltoons Original Classics</i>. </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/facts/Warner_Home_Video/QqjE1WEy">Warner Home Video</a> released <i><a href="/facts/Popeye_the_Sailor%3a_1941%25E2%2580%25931943%2c_Volume_3/x76YYlXv">Popeye the Sailor: 1941–1943, Volume 3</a></i>, the third volume of a series of <i>Popeye</i> DVDs. It contained all the black & white Famous Studios <i>Popeye</i> cartoons alongside the last of the Fleischer shorts. In 2018, <a href="/facts/Warner_Archive/gcRhNxGK">Warner Archive</a> released <i><a href="/facts/Popeye_the_Sailor%3a_The_1940s%2c_Volume_1/66VANwUa">Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 1</a></i> which continued where the previous set left off and contained the first 14 Technicolor Famous Studio cartoons from 1943 to 1945. Warner Archive continued the collection with <i><a href="/facts/Popeye_the_Sailor%3a_The_1940s%2c_Volume_2/vXvVJK2p">Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 2</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Popeye_the_Sailor%3a_The_1940s%2c_Volume_3/awU06zcL">Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 3</a></i> officially collecting all the Popeye cartoons from the 1940s. The remaining Famous Studios <i>Popeye</i> cartoons from the 1950s have yet to be released. </p><p>Additionally, in 2006 to coincide with the release of <i><a href="/facts/Superman_Returns/BAJQycRm">Superman Returns</a></i>, Warner Home Video restored and released all the Fleischer and Famous Studios <i>Superman</i> shorts as bonus material on <i>The <a href="/facts/Christopher_Reeve/VRGI1Wvy">Christopher Reeve</a> Superman Collection</i> and <i>Superman Ultimate Collector's Edition</i> box-sets. Later in 2009, Warner Home Video released a standalone DVD set entitled <i>Max Fleischer's Superman: 1941–1942</i> which contained all the Fleischer and Famous Studios <i>Superman</i> shorts. In 2023, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment released a Blu-Ray version entitled <i>Max Fleischer's Superman: 1941–1943</i>. </p><p>During the 1990s, Harvey Entertainment produced <i>The Harveytoons Show</i>, which collected most of the Harvey-owned Famous cartoons, first aired in syndication with the series being consulted by animation historian <a href="/facts/Jerry_Beck/YCXB0u9p">Jerry Beck</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> In 2006, Classic Media released 52 of the show's 78 episodes on a four-disc DVD set titled <i>Harvey Toons – The Complete Collection</i>. In 2011, <a href="/facts/Vivendi_Entertainment/rzCHgqjA">Vivendi Entertainment</a> and Classic Media released all Herman and Katnip cartoons on a single-disc DVD set titled <i>Herman and Katnip: The Complete Collection</i>. Also in 2011, <a href="/facts/Shout!_Factory/gLsHN1Mr">Shout! Factory</a> under license from Classic Media released 61 of 78 Casper cartoons from <i>The Harveytoons Show</i>, on a three-disc DVD set titled <i>Casper the Friendly Ghost: The Complete Collection</i>. On November 2, 2021, <a href="/facts/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment/c4stxYnE">Universal Pictures Home Entertainment</a> (through Studio Distribution Services joint venture label) released a three-disc DVD boxset titled <i>The Best of the Harveytoons Show</i>. </p> <h2 id="filmography">Filmography</h2> <h3>Theatrical short film series</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Popeye_the_Sailor_filmography_(Famous_Studios)/QYzmE18S">Popeye the Sailor</a></i> (1942–1957; inherited from <a href="/facts/Fleischer_Studios/c8qlRvlY">Fleischer Studios</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Superman_(1940s_animated_film_series)/WU7hyYHb">Superman</a></i> (1942–1943; inherited from Fleischer Studios)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Noveltoons/zGF2MXr7">Noveltoons</a></i> (1943–1967) <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost/xfLxfcGL">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a></i> (1945–1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Little_Audrey/wt5hLl3C">Little Audrey</a></i> (1947–1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Baby_Huey/HqGFoYkK">Baby Huey</a></i> (1950–1959)</li> <li><i>Tommy Tortoise and Moe Hare</i> (1953–1957)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Little_Lulu/cKmpnIE4">Little Lulu</a></i> (1943–1948, 1961–1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Screen_Songs/rvbPTsq1">Screen Songs</a></i> (1947–1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost/xfLxfcGL">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a></i> (1950–1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Herman_and_Katnip/CRhz7g7I">Herman and Katnip</a></i> (1950–1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Kartunes/uvCrxJEt">Kartunes</a></i> (1951–1953)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Modern_Madcaps/TmHrPAj6">Modern Madcaps</a></i> (1958–1967) <ul><li><i>Jeepers and Creepers</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>The Cat</i> (1960–1961)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Abner the Baseball</i> (1961; two-reeler special)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li><i>Comic Kings</i> (1962–1963)</li> <li><i>Swifty and Shorty</i> (1964–1965)</li> <li><i>Honey Halfwitch</i> (1965–1967)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li><i>Merry Makers</i> (1967)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li><i>Go Go Toons</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Fractured Fables</i> (1967)</li></ul> <h3>Television series</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Matty%2527s_Funday_Funnies/FY0Yynng">Matty's Funday Funnies</a></i> (1959–1962 episodes only)</li> <li>Segments of <i><a href="/facts/Popeye_the_Sailor_(TV_series)/bECy2VIR">Popeye the Sailor</a></i> (1960–1962; outsourced from King Features)</li> <li>Segments of <i><a href="/facts/King_Features_Syndicate/KPWSDvm7">King Features Trilogy</a></i> (1961–1965; outsourced from King Features) <ul><li>Twelve of the Paramount-produced shorts in this series were released theatrically in 1962 under the title <i>Comic Kings</i>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/The_New_Casper_Cartoon_Show/7PMskh9a">The New Casper Cartoon Show</a></i> (1963–1964, produced for <a href="/facts/Harvey_Films/yWHjclfp">Harvey Films</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)/Mv61HeRo">The Mighty Thor</a></i> segments of <i><a href="/facts/The_Marvel_Super_Heroes/0XVFIoS9">The Marvel Super Heroes</a></i> (1966; outsourced from <a href="/facts/Grantray-Lawrence_Animation/AuDe3bGY">Grantray-Lawrence