Quantum mind

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<a href="/facts/Eugene_Wigner/HvWgw4KX">Eugene Wigner</a> developed the idea that quantum mechanics has something to do with the workings of the mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> He proposed that the <a href="/facts/Wave_function_collapse/f7KvbBHK">wave function collapses</a> due to its interaction with consciousness. <a href="/facts/Freeman_Dyson/kSRxTh2r">Freeman Dyson</a> argued that "mind, as manifested by the capacity to make choices, is to some extent inherent in every electron".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
Other contemporary physicists and philosophers considered these arguments unconvincing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> <a href="/facts/Victor_Stenger/YUVo55qy">Victor Stenger</a> characterized quantum consciousness as a "myth" having "no scientific basis" that "should take its place along with gods, unicorns and dragons".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
<a href="/facts/David_Chalmers/poKbqEWc">David Chalmers</a> argues against quantum consciousness. He instead discusses how <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a> may relate to <a href="/facts/Mind%25E2%2580%2593body_dualism/IbrW6R7C">dualistic consciousness</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Chalmers is skeptical that any new physics can resolve the <a href="/facts/Hard_problem_of_consciousness/Um6k4wz6">hard problem of consciousness</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> He argues that quantum theories of consciousness suffer from the same weakness as more conventional theories. Just as he argues that there is no particular reason why particular macroscopic physical features in the brain should give rise to consciousness, he also thinks that there is no particular reason why a particular quantum feature, such as the EM field in the brain, should give rise to consciousness either.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h2 id="approaches">Approaches</h2>
<h3>Bohm and Hiley</h3>

<a href="/facts/David_Bohm/c43gKR8Q">David Bohm</a> viewed <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum theory</a> and <a href="/facts/Theory_of_relativity/qGHj3eTC">relativity</a> as contradictory, which implied a more fundamental level in the universe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> He claimed that both quantum theory and relativity pointed to this deeper theory, a <a href="/facts/Quantum_field_theory/VoewsNJV">quantum field theory</a>. This more fundamental level was proposed to represent an undivided wholeness and an <a href="/facts/Implicate_order/27sKcNcl">implicate order</a>, from which arises the <a href="/facts/Explicate_order/27sKcNcl">explicate order</a> of the universe as we experience it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
Bohm's proposed order applies both to matter and consciousness. He suggested that it could explain the relationship between them. He saw mind and matter as projections into our explicate order from the underlying implicate order. Bohm claimed that when we look at matter, we see nothing that helps us to understand consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Bohm never proposed a specific means by which his proposal could be falsified, nor a neural mechanism through which his "implicate order" could emerge in a way relevant to consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> He later collaborated on <a href="/facts/Karl_H._Pribram/Yr3ItFQY">Karl Pribram</a>'s <a href="/facts/Holonomic_brain_theory/b3nPqRLV">holonomic brain theory</a> as a model of quantum consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
<a href="/facts/David_Bohm/c43gKR8Q">David Bohm</a> also collaborated with <a href="/facts/Basil_Hiley/z9Wphu2d">Basil Hiley</a> on work that claimed <a href="/facts/Thought/loD3aFv9">mind and matter</a> both <a href="/facts/Implicate_and_explicate_order_according_to_David_Bohm/27sKcNcl">emerge from an "implicate order"</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Hiley in turn worked with philosopher <a href="/facts/Paavo_Pylkk%25C3%25A4nen/3Px6Tnzs">Paavo Pylkkänen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> According to Pylkkänen, Bohm's suggestion "leads naturally to the assumption that the physical correlate of the <a href="/facts/Logical_thinking/x7j7f8W9">logical thinking</a> process is at the classically describable level of the brain, while the basic thinking process is at the quantum-theoretically describable level".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h3>Penrose and Hameroff</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Orchestrated_objective_reduction/FgewXWoS">Orchestrated objective reduction</a>
Theoretical physicist <a href="/facts/Roger_Penrose/r4mlrFUH">Roger Penrose</a> and <a href="/facts/Anaesthesiologist/hyfr9hRt">anaesthesiologist</a> <a href="/facts/Stuart_Hameroff/YX1mr9GP">Stuart Hameroff</a> collaborated to produce the theory known as "<a href="/facts/Orchestrated_objective_reduction/FgewXWoS">orchestrated objective reduction</a>" (Orch-OR). Penrose and Hameroff initially developed their ideas separately and later collaborated to produce Orch-OR in the early 1990s. They reviewed and updated their theory in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
Penrose's argument stemmed from <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25B6del%2527s_incompleteness_theorems/du8PRu8g">Gödel's incompleteness theorems</a>. In his first book on consciousness, <a href="/facts/The_Emperor%2527s_New_Mind/eYAE87Yl">The Emperor's New Mind</a> (1989),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> he argued that while a formal system cannot prove its own consistency, Gödel's unprovable results are provable by human mathematicians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Penrose took this to mean that human mathematicians are not formal proof systems and not running a computable algorithm. According to Bringsjord and Xiao, this line of reasoning is based on fallacious <a href="/facts/Equivocation/t7xE4hRV">equivocation</a> on the meaning of computation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> In the same book, Penrose wrote: "One might speculate, however, that somewhere deep in the brain, cells are to be found of single quantum sensitivity. If this proves to be the case, then quantum mechanics will be significantly involved in brain activity."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>: 400 
Penrose determined that <a href="/facts/Wave_function_collapse/f7KvbBHK">wave function collapse</a> was the only possible physical basis for a non-computable process. Dissatisfied with its randomness, he proposed a new form of wave function collapse that occurs in isolation and called it objective reduction. He suggested each quantum superposition has its own piece of spacetime curvature and that when these become separated by more than one <a href="/facts/Planck_length/4o04JYdD">Planck length</a>, they become unstable and collapse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Penrose suggested that objective reduction represents neither randomness nor algorithmic processing but instead a non-computable influence in <a href="/facts/Spacetime/uRIN1x4b">spacetime</a> geometry from which mathematical understanding and, by later extension, consciousness derives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
Hameroff provided a hypothesis that <a href="/facts/Microtubule/ENL1TxSe">microtubules</a> would be suitable hosts for quantum behavior.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Microtubules are composed of <a href="/facts/Tubulin/j4Bk2wcL">tubulin</a> <a href="/facts/Protein_dimer/c8LwFJPG">protein dimer</a> subunits. The dimers each have <a href="/facts/Hydrophobic/Ifya0CXQ">hydrophobic</a> pockets that are 8 nm apart and may contain delocalized <a href="/facts/%25CE%25A0_electrons/3Q6LAGYK">π electrons</a>. Tubulins have other smaller non-polar regions that contain π-electron-rich <a href="/facts/Indole/HT72P6e6">indole</a> rings separated by about 2 nm. Hameroff proposed that these electrons are close enough to become entangled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> He originally suggested that the tubulin-subunit electrons would form a <a href="/facts/Bose%25E2%2580%2593Einstein_condensate/76peCwfW">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>, but this was discredited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> He then proposed a Frohlich condensate, a hypothetical coherent oscillation of dipolar molecules, but this too was experimentally discredited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
For instance, the proposed predominance of A-lattice microtubules, more suitable for information processing, was falsified by Kikkawa et al.,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> who showed that all in vivo microtubules have a B lattice and a seam. Orch-OR predicted that microtubule coherence reaches the synapses through dendritic lamellar bodies (DLBs), but De Zeeuw et al. proved this impossible<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> by showing that DLBs are micrometers away from gap junctions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
In 2014, Hameroff and Penrose claimed that the discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules by <a href="/facts/Anirban_Bandyopadhyay/08VLRsCs">Anirban Bandyopadhyay</a> of the <a href="/facts/National_Institute_for_Materials_Science/ENMjR4cK">National Institute for Materials Science</a> in Japan in March 2013<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> corroborates Orch-OR theory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Experiments that showed that anaesthetic drugs reduce how long microtubules can sustain suspected quantum excitations appear to support the quantum theory of consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
In April 2022, the results of two related experiments at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Alberta/08ERvE5c">University of Alberta</a> and <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton University</a> were announced at <a href="/facts/The_Science_of_Consciousness/tS49I5nX">The Science of Consciousness</a> conference, providing further evidence to support quantum processes operating within microtubules. In a study <a href="/facts/Stuart_Hameroff/YX1mr9GP">Stuart Hameroff</a> was part of, <a href="/facts/Jack_Tuszy%25C5%2584ski/RDgvP3tq">Jack Tuszyński</a> of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Alberta/08ERvE5c">University of Alberta</a> demonstrated that anesthetics hasten the duration of a process called delayed luminescence, in which microtubules and tubulins re-emit trapped light. Tuszyński suspects that the phenomenon has a quantum origin, with <a href="/facts/Superradiance/p0Mr8vEv">superradiance</a> being investigated as one possibility. In the second experiment, <a href="/facts/Gregory_D._Scholes/741WMwII">Gregory D. Scholes</a> and Aarat Kalra of <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton University</a> used lasers to excite molecules within tubulins, causing a prolonged excitation to diffuse through microtubules further than expected, which did not occur when repeated under anesthesia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> However, diffusion results have to be interpreted carefully, since even classical diffusion can be very complex due to the wide range of length scales in the fluid filled extracellular space.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">University of Oxford</a> quantum physicist <a href="/facts/Vlatko_Vedral/eA5FmQ92">Vlatko Vedral</a> told that this connection with consciousness is a really long shot.
Also in 2022, a group of Italian physicists conducted several experiments that failed to provide evidence in support of a gravity-related quantum collapse model of consciousness, weakening the possibility of a quantum explanation for consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
Although these theories are stated in a scientific framework, it is difficult to separate them from scientists' personal opinions. The opinions are often based on intuition or subjective ideas about the nature of consciousness. For example, Penrose wrote:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<blockquote>
[M]y own point of view asserts that you can't even simulate conscious activity. What's going on in conscious thinking is something you couldn't properly imitate at all by computer.... If something behaves as though it's conscious, do you say it is conscious? People argue endlessly about that. Some people would say, "Well, you've got to take the operational viewpoint; we don't know what consciousness is. How do you judge whether a person is conscious or not? Only by the way they act. You apply the same criterion to a computer or a computer-controlled robot." Other people would say, "No, you can't say it feels something merely because it behaves as though it feels something." My view is different from both those views. The robot wouldn't even behave convincingly as though it was conscious unless it really was—which I say it couldn't be, if it's entirely computationally controlled.

