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Jiao Yu
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<h2 id="life-and-career">Life and career</h2> <p>Jiao Yu was an aspiring scholar in his youth during the <a href="/facts/Yuan_dynasty/mQl0o0XN">Yuan dynasty</a>, but was not accepted into government service. Jiao Yu met an adept <a href="/facts/Daoist/Bk79rd9J">Daoist</a> intellect living in the <a href="/facts/Tiantai_Mountain/m1r9PFpy">Tiantai Mountain</a> known as Chichi Daoren (the "Knowing-when-to-stop Daoist").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Like Jiao Yu, Daoren accepted the teachings of <a href="/facts/Confucius/HrrVtjJp">Confucius</a> and <a href="/facts/Mencius/MYkMN9xA">Mencius</a>, but in military affairs Jiao was convinced that he had inherited the skill of the ancient <a href="/facts/Sun_Tzu/UhVjHf3g">Sun Tzu</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> After Jiao Yu became his <a href="/facts/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9/tWJJD2GV">protégé</a>, Daoren urged Yu to join the cause of Zhu Yuanzhang's rebellion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Daoren had also shared with him various literary works on 'fire-weapons' and their recorded uses in battle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> After joining his ranks, Jiao Yu became one of Zhu Yuanzhang's trusted confidants in the <a href="/facts/Red_Turban_Rebellion/j2uB9gT7">Red Turban Rebellion</a> against the Yuan dynasty. Zhu was impressed with Jiao's knowledge of <a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">firearms</a> which he had earlier acquired from Daoren, yet Zhu wanted to test their abilities. Zhu ordered his officer Xu Da to provide a demonstration of their destructive capabilities, and after the display Zhu Yuanzhang was most impressed with their power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>With the aid of Jiao's 'fire-weapons', Zhu's army, once stationed in <a href="/facts/Hezhou/f2p1BEuP">Hezhou</a> among a plethora of different rebel groups in surrounding towns, conquered <a href="/facts/Jingzhou/48gfdG7L">Jingzhou</a> and Xiangzhou in one expedition. In the second expedition the provinces of Jiang and Zhe, and in the third campaign the entire province of <a href="/facts/Fujian/Knjv0XCG">Fujian</a> was taken, including its surrounding waterways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> After this, Zhu's army captured the whole of <a href="/facts/Shandong/7IyuMEdW">Shandong</a> in one campaign, strengthening his base while the authority of the Mongol regime at Beijing was collapsing all around.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Zhu finally drove the Mongols north in 1367, establishing a new capital at <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> soon after while Beijing became the secondary capital. </p><p>After the successful rebellion and establishment of Zhu Yuanzhang as the Ming dynasty's new Hongwu Emperor, Jiao was charged with manufacturing firearms for the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Jiao was eventually appointed as the head officer of the enormous Shen Zhi Ying <a href="/facts/Armory_(military)/UPkcSzvY">Armory</a>, where multitudes of manufactured guns and artillery were deposited for storage and safekeeping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Proper maintenance and safety measures for gunpowder <a href="/facts/Arsenal/UPkcSzvY">arsenals</a> were taken very seriously during Jiao's time due to the memory of previous disasters during the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a>, such as Prime Minister Zhao Nanchong's personal arsenal catching fire and exploding in 1260 AD,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> alongside the monumental disaster of the enormous <a href="/facts/Weiyang_District,_Yangzhou/jIBdAdYQ">Weiyang</a> arsenal accidentally catching fire in 1280 AD and killing more than 100 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> With Zhu Yuanzhang in power over the government, he established various production facilities in the capital at Nanjing for the manufacture of gunpowder and fire-weapons, stored in various arsenals throughout the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The Hongwu Emperor established a new Gunpowder Department in the central administration of the capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Jiao Yu placed a lot of emphasis on the importance of fire-weapons, as he once wrote in a preface to his book, "the very existence or destruction of the Empire, and the lives of the whole armed forces depend on the exact timing of these weapons. This is what fire-weapons are all about."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Along with the scholar, general, and court adviser <a href="/facts/Liu_Bowen/NKKEIaEC">Liu Bowen</a> (1311–1375), Jiao Yu became an editor of the 14th century military treatise known as the <i><a href="/facts/Huolongjing/YXxc0qmd">Huolongjing</a></i> (Fire Drake Manual).