Animation</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Industrial shorts</h3> <ul><li><i>Electronics At Work</i> (1943)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li><i>It's CSP for Me</i> (1950) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bray_Productions/5kfF9mGw">Bray Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fleischer_Studios/c8qlRvlY">Fleischer Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harvey_Films/yWHjclfp">Harvey Films</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Terrytoons/dEIATgD3">Terrytoons</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paramount_Animation/jYVj4sU3">Paramount Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CBS_Eye_Animation/TShdS0JU">CBS Eye Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_animated_films_in_the_public_domain_in_the_United_States/3c3uWHBG">Public domain animation in the US</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Paramount_Pictures/Famous_Studios/">Famous Studios</a> at <a href="/facts/The_Big_Cartoon_DataBase/ULoM4HFb">The Big Cartoon DataBase</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html">Paramount and Famous Studios at Cartoon Research</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172737/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html">Archived</a> June 26, 2015, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507181338/http://www.davemackey.com/animation/paramount/para40s.html">Famous Studio filmography 1940s</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507181338/http://www.davemackey.com/animation/paramount/para50s.html">Famous Studio filmography 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507181338/http://www.davemackey.com/animation/paramount/para60s.html">Famous Studio filmography 1960s</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic. New York: Plume. Pg. 311 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic. New York: Plume. Pg. 311 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Pg. 116 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons. New York: Oxford University Press. Pgs. 303–305. ISBN 0-19-516729-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Beck, Jerry. "Fleischer Becomes Famous Studios". Cartoon Research. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172737/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172737/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons. New York: Oxford University Press. Pgs. 303–305. ISBN 0-19-516729-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons. New York: Oxford University Press. Pgs. 303–305. ISBN 0-19-516729-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Beck, Jerry. "Fleischer Becomes Famous Studios". Cartoon Research. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172737/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172737/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons. New York: Oxford University Press. Pgs. 303–305. ISBN 0-19-516729-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons. New York: Oxford University Press. Pgs. 303–305. ISBN 0-19-516729-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic. New York: Plume. Pg. 311 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons. New York: Oxford University Press. Pgs. 303–305. ISBN 0-19-516729-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Beck, Jerry. "Fleischer Becomes Famous Studios". Cartoon Research. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172737/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172737/http://www.cartoonresearch.com/paramount.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Animation Profiles: DAN GORDON|Cartoon Research <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/animation-profiles-dan-gordon/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/animation-profiles-dan-gordon/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons. New York: Oxford University Press. Pgs. 303–305. ISBN 0-19-516729-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic. New York: Plume. Pg. 311 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Pg. 313 – 316 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Pg. 312 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Pg. 313 – 316 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Pg. 312 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Pg. 313 – 316 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic. New York: Plume. Pg. 311 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic. New York: Plume. Pg. 311 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Pg. 313 – 316 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 316–319 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 316–319 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 316–319 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1948 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1948/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1948/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1953 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1953/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1953/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1956 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1956/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1956/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1954 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1954/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1954/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1958 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1958/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1958/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1959/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1959/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1961 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1961/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1961/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1967 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1967/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1967/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 316–319 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 316–319 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 316–319 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 316–319 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Paramount Cartoons 1963–64". Cartoon Research. Retrieved October 18, 2024. <a href="http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1963-64/" target="_blank">http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1963-64/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 319–321 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 319–321 <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 319–321 <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Think or Sink: The Flebus of Famous Studios|Cartoon Brew <a href="https://www.cartoonbrew.com/shorts/think-or-sink-the-flebus-of-famous-studios-25995.html" target="_blank">https://www.cartoonbrew.com/shorts/think-or-sink-the-flebus-of-famous-studios-25995.