</blockquote>
Penrose continues:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<blockquote>
A lot of what the brain does you could do on a computer. I'm not saying that all the brain's action is completely different from what you do on a computer. I am claiming that the actions of consciousness are something different. I'm not saying that consciousness is beyond physics, either—although I'm saying that it's beyond the physics we know now.... My claim is that there has to be something in physics that we don't yet understand, which is very important, and which is of a noncomputational character. It's not specific to our brains; it's out there, in the physical world. But it usually plays a totally insignificant role. It would have to be in the bridge between quantum and classical levels of behavior—that is, where quantum measurement comes in.

</blockquote>
<h3>Umezawa, Vitiello, Freeman</h3>
<a href="/facts/Hiroomi_Umezawa/4oJyjnhK">Hiroomi Umezawa</a> and collaborators proposed a quantum field theory of memory storage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Giuseppe Vitiello and <a href="/facts/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_III/YgQQTK8t">Walter Freeman</a> proposed a dialog model of the mind. This dialog takes place between the classical and the quantum parts of the brain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Their quantum field theory models of brain dynamics are fundamentally different from the Penrose–Hameroff theory.

<h4>Quantum brain dynamics</h4>
As described by Harald Atmanspacher, "Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness."

<blockquote>The original motivation in the early 20th century for relating quantum theory to consciousness was essentially philosophical. It is fairly plausible that conscious free decisions (“free will”) are <a href="/facts/Incompatibilism/g51vFRMU">problematic in a perfectly deterministic world</a>, so quantum randomness might indeed open up novel possibilities for free will. (On the other hand, randomness is problematic for goal-directed volition!)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></blockquote>
Ricciardi and Umezawa proposed in 1967 a general theory of quanta of long-range <a href="/facts/Coherence_(physics)/NF1Rgdoa">coherent</a> waves within and between brain cells, and showed a possible mechanism of memory storage and retrieval in terms of <a href="/facts/Nambu%25E2%2580%2593Goldstone_boson/zGBpWRYU">Nambu–Goldstone bosons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> 
Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue later popularized these results under the name "quantum brain dynamics" (QBD) as the hypothesis to explain the function of the <a href="/facts/Brain/Xo5ABfXl">brain</a> within the framework of <a href="/facts/Quantum_field_theory/VoewsNJV">quantum field theory</a> with implications on consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>

<h3>Pribram</h3>
<a href="/facts/Karl_H._Pribram/Yr3ItFQY">Karl Pribram</a>'s <a href="/facts/Holonomic_brain_theory/b3nPqRLV">holonomic brain theory</a> (quantum holography) invoked quantum field theory to explain higher-order processing of memory in the brain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> He argued that his holonomic model solved the <a href="/facts/Binding_problem/FVQUUuBx">binding problem</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Pribram collaborated with Bohm in his work on quantum approaches to the thought process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Pribram suggested much of the processing in the brain was done in distributed fashion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> He proposed that the fine fibered, felt-like <a href="/facts/Dendrite/bwv8MABY">dendritic</a> fields might follow the principles of <a href="/facts/Quantum_field_theory/VoewsNJV">quantum field theory</a> when storing and retrieving long term memory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>

<h3>Stapp</h3>
<a href="/facts/Henry_Stapp/jLXj1cbJ">Henry Stapp</a> proposed that quantum waves are reduced only when they interact with consciousness. He argues from the orthodox quantum mechanics of <a href="/facts/John_von_Neumann/aUk6urof">John von Neumann</a>[clarify] that the quantum state collapses when the observer selects one among the alternative quantum possibilities as a basis for future action. The collapse, therefore, takes place in the expectation that the observer associated with the state. Stapp's work drew criticism from scientists such as David Bourget and Danko Georgiev.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>