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Nanyang,_Henan/UJ9CBkBW">Nanyang</a> publication of the book, known as the <i>Huolongjing Quanzhi</i> (Fire Drake Manual in One Complete Volume) featured a preface written by Jiao Yu much later in 1412 AD. Both publications falsely attributed the earliest passages of the book to the ancient Chinese Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Zhuge_Liang/UySJ22jg">Zhuge Liang</a> (181–234 AD) of the <a href="/facts/Shu_Han/Cm0s5BIV">Shu Han</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> even though <a href="/facts/Gunpowder_warfare/B6o31aSx">gunpowder warfare</a> did not exist in China until the advent of the gunpowder-<a href="/facts/Fuse_(explosives)/BLv0GeAN">fuse</a>-ignited <a href="/facts/Flamethrower/rQ6djWsx">flamethrower</a> (<a href="/facts/Pen_Huo_Qi/dnfzJPML">Pen Huo Qi</a>) in the 10th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The oldest passages found in the <i>Huolongjing</i> were collected from sources no earlier than circa 1270 AD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Although Jiao Yu's biography does not appear in the <i><a href="/facts/History_of_Ming/A47QfPE3">History of Ming</a></i> (1739), Yu was mentioned in Zhao Shizhen's <i>Shenqipu</i> (1598 AD), He Rubin's <i>Binglu</i> (1606 AD), and Jiao Xu's <i>Zekelu</i> (1643 AD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> His text <i>Huolongjing</i> was reprinted in the 19th century, during the late <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="the-huolongjing">The Huolongjing</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Huolongjing/YXxc0qmd">Huolongjing</a></p> <p>The <i><a href="/facts/Huolongjing/YXxc0qmd">Huolongjing</a></i> (Chinese: 火龍神器陣灋), compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Zhi, outlined the use of many different gunpowder weapons found in China during the 14th century. It provided information for: </p> <ul><li>Various gunpowder compositions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of the Chinese hollow <a href="/facts/Cast_iron/lASt55k2">cast iron</a> <a href="/facts/Grenade/Du3rHfGB">grenade</a> bomb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of the Chinese <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">fire arrow</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of explosive <a href="/facts/Land_mines/D5AkxUF9">land mines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of explosive <a href="/facts/Naval_mines/jo9uVY9U">naval mines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lances</a> and proto-guns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of <a href="/facts/Bombard_(weapon)/JfpbsnQb">bombards</a> and <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of hollow, gunpowder-packed exploding <a href="/facts/Round_shot/SGXTvIIv">cannonballs</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of handguns with possible serpentines used as components in <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>Description of <a href="/facts/Rocket_launcher/uutVgxAz">rocket launchers</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> and two-stage <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rockets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>Descriptions of <a href="/facts/Wing/6v6VAUT2">winged</a> rockets with <a href="/facts/Fin/H2Rjvfo3">fins</a> attached for better <a href="/facts/Aerodynamic/Cn6Lnl3H">aerodynamic</a> stability<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Technology_of_the_Song_dynasty/pbUEVJ5G">Technology of the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_firearms/Uz2F7ndY">History of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gunpowder_warfare/B6o31aSx">Gunpowder warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black_powder/AEcB6HCR">Black powder</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tangdao/dCP4vl3y">Battle of Tangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Caishi/53sTt4DM">Battle of Caishi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang/VtC6xqBr">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Liu_Bowen/NKKEIaEC">Liu Bowen</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/">Chinese Siege Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Chinese_fire-arrows.html">Chinese Fire Arrows</a></li> <li><a href="http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockethistory.htm">The History of Early Fireworks and Fire Arrows</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410191224/https://www.thoughtco.com/early-fireworks-and-fire-arrows-4070603">Archived</a> 2020-04-10 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/miltech/firearms.htm">Gunpowder and Firearms in China</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 26. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 31. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 26. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 29. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 29. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 31. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 31. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 209. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 209–210. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 31. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 29. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 25. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 25. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 82. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 24. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 25. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 180–187. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 183. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 153–154. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 192–196. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 203–205. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 229. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 314–325. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 264. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 459. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 489. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 508. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 498–503. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>