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 321–322 <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1967 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1967/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1967/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 321–322 <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1988). Pg. 321–322 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Boxoffice, "Paramount Release 46 Shorts for "66-'67", July 25, 1966, p. 7. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Mouse Trek (1967) – Fractured Fables Theatrical Cartoon Series|BCDb[dead link] <a href="https://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/1225-Mouse-Trek" target="_blank">https://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/1225-Mouse-Trek</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>The Cult of "Noveltoons"|Cartoon Research <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-cult-of-noveltoons/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-cult-of-noveltoons/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>#Shortstops: Baseball cartoons tell story of the game's popularity|Baseball Hall of Fame <a href="https://baseballhall.org/discover/short-stops/baseball-cartoons-tell-a-story" target="_blank">https://baseballhall.org/discover/short-stops/baseball-cartoons-tell-a-story</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Beck, Jerry (August 31, 2015). "Famous Studios 1955-56". Cartoon Research. cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved January 31, 2023. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/famous-studios-1955-56/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/famous-studios-1955-56/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Beck, Jerry (August 31, 2015). "Famous Studios 1955-56". Cartoon Research. cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved January 31, 2023. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/famous-studios-1955-56/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/famous-studios-1955-56/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Beck, Jerry (September 21, 2015). "Paramount Cartoons 1958-59". Cartoon Research. cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved January 31, 2023. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1958-59/#prettyphoto%5b20836%5d/0/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1958-59/#prettyphoto%5b20836%5d/0/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Beck, Jerry (September 21, 2015). "Paramount Cartoons 1958-59". Cartoon Research. cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved January 31, 2023. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1958-59/#prettyphoto%5b20836%5d/0/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1958-59/#prettyphoto%5b20836%5d/0/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"Paramount Cartoons 1963–64". Cartoon Research. Retrieved October 18, 2024. <a href="http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1963-64/" target="_blank">http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1963-64/</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Beck, Jerry (September 21, 2015). "Paramount Cartoons 1958-59". Cartoon Research. cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved January 31, 2023. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1958-59/#prettyphoto%5b20836%5d/0/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1958-59/#prettyphoto%5b20836%5d/0/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Beck, Jerry (January 23, 2023). "Baby Huey in "Swab The Duck" (1956)". Cartoon Research. cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved March 24, 2023. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/baby-huey-in-swab-the-duck-1956/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/baby-huey-in-swab-the-duck-1956/</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Cooke, Jon (2007). "GAC Review: Harveytoons – The Complete Collection". Golden Age Cartoons. Retrieved September 20, 2014. <a href="http://www.goldenagecartoons.com/2007/harvey/" target="_blank">http://www.goldenagecartoons.com/2007/harvey/</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Beck, Jerry (October 26, 2006). "The "Complete" Harveytoons". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved September 20, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Beck" target="_blank">/wiki/Jerry_Beck</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Kartune Theatrical Series–Famous Studios|BCDB[dead link] <a href="https://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Paramount_Pictures/Famous_Studios/Kartune/" target="_blank">https://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Paramount_Pictures/Famous_Studios/Kartune/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award–1961 -". cartoonresearch.com. <a href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1961/" target="_blank">https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1961/</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 93. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020. <a href="0-8160-3831-7" target="_blank">0-8160-3831-7</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 106. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020. <a href="0-8160-3831-7" target="_blank">0-8160-3831-7</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>""Electronics at Work" (1943) by Famous Studios". September 19, 2012. <a href="https://www.cartoonbrew.com/educational/electronics-at-work-1943-by-famous-studios-70104.html" target="_blank">https://www.cartoonbrew.com/educational/electronics-at-work-1943-by-famous-studios-70104.html</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>"Business screen magazine". 1946. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1950business1949screenmav10v11rich/page/n145/mode/2up?view=theater" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1950business1949screenmav10v11rich/page/n145/mode/2up?view=theater</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>