<h3>Catecholaminergic neuron electron transport (CNET)</h3>
CNET is a hypothesized neural signaling mechanism in catecholaminergic neurons that would use quantum mechanical electron transport.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> The hypothesis is based in part on the observation by many independent researchers that electron tunneling occurs in ferritin, an iron storage protein that is prevalent in those neurons, at room temperature and ambient conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> The hypothesized function of this mechanism is to assist in action selection, but the mechanism itself would be capable of integrating millions of cognitive and sensory neural signals using a physical mechanism associated with strong electron-electron interactions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> Each tunneling event would involve a collapse of an electron wave function, but the collapse would be incidental to the physical effect created by strong electron-electron interactions.
CNET predicted a number of physical properties of these neurons that have been subsequently observed experimentally, such as electron tunneling in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) tissue and the presence of disordered arrays of ferritin in SNc tissue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> The hypothesis also predicted that disordered ferritin arrays like those found in SNc tissue should be capable of supporting long-range electron transport and providing a switching or routing function, both of which have also been subsequently observed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
Another prediction of CNET was that the largest SNc neurons should mediate action selection. This prediction was contrary to earlier proposals about the function of those neurons at that time, which were based on predictive reward dopamine signaling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> A team led by Dr. Pascal Kaeser of Harvard Medical School subsequently demonstrated that those neurons do in fact code movement, consistent with the earlier predictions of CNET.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> While the CNET mechanism has not yet been directly observed, it may be possible to do so using quantum dot fluorophores tagged to ferritin or other methods for detecting electron tunneling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>
CNET is applicable to a number of different consciousness models as a binding or action selection mechanism, such as <a href="/facts/Integrated_information_theory/71QHJeso">Integrated Information Theory</a> (IIT) and <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Sensorimotor_theory_of_consciousness">Sensorimotor Theory</a> (SMT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> It is noted that many existing models of consciousness fail to specifically address action selection or binding. For example, O’Regan and Noë call binding a “pseudo problem,” but also state that “the fact that object attributes seem perceptually to be part of a single object does not require them to be ‘represented’ in any unified kind of way, for example, at a single location in the brain, or by a single process. They may be so represented, but there is no logical necessity for this.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Simply because there is no “logical necessity” for a physical phenomenon does not mean that it does not exist, or that once it is identified that it can be ignored. Likewise, <a href="/facts/Global_workspace_theory/FKk2yzmI">global workspace theory</a> (GWT) models appear to treat dopamine as modulatory,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> based on the prior understanding of those neurons from predictive reward dopamine signaling research, but GWT models could be adapted to include modeling of moment-by-moment activity in the striatum to mediate action selection, as observed by Kaiser. CNET is applicable to those neurons as a selection mechanism for that function, as otherwise that function could result in seizures from simultaneous actuation of competing sets of neurons. While CNET by itself is not a model of consciousness, it is able to integrate different models of consciousness through neural binding and action selection. However, a more complete understanding of how CNET might relate to consciousness would require a better understanding of strong electron-electron interactions in ferritin arrays, which implicates the <a href="/facts/Many-body_problem/n2rIxgwv">many-body problem</a>.

<h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2>
These hypotheses of the quantum mind remain hypothetical speculation, as Penrose admits in his discussions. Until they make a prediction that is tested by experimentation, the hypotheses are not based on empirical evidence. In 2010, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Krauss/8K0crxdf">Lawrence Krauss</a> was guarded in criticising Penrose's ideas. He said: "Roger Penrose has given lots of new-age crackpots ammunition... Many people are dubious that Penrose's suggestions are reasonable, because the brain is not an isolated quantum-mechanical system. To some extent it could be, because memories are stored at the molecular level, and at a molecular level quantum mechanics is significant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> According to Krauss, "It is true that quantum mechanics is extremely strange, and on extremely small scales for short times, all sorts of weird things happen. And in fact, we can make weird quantum phenomena happen. But what quantum mechanics doesn't change about the universe is, if you want to change things, you still have to do something. You can't change the world by thinking about it."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a>
The process of testing the hypotheses with experiments is fraught with conceptual/theoretical, practical, and ethical problems.

<h3>Conceptual problems</h3>
The idea that a quantum effect is necessary for consciousness to function is still in the realm of philosophy. Penrose proposes that it is necessary, but other theories of consciousness do not indicate that it is needed. For example, <a href="/facts/Daniel_Dennett/I5bzs3V6">Daniel Dennett</a> proposed a theory called <a href="/facts/Multiple_drafts_model/Bdx4s7q0">multiple drafts model</a>, which doesn't indicate that quantum effects are needed, in his 1991 book <a href="/facts/Consciousness_Explained/yDH5bWBu">Consciousness Explained</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> A philosophical argument on either side is not a scientific proof, although philosophical analysis can indicate key differences in the types of models and show what type of experimental differences might be observed. But since there is no clear consensus among philosophers, there is no conceptual support that a quantum mind theory is needed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a>
A possible conceptual approach is to use quantum mechanics as an analogy to understand a different field of study like consciousness, without expecting that the laws of quantum physics will apply. An example of this approach is the idea of <a href="/facts/Schr%25C3%25B6dinger%2527s_cat/UpNp6vVu">Schrödinger's cat</a>. <a href="/facts/Erwin_Schr%25C3%25B6dinger/wCprepF2">Erwin Schrödinger</a> described how one could, in principle, create entanglement of a large-scale system by making it dependent on an elementary particle in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's survival depended on the state of a <a href="/facts/Radioactive_decay/Ya6FVjt4">radioactive</a> atom—whether it had decayed and emitted radiation. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat is both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> But since Schrödinger's time, physicists have given other <a href="/facts/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics/WEjlzVPl">interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics</a>, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Schrödinger's famous <a href="/facts/Thought_experiment/GXlr0lz9">thought experiment</a> poses the question of when a system stops existing as a quantum superposition of states. In the same way, one can ask whether the act of making a decision is analogous to having a superposition of states of two decision outcomes, so that making a decision means "opening the box" to reduce the brain from a combination of states to one state. This analogy of decision-making uses a formalism derived from quantum mechanics, but does not indicate the actual mechanism by which the decision is made.
In this way, the idea is similar to <a href="/facts/Quantum_cognition/FpKj2QY6">quantum cognition</a>. This field clearly distinguishes itself from the quantum mind, as it is not reliant on the hypothesis that there is something micro-physical quantum-mechanical about the brain. Quantum cognition is based on the quantum-like paradigm,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> generalized quantum paradigm,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> or quantum structure paradigm<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> that information processing by complex systems such as the brain can be mathematically described in the framework of quantum information and quantum probability theory. This model uses quantum mechanics only as an analogy and does not propose that quantum mechanics is the physical mechanism by which it operates. For example, quantum cognition proposes that some decisions can be analyzed as if there is interference between two alternatives, but it is not a physical quantum interference effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>

<h3>Practical problems</h3>
The main theoretical argument against the quantum-mind hypothesis is the assertion that quantum states in the brain would lose coherency before they reached a scale where they could be useful for neural processing. This supposition was elaborated by <a href="/facts/Max_Tegmark/4Y3DefCk">Max Tegmark</a>. His calculations indicate that quantum systems in the brain decohere at sub-picosecond timescales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> No response by a brain has shown computational results or reactions on this fast of a timescale. Typical reactions are on the order of milliseconds, trillions of times longer than sub-picosecond timescales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>
Daniel Dennett uses an experimental result in support of his <a href="/facts/Multiple_drafts_model/Bdx4s7q0">multiple drafts model</a> of <a href="/facts/Color_phi_phenomenon/a07VQN9F">an optical illusion</a> that happens on a timescale of less than a second or so. In this experiment, two different-colored lights, with an angular separation of a few degrees at the eye, are flashed in succession. If the interval between the flashes is less than a second or so, the first light that is flashed appears to move across to the position of the second light. Furthermore, the light seems to change color as it moves across the visual field. A green light will appear to turn red as it seems to move across to the position of a red light. Dennett asks how we could see the light change color before the second light is observed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> Velmans argues that the <a href="/facts/Cutaneous_rabbit_illusion/vMwjDQj5">cutaneous rabbit illusion</a>, another illusion that happens in about a second, demonstrates that there is a delay while modelling occurs in the brain and that this delay was discovered by <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Libet/Q9o4lInW">Libet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> These slow illusions that happen at times of less than a second do not support a proposal that the brain functions on the picosecond timescale.
Penrose says:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a>

<blockquote>
The problem with trying to use quantum mechanics in the action of the brain is that if it were a matter of quantum nerve signals, these nerve signals would disturb the rest of the material in the brain, to the extent that the quantum coherence would get lost very quickly. You couldn't even attempt to build a quantum computer out of ordinary nerve signals, because they're just too big and in an environment that's too disorganized. Ordinary nerve signals have to be treated classically. But if you go down to the level of the microtubules, then there's an extremely good chance that you can get quantum-level activity inside them.
For my picture, I need this quantum-level activity in the microtubules; the activity has to be a large-scale thing that goes not just from one microtubule to the next but from one nerve cell to the next, across large areas of the brain. We need some kind of coherent activity of a quantum nature which is weakly coupled to the computational activity that Hameroff argues is taking place along the microtubules.
There are various avenues of attack. One is directly on the physics, on quantum theory, and there are certain experiments that people are beginning to perform, and various schemes for a modification of quantum mechanics. I don't think the experiments are sensitive enough yet to test many of these specific ideas. One could imagine experiments that might test these things, but they'd be very hard to perform.

</blockquote>
Penrose also said in an interview:

<blockquote>
...whatever consciousness is, it must be beyond computable physics.... It's not that consciousness depends on quantum mechanics, it's that it depends on where our current theories of quantum mechanics go wrong. It's to do with a theory that we don't know yet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>

</blockquote>
A demonstration of a quantum effect in the brain has to explain this problem or explain why it is not relevant, or that the brain somehow circumvents the problem of the loss of quantum coherency at body temperature. As Penrose proposes, it may require a new type of physical theory, something "we don't know yet."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>

<h3>Ethical problems</h3>
<a href="/facts/Deepak_Chopra/KKQg5bqJ">Deepak Chopra</a> has referred a "quantum soul" existing "apart from the body",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> human "access to a field of infinite possibilities",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> and other <a href="/facts/Quantum_mysticism/ATQ19f3x">quantum mysticism</a> topics such as <a href="/facts/Quantum_healing/KKQg5bqJ">quantum healing</a> or quantum effects of consciousness. Seeing the human body as being undergirded by a "quantum-mechanical body" composed not of matter but of energy and information, he believes that "human aging is fluid and changeable; it can speed up, slow down, stop for a time, and even reverse itself", as determined by one's state of mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> <a href="/facts/Robert_Todd_Carroll/0JzqlXe0">Robert Carroll</a> states that Chopra attempts to integrate <a href="/facts/Ayurveda/XCgFAdb3">Ayurveda</a> with quantum mechanics to justify his teachings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> Chopra argues that what he calls "quantum healing" cures any manner of ailments, including cancer, through effects that he claims are based on the same principles as quantum mechanics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> This has led physicists to object to his use of the term quantum in reference to medical conditions and the human body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> Chopra said: "I think quantum theory has a lot of things to say about the <a href="/facts/Observer_effect_(physics)/PCoxTxLU">observer effect</a>, about non-locality, about correlations. So I think there’s a school of physicists who believe that consciousness has to be equated, or at least brought into the equation, in understanding quantum mechanics."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> On the other hand, he also claims that quantum effects are "just a metaphor. Just like an electron or a photon is an indivisible unit of information and energy, a thought is an indivisible unit of consciousness."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> In his book Quantum Healing, Chopra stated the conclusion that <a href="/facts/Quantum_entanglement/afzslwN0">quantum entanglement</a> links everything in the Universe, and therefore it must create consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>
According to Daniel Dennett, "On this topic, Everybody's an expert... but they think that they have a particular personal authority about the nature of their own conscious experiences that can trump any hypothesis they find unacceptable."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>
While quantum effects are significant in the physiology of the brain, critics of quantum mind hypotheses challenge whether the effects of known or speculated quantum phenomena in biology scale up to have significance in neuronal computation, much less the emergence of consciousness as phenomenon. Daniel Dennett said, "Quantum effects are there in your car, your watch, and your computer. But most things—most macroscopic objects—are, as it were, oblivious to quantum effects. They don't amplify them; they don't hinge on them."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Artificial_consciousness/JWjqEWFc">Artificial consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bohm_interpretation/NysDBVeq">Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Coincidence_detection_in_neurobiology/MA0a0hpT">Coincidence detection in neurobiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Critical_brain_hypothesis/2WUWmXyU">Critical brain hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness/IP4fltKV">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Evolutionary_neuroscience/oD2ERUET">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Orch-OR/FgewXWoS">Hameroff-Penrose Orchestrated Objective Reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hard_problem_of_consciousness/Um6k4wz6">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Holonomic_brain_theory/b3nPqRLV">Holonomic brain theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Many-minds_interpretation/3ynRS4RQ">Many-minds interpretation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mechanism_(philosophy)/Tk5eTY06">Mechanism (philosophy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Neuroplasticity/c0o0fvVm">Neuroplasticity</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Quantum_cognition/FpKj2QY6">Quantum cognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Quantum_neural_network/gk3g7gJz">Quantum neural network</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>Georgiev, Danko D. (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtRBDwAAQBAJ">Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction</a>. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781138104488. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1003273264">1003273264</a>.</li>
<li>Hodgson, David (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrvAQgAACAAJ">The Mind Matters: Consciousness and Choice in a Quantum World</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-824068-6.</li>
<li>Koch, Christof; Hepp, Klaus (2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F440611a">"Quantum mechanics in the brain"</a>. Nature. 440 (7084): 611–612. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..611K">2006Natur.440..611K</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F440611a">10.1038/440611a</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16572152">16572152</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5085015">5085015</a>.</li>
<li>Litt, Abninder; Eliasmith, Chris; Kroon, Frederick W.; Weinstein, Steven; Thagard, Paul (2006). <a href="http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~celiasmi/Papers/litt%20et%20al.2006.quantum%20brain.cogsci.pdf">"Is the brain a quantum computer?"</a> (PDF). Cognitive Science. 30 (3): 593–603. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0000_59">10.1207/s15516709cog0000_59</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702826">21702826</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Michael_Lockwood_(philosopher)/LCHRgCfs">Lockwood, Michael</a> (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUducgAACAAJ">Mind, Brain, and the Quantum: The Compound 'I'</a>. Basil Blackwell.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Johnjoe_McFadden/csKCKUJH">McFadden, Johnjoe</a> (2000) <a href="http://www.surrey.ac.uk/qe/quantumevolution.htm">Quantum Evolution</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623041743/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/qe/quantumevolution.htm">Archived</a> 2016-06-23 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> HarperCollins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-00-255948-X; <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-00-655128-9 . Final chapter on the quantum mind.</li>
<li>Musser, George (17 January 2024). <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26134740-800-can-quantum-hints-in-the-brain-revive-a-radical-consciousness-theory/">"Can quantum hints in the brain revive a radical consciousness theory?"</a>. New Scientist. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</li>
<li>Rosenblum, Bruce; Kuttner, Fred (2011). <a href="http://quantumenigma.com/">Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780199753819.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Erwin_Schr%25C3%25B6dinger/wCprepF2">Schrödinger, Erwin</a> (2012). <a href="https://archive.org/download/WhatIsLife_201708/What%20is%20Life.pdf">What is Life?: With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches</a> (PDF). Canto Classics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1107604667.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hermann_Weyl/4C5HhyGU">Weyl, Hermann</a> (1934). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw_WcQAACAAJ">Mind and Nature</a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eugene_Wigner/HvWgw4KX">Wigner, Eugene P.</a> (1970). "Physics and the explanation of life". Foundations of Physics. 1 (1): 35–45. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970FoPh....1...35W">1970FoPh....1...35W</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00708653">10.1007/bf00708653</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121081834">121081834</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://consciousness.arizona.edu/">Center for Consciousness Studies</a>, directed by <a href="/facts/Stuart_Hameroff/YX1mr9GP">Stuart Hameroff</a></li>
<li><a href="https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind">PhilPapers on Philosophy of Mind</a>, edited by David Bourget and <a href="/facts/David_Chalmers/poKbqEWc">David Chalmers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/">Quantum Approaches to Consciousness</a>, entry in <a href="/facts/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy/LDuL5HW4">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Quantum Approaches to Consciousness". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 19 May 2011 [First published Tue Nov 30, 2004]. <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/" target="_blank">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Wigner, Eugene (1995) [1967]. "Remarks on the Mind-Body Question". In Good, Irving John (ed.). Philosophical Reflections and Syntheses. The Collected Works of Eugene Paul Wigner. London: Heinemann. pp. 284–302. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78374-6_20. ISBN 978-3-540-63372-3. <a href="978-3-540-63372-3" target="_blank">978-3-540-63372-3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Dyson, Freeman (2004). Infinite in All Directions: Gifford Lectures Given at Aberdeen, Scotland April–November 1985 (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. p. 297. ISBN 0060728892. <a href="0060728892" target="_blank">0060728892</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Searle, John R. (1997). The Mystery of Consciousness (1st ed.). New York: New York Review of Books. pp. 53–88. ISBN 9780940322066. <a href="9780940322066" target="_blank">9780940322066</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Stenger, Victor (May–June 1992). "The Myth of Quantum Consciousness" (PDF). The Humanist. Vol. 53, no. 3. pp. 13–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2008. <a href="/wiki/Victor_J_Stenger" target="_blank">/wiki/Victor_J_Stenger</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Stephen P. Stich; Ted A. Warfield (15 April 2008). The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind. Blackwell Philosophy Guides. John Wiley & Sons. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-470-99875-5. <a href="978-0-470-99875-5" target="_blank">978-0-470-99875-5</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Chalmers, David J. (1995). "Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2 (3): 200–219. <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Chalmers</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Chalmers, David J. (1997). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511789-1. <a href="0-19-511789-1" target="_blank">0-19-511789-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Chalmers, David (1996). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510553-2. <a href="0-19-510553-2" target="_blank">0-19-510553-2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Chalmers, David (1996). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510553-2. <a href="0-19-510553-2" target="_blank">0-19-510553-2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Bohm, David (2002). Wholeness and the Implicate Order (Online-Ausg. ed.). Hoboken: Routledge. ISBN 0203995155. <a href="0203995155" target="_blank">0203995155</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Bohm, David (2002). Wholeness and the Implicate Order (Online-Ausg. ed.). Hoboken: Routledge. ISBN 0203995155. <a href="0203995155" target="_blank">0203995155</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Raggett, Simon. "The Implicate Order Based on:- Wholeness and the Implicate Order – David Bohm". Quantum Mind. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220185148/http://quantum-mind.co.uk/theories/david-bohm/the-implicate-order/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200220185148/http://quantum-mind.co.uk/theories/david-bohm/the-implicate-order/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Bohm, David (2002). Wholeness and the Implicate Order (Online-Ausg. ed.). Hoboken: Routledge. ISBN 0203995155. <a href="0203995155" target="_blank">0203995155</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Wade, Jenny (1996). Changes of Mind: A Holonomic Theory of the Evolution of Consciousness. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791428498. <a href="9780791428498" target="_blank">9780791428498</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Basil J. Hiley. Particles, fields, and observers, Volume I The Origins of Life, Part 1 Origin and Evolution of Life, Section II The Physical and Chemical Basis of Life, pp. 87–106 (PDF). <a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/tpru/BasilHiley/Frontiersoflife.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.bbk.ac.uk/tpru/BasilHiley/Frontiersoflife.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Basil J. Hiley, Paavo Pylkkänen: Naturalizing the mind in a quantum framework. In Paavo Pylkkänen and Tere Vadén (eds.): Dimensions of conscious experience, Advances in Consciousness Research, Volume 37, John Benjamins B.V., 2001, ISBN 90-272-5157-6, pages 119–144 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Pylkkänen, Paavo. "Can quantum analogies help us to understand the process of thought?" (PDF). Mind & Matter. 12 (1): 61–91 [75]. <a href="http://philpapers.org/archive/PYLCQA.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://philpapers.org/archive/PYLCQA.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Discovery of quantum vibrations in 'microtubules' inside brain neurons supports controversial theory of consciousness". ScienceDaily. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2017. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140116085105.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140116085105.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Discovery of Quantum Vibrations in "Microtubules" Inside Brain Neurons Corroborates Controversial 20-Year-Old Theory of Consciousness". Elsevier. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2017. <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/discovery-of-quantum-vibrations-in-microtubules-inside-brain-neurons-corroborates-controversial-20-year-old-theory-of-consciousness" target="_blank">http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/discovery-of-quantum-vibrations-in-microtubules-inside-brain-neurons-corroborates-controversial-20-year-old-theory-of-consciousness</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Penrose, Roger (1989). The Emperor's New Mind. New York, New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-01-4534-6. <a href="0-14-01-4534-6" target="_blank">0-14-01-4534-6</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Gödel, Kurt (1992). On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems (Reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486669807. <a href="0486669807" target="_blank">0486669807</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Bringsjord, S. and Xiao, H. 2000. A Refutation of Penrose's Gödelian Case Against Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. <a href="http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/refute.penrose.pdf" target="_blank">http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/refute.penrose.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Penrose, Roger (1989). The Emperor's New Mind. New York, New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-01-4534-6. <a href="0-14-01-4534-6" target="_blank">0-14-01-4534-6</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Penrose, Roger (1999). The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics (New ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192861980. <a href="0192861980" target="_blank">0192861980</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Penrose, Roger (1999). The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics (New ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192861980. <a href="0192861980" target="_blank">0192861980</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Penrose, Roger (1995). Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness (Repr. (with corrections) ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198539789. <a href="0198539789" target="_blank">0198539789</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Hameroff, Stuart (2008). "That's life! The geometry of π electron resonance clouds" (PDF). In Abbott, D.; Davies, P.; Pati, A. (eds.). Quantum Aspects of Life. World Scientific. pp. 403–434. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2010. <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" target="_blank">/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Penrose, Roger & Hameroff, Stuart (2011). "Consciousness in the Universe: Neuroscience, Quantum Space-Time Geometry and Orch OR Theory". Journal of Cosmology. 14. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207124412/http://journalofcosmology.com/Consciousness160.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140207124412/http://journalofcosmology.com/Consciousness160.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Reimers, Jeffrey R.; McKemmish, Laura K.; McKenzie, Ross H.; Mark, Alan E.; Hush, Noel S. (17 March 2009). "Weak, strong, and coherent regimes of Fröhlich condensation and their applications to terahertz medicine and quantum consciousness". PNAS. 106 (11): 4219–4224. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.4219R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806273106. PMC 2657444. PMID 19251667. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657444" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657444</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Kikkawa M, Ishikawa T, Nakata T, Wakabayashi T, Hirokawa N (1994). "Direct visualization of the microtubule lattice seam both in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Cell Biology. 127 (6): 1965–1971. doi:10.1083/jcb.127.6.1965. PMC 2120284. PMID 7806574. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120284" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120284</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Kikkawa M, Metlagel Z (2006). "A molecular 'zipper' for microtubules". Cell. 127 (7): 1302–1304. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.009. PMID 17190594. S2CID 31980600. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.12.009" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.12.009</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">De Zeeuw CI, Hertzberg EL, Mugnaini E (1995). "The dendritic lamellar body: A new neuronal organelle putatively associated with dendrodentritic gap junctions". Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (2): 1587–1604. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01587.1995. PMC 6577840. PMID 7869120. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6577840" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6577840</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Hameroff, S. (12 August 2013). "Consciousness, the brain, and spacetime geometry". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 929 (1): 74–104. Bibcode:2001NYASA.929...74H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05709.x. PMID 11349432. S2CID 12399940. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Sahu S, Ghosh S, Ghosh B, Aswani K, Hirata K, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A (14 May 2014). "Atomic water channel controlling remarkable properties of a single brain microtubule: correlating single protein to its supramolecular assembly". Biosens Bioelectron. 47: 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.050. PMID 23567633. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/889377" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/889377</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"Discovery of Quantum Vibrations in "Microtubules" Inside Brain Neurons Corroborates Controversial 20-Year-Old Theory of Consciousness". Elsevier. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2017. <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/discovery-of-quantum-vibrations-in-microtubules-inside-brain-neurons-corroborates-controversial-20-year-old-theory-of-consciousness" target="_blank">http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/discovery-of-quantum-vibrations-in-microtubules-inside-brain-neurons-corroborates-controversial-20-year-old-theory-of-consciousness</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Osborne, Hannah (16 January 2014). "Quantum Vibrations in Brain Opens 'Pandora's Box' of Theories of Consciousness". Yahoo News UK. Retrieved 4 August 2014. <a href="https://uk.news.yahoo.com/quantum-vibrations-brain-opens-39-pandora-39-box-160301481.html" target="_blank">https://uk.news.yahoo.com/quantum-vibrations-brain-opens-39-pandora-39-box-160301481.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Lewton, Thomas (18 April 2022). "Quantum experiments add weight to a fringe theory of consciousness". New Scientist. Retrieved 20 April 2022. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2316408-quantum-experiments-add-weight-to-a-fringe-theory-of-consciousness/" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2316408-quantum-experiments-add-weight-to-a-fringe-theory-of-consciousness/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Lewton, Thomas (18 April 2022). "Quantum experiments add weight to a fringe theory of consciousness". New Scientist. Retrieved 23 April 2022. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2316408-quantum-experiments-add-weight-to-a-fringe-theory-of-consciousness/" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2316408-quantum-experiments-add-weight-to-a-fringe-theory-of-consciousness/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Tangermann, Victor (19 April 2022). "Experiment Suggests That Consciousness May Be Rooted in Quantum Physics". www.futurism.com. Camden Media Inc. Retrieved 24 April 2022. <a href="https://futurism.com/human-consciousness-quantum-physics" target="_blank">https://futurism.com/human-consciousness-quantum-physics</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Nicholson, Charles (May 2022). "The Secret World in the Gaps between Brain Cells". Physics Today. 75 (5): 26–32. Bibcode:2022PhT....75e..26N. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4999. S2CID 248620292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Collapsing a leading theory for the quantum origin of consciousness". phys.org. 13 June 2022. <a href="https://phys.org/news/2022-06-collapsing-theory-quantum-consciousness.html" target="_blank">https://phys.org/news/2022-06-collapsing-theory-quantum-consciousness.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Derakhshani, Maaneli; Diósi, Lajos; Laubenstein, Matthias; Piscicchia, Kristian; Curceanu, Catalina (1 September 2022). "At the crossroad of the search for spontaneous radiation and the Orch OR consciousness theory". Physics of Life Reviews. 42: 8–14. Bibcode:2022PhLRv..42....8D. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2022.05.004. PMID 35617922. S2CID 248868080. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Daniel, Dennett. "Edge Conversation Chapter 10: Intuition Pumps, and response by Roger Penrose". Edge.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018. <a href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/daniel_c_dennett-chapter-10-intuition-pumps" target="_blank">https://www.edge.org/conversation/daniel_c_dennett-chapter-10-intuition-pumps</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Penrose, Roger. "Edge Conversation Chapter 14: Consciousness Involves Noncomputable Ingredients". Edge.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018. <a href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/roger_penrose-chapter-14-consciousness-involves-noncomputable-ingredients" target="_blank">https://www.edge.org/conversation/roger_penrose-chapter-14-consciousness-involves-noncomputable-ingredients</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Ricciardi L. M.; Umezawa H. (1967). "Brain physics and many-body problems". Kibernetik. 4 (2): 44–48. doi:10.1007/BF00292170. PMID 5617419. S2CID 29289582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Ricciardi, L. M.; Umezawa, H. (2004) [1967]. Gordon, G. G.; Pribram, K. H.; Vitiello, G. (eds.). "Brain physics and many-body problems". Brain and Being. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company: 255–266. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">G. Vitiello, My Double Unveiled. John Benjamins, 2001. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Freeman, W.; Vitiello, G. (2006). "Nonlinear brain dynamics as macroscopic manifestation of underlying many-body dynamics". Physics of Life Reviews. 3 (2): 93–118. arXiv:q-bio/0511037. Bibcode:2006PhLRv...3...93F. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2006.02.001. S2CID 11011930. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Atmanspacher, H. (2006), "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness", Quantum Approaches to Consciousness. A critical survey article in Stanford University Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Atmanspacher, Harald (2 June 2015) [30 November 2004]. "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. Retrieved 17 February 2016. <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/" target="_blank">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Ricciardi LM, Umezawa H (1967). "Brain and physics of many-body problems". Kybernetik. 4 (2): 44–48. doi:10.1007/bf00292170. PMID 5617419. S2CID 29289582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Jibu M, Yasue K (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Jibu M, Yasue K (1997). "What is mind? Quantum field theory of evanescent photons in brain as quantum theory of consciousness". Informatica. 21: 471–490. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Yasue, Kunio. "Quantum Monadology". Toward a Science of Consciousness. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625024817/http://cognet.mit.edu/posters/TUCSON3/Yasue.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140625024817/http://cognet.mit.edu/posters/TUCSON3/Yasue.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Pribram, K. H. (1999). "Quantum holography: Is it relevant to brain function?". Information Sciences. 115 (1–4): 97–102. doi:10.1016/s0020-0255(98)10082-8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Pribram, K. H. (2004). "Consciousness Reassessed". Mind and Matter. 2: 7–35. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Pribram, K. (1999) Status Report: Quantum Holography and the Braln. Acta Polyiechnica Scandinavica: Emergence Complexity, Hierarchy, Organization, Vol. 2, pp. 33–60. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">PRIBRAM, K. H. (1991) Brain and Perception: Holonomy and Structure in Figural Processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89859-995-4 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Pribram, K. H. Holography, holonomy and brain function. Elsevier's Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 1999. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Jibu, M.; Pribram, K. H.; Yasue, K. (1996). "From conscious experience to memory storage and retrieval: The role of quantum brain dynamics and boson condensation of evanescent photons". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 10 (13n14): 1735–1754. Bibcode:1996IJMPB..10.1735J. doi:10.1142/s0217979296000805. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Bourget, D. (2004). "Quantum Leaps in Philosophy of Mind: A Critique of Stapp's Theory". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 11 (12): 17–42. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Georgiev, D. (2012). "Mind efforts, quantum Zeno effect and environmental decoherence". NeuroQuantology. 10 (3): 374–388. doi:10.14704/nq.2012.10.3.552. <a href="/wiki/NeuroQuantology" target="_blank">/wiki/NeuroQuantology</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Georgiev, D. (2015). "Monte Carlo simulation of quantum Zeno effect in the brain". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 29 (7): 1550039. arXiv:1412.4741. Bibcode:2015IJMPB..2950039G. doi:10.1142/S0217979215500393. S2CID 118390522. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Modern_Physics_B" target="_blank">/wiki/International_Journal_of_Modern_Physics_B</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Georgiev, Danko D. (2017). Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 9781138104488. OCLC 1003273264. <a href="9781138104488" target="_blank">9781138104488</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Rourk, Christopher John (September 2018). "Ferritin and neuromelanin "quantum dot" array structures in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus". Biosystems. 171: 48–58. Bibcode:2018BiSys.171...48R. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.07.008. ISSN 0303-2647. PMID 30048795. S2CID 51722018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biosystems.2018.07.008" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biosystems.2018.07.008</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Rourk, Christopher J. (2020), "Functional neural electron transport", Quantum Boundaries of Life, Advances in Quantum Chemistry, vol. 82, Elsevier, pp. 25–111, doi:10.1016/bs.aiq.2020.08.001, ISBN 9780128226391, S2CID 229230562, retrieved 23 October 2022 <a href="9780128226391" target="_blank">9780128226391</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Xu, Degao; Watt, Gerald D.; Harb, John N.; Davis, Robert C. (25 March 2005). "Electrical Conductivity of Ferritin Proteins by Conductive AFM". Nano Letters. 5 (4): 571–577. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..571X. doi:10.1021/nl048218x. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 15826089. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl048218x" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl048218x</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Kumar, Karuppannan Senthil; Pasula, Rupali Reddy; Lim, Sierin; Nijhuis, Christian A. (28 December 2015). "Long-Range Tunneling Processes across Ferritin-Based Junctions". Advanced Materials. 28 (9): 1824–1830. doi:10.1002/adma.201504402. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 26708136. S2CID 2238319. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504402" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504402</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Kolay, J.; Bera, S.; Rakshit, T.; Mukhopadhyay, R. (7 February 2018). "Negative Differential Resistance Behavior of the Iron Storage Protein Ferritin". Langmuir. 34 (9): 3126–3135. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04356. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 29412680. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04356" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04356</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Gupta, Nipun Kumar; Karuppannan, Senthil Kumar; Pasula, Rupali Reddy; Vilan, Ayelet; Martin, Jens; Xu, Wentao; May, Esther Maria; Pike, Andrew R.; Astier, Hippolyte P. A. G.; Salim, Teddy; Lim, Sierin; Nijhuis, Christian A. (23 September 2022). "Temperature-Dependent Coherent Tunneling across Graphene–Ferritin Biomolecular Junctions". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 14 (39): 44665–44675. doi:10.1021/acsami.2c11263. ISSN 1944-8244. PMC 9542697. PMID 36148983. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c11263" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c11263</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Kouwenhoven, Leo P.; Marcus, Charles M.; McEuen, Paul L.; Tarucha, Seigo; Westervelt, Robert M.; Wingreen, Ned S. (1997), "Electron Transport in Quantum Dots", Mesoscopic Electron Transport, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 105–214, doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8839-3_4, ISBN 978-90-481-4906-3, retrieved 23 October 2022 <a href="978-90-481-4906-3" target="_blank">978-90-481-4906-3</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Basov, D. N.; Averitt, Richard D.; van der Marel, Dirk; Dressel, Martin; Haule, Kristjan (2 June 2011). "Electrodynamics of correlated electron materials". Reviews of Modern Physics. 83 (2): 471–541. arXiv:1106.2309. Bibcode:2011RvMP...83..471B. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.83.471. ISSN 0034-6861. S2CID 118437353. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.83.471" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.83.471</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Dykman, M. I.; Fang-Yen, C.; Lea, M. J. (15 June 1997). "Many-electron transport in strongly correlated nondegenerate two-dimensional electron systems". Physical Review B. 55 (24): 16249–16271. Bibcode:1997PhRvB..5516249D. doi:10.1103/physrevb.55.16249. ISSN 0163-1829. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.16249" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.16249</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Rourk, Christopher J. (May 2019). "Indication of quantum mechanical electron transport in human substantia nigra tissue from conductive atomic force microscopy analysis". Biosystems. 179: 30–38. Bibcode:2019BiSys.179...30R. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.02.003. ISSN 0303-2647. PMID 30826349. S2CID 73509918. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.02.003" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.02.003</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Sulzer, David; Cassidy, Clifford; Horga, Guillermo; Kang, Un Jung; Fahn, Stanley; Casella, Luigi; Pezzoli, Gianni; Langley, Jason; Hu, Xiaoping P.; Zucca, Fabio A.; Isaias, Ioannis U.; Zecca, Luigi (10 April 2018). "Neuromelanin detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its promise as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease". npj Parkinson's Disease. 4 (1): 11. doi:10.1038/s41531-018-0047-3. ISSN 2373-8057. PMC 5893576. PMID 29644335. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41531-018-0047-3" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41531-018-0047-3</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Friedrich, I.; Reimann, K.; Jankuhn, S.; Kirilina, E.; Stieler, J.; Sonntag, M.; Meijer, J.; Weiskopf, N.; Reinert, T.; Arendt, T.; Morawski, M. (22 March 2021). "Cell specific quantitative iron mapping on brain slices by immuno-µPIXE in healthy elderly and Parkinson's disease". Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 9 (1): 47. doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01145-2. ISSN 2051-5960. PMC 7986300. PMID 33752749. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7986300" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7986300</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Xiong, Nian; Huang, Jinsha; Zhang, Zhentao; Zhang, Zhaowen; Xiong, Jing; Liu, Xingyuan; Jia, Min; Wang, Fang; Chen, Chunnuan; Cao, Xuebing; Liang, Zhihou; Sun, Shenggang; Lin, Zhicheng; Wang, Tao (18 November 2009). "Stereotaxical Infusion of Rotenone: A Reliable Rodent Model for Parkinson's Disease". PLOS ONE. 4 (11): e7878. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7878X. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007878. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2774159. PMID 19924288. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2774159" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2774159</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Bera, Sudipta; Kolay, Jayeeta; Pramanik, Pallabi; Bhattacharyya, Anirban; Mukhopadhyay, Rupa (2019). "Long-range solid-state electron transport through ferritin multilayers". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 7 (29): 9038–9048. doi:10.1039/c9tc01744e. ISSN 2050-7526. S2CID 198849306. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01744e" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01744e</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Rourk, Christopher; Huang, Yunbo; Chen, Minjing; Shen, Cai (16 June 2021). "Indication of Highly Correlated Electron Transport in Disordered Multilayer Ferritin Structures". doi:10.31219/osf.io/7gqmt. S2CID 241118606. Retrieved 23 October 2022. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/7gqmt" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/7gqmt</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Labra-Muñoz, Jacqueline A.; de Reuver, Arie; Koeleman, Friso; Huber, Martina; van der Zant, Herre S. J. (15 May 2022). "Ferritin-Based Single-Electron Devices". Biomolecules. 12 (5): 705. doi:10.3390/biom12050705. ISSN 2218-273X. PMC 9138424. PMID 35625632. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9138424" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9138424</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Schultz, Wolfram (1 July 1998). "Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology. 80 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1. ISSN 0022-3077. PMID 9658025. S2CID 52857162. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.1998.80.1.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.1998.80.1.1</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Schultz, Wolfram (2 February 2016). "Reward functions of the basal ganglia". Journal of Neural Transmission. 123 (7): 679–693. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1510-0. ISSN 0300-9564. PMC 5495848. PMID 26838982. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1510-0" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1510-0</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Liu, Changliang; Goel, Pragya; Kaeser, Pascal S. (9 April 2021). "Spatial and temporal scales of dopamine transmission". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 22 (6): 345–358. doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00455-7. ISSN 1471-003X. PMC 8220193. PMID 33837376. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00455-7" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00455-7</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Garg, Mayank; Vishwakarma, Neelam; Sharma, Amit L.; Singh, Suman (8 July 2021). "Amine-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots for Fluorescence-Based Immunosensing of Ferritin". ACS Applied Nano Materials. 4 (7): 7416–7425. doi:10.1021/acsanm.1c01398. ISSN 2574-0970. S2CID 237804893. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c01398" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c01398</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Rourk, Chris (6 January 2022). "Application of the Catecholaminergic Neuron Electron Transport (CNET) Physical Substrate for Consciousness and Action Selection to Integrated Information Theory". Entropy. 24 (1): 91. Bibcode:2022Entrp..24...91R. doi:10.3390/e24010091. ISSN 1099-4300. PMC 8774445. PMID 35052119. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8774445" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8774445</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">O'Regan, J. Kevin; Noë, Alva (October 2001). "A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 24 (5): 939–973. doi:10.1017/s0140525x01000115. ISSN 0140-525X. PMID 12239892. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01000115" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01000115</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Volzhenin, Konstantin; Changeux, Jean-Pierre; Dumas, Guillaume (25 January 2022). "Multilevel Development of Cognitive Abilities in an Artificial Neural Network". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (39): e2201304119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11901304V. bioRxiv 10.1101/2022.01.24.477526. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201304119. PMC 9522351. PMID 36122214. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9522351" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9522351</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Boyle, Alan (20 September 2010). "How to Spot Quantum Quackery". NBC News Science News. Retrieved 8 March 2018. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/science/how-spot-quantum-quackery-6c10403763" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/science/how-spot-quantum-quackery-6c10403763</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Boyle, Alan (20 September 2010). "How to Spot Quantum Quackery". NBC News Science News. Retrieved 8 March 2018. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/science/how-spot-quantum-quackery-6c10403763" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/science/how-spot-quantum-quackery-6c10403763</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Dennett, Daniel C. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown & Company. <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Myrvold, Wayne (2022). "Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 September 2023. <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-issues/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-issues/</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)". Naturwissenschaften (in German). 23 (48): 807–812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF01491891. S2CID 206795705. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" target="_blank">/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Polkinghorne, J. C. (1985). The Quantum World. Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0691023883. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. <a href="0691023883" target="_blank">0691023883</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Tetlow, Philip (2012). Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science. Gower Publishing, Limited. p. 321. ISBN 978-1409440406. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. <a href="978-1409440406" target="_blank">978-1409440406</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Khrennikov, A. (2006). "Quantum-like brain: Interference of minds". Biosystems. 84 (3): 225–241. arXiv:quant-ph/0205092. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.11.005. PMID 16427733. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Khrennikov, A. Information Dynamics in Cognitive, Psychological, Social, and Anomalous Phenomena (Fundamental Theories of Physics) (Volume 138), Kluwer, 2004. <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Atmanspacher, H.; Römer, H.; Walach, H. (2002). "Weak quantum theory: Complementarity and entanglement in physics and beyond". Foundations of Physics. 32 (3): 379–406. arXiv:quant-ph/0104109. Bibcode:2002FoPh...32..379A. doi:10.1023/a:1014809312397. S2CID 118583726. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Aerts, D.; Aerts, S. (1994). "Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes". Foundations of Science. 1: 85–97. doi:10.1007/BF00208726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">de Barros, J. A.; Suppes, P. (2009). "Quantum mechanics, interference, and the brain". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 53 (5): 306–313. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2009.03.005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Tegmark, M. (2000). "Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". Physical Review E. 61 (4): 4194–4206. arXiv:quant-ph/9907009. Bibcode:2000PhRvE..61.4194T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4194. PMID 11088215. S2CID 17140058. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Seife, Charles (4 February 2000). "Cold Numbers Unmake the Quantum Mind". Science. 287 (5454): 791. doi:10.1126/science.287.5454.791. PMID 10691548. S2CID 33761196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Yuhas, Daisy (24 May 2012). "Speedy Science: How fast can you react?". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 February 2018. <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/" target="_blank">https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Dennett, Daniel C. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown & Company. <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Velmans, M. (1992). "Is Consciousness Integrated?". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 15 (2): 229–230. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00068473. S2CID 145232451. (Commentary on Dennett & Kinsbourne "Time and the observer", BBS, 1992, 15(2): 183–201.) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Penrose, Roger. "Edge Conversation Chapter 14: Consciousness Involves Noncomputable Ingredients". Edge.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018. <a href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/roger_penrose-chapter-14-consciousness-involves-noncomputable-ingredients" target="_blank">https://www.edge.org/conversation/roger_penrose-chapter-14-consciousness-involves-noncomputable-ingredients</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Brooks, Michael (Autumn 2023). "Cosmic Thoughts". New Scientist. 256 (3413): 34–37. Bibcode:2022NewSc.256...46P. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(22)02094-2. S2CID 253724922. Retrieved 3 November 2023. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634130-100-roger-penrose-consciousness-must-be-beyond-computable-physics/" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634130-100-roger-penrose-consciousness-must-be-beyond-computable-physics/</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Brooks, Michael (Autumn 2023). "Cosmic Thoughts". New Scientist. 256 (3413): 34–37. Bibcode:2022NewSc.256...46P. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(22)02094-2. S2CID 253724922. Retrieved 3 November 2023. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634130-100-roger-penrose-consciousness-must-be-beyond-computable-physics/" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634130-100-roger-penrose-consciousness-must-be-beyond-computable-physics/</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Hameroff, Stuart R.; Chopra, Deepak (2012). "The "Quantum Soul": A Scientific Hypothesis". In Moreira-Almeida, Alexander; Santos, Franklin Santana (eds.). Exploring Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship. New York: Springer. pp. 79–93. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0647-1_5. ISBN 978-1-4614-0647-1. When the blood stops flowing, energy and oxygen depleted and microtubules inactivated or destroyed (e.g., near death experience (NDE)/out-of-body experience (OBE), death), it is conceivable that the quantum information which constitutes consciousness could shift to deeper planes and continue to exist purely in space-time geometry, outside the brain, distributed nonlocally. Movement of consciousness to deeper planes could account for NDEs/OBEs, as well as, conceivably, a soul apart from the body. <a href="978-1-4614-0647-1" target="_blank">978-1-4614-0647-1</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Chopra, Deepak (2021). "What is wholeness? The consciousness view". Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 10: 21649561211043794. doi:10.1177/21649561211043794. PMC 8419538. PMID 34497737. The snake biting its tail solves the problem of consciousness, but you have to look at it closely and let its meaning sink in. The snake biting its tail symbolism points to something that has no beginning or end, is immune to death, extends infinitely in all directions, and gives humans access to a field of infinite possibilities. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419538" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419538</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Chopra, Deepak (1997). Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternative to Growing Old. Random House. p. 6. ISBN 9780679774495. <a href="9780679774495" target="_blank">9780679774495</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Carroll, Robert Todd (19 May 2013), "Deepak Chopra", The Skeptic's Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Park, Robert L. (1 September 2005). "Chapter 9: Voodoo medicine in a scientific world". In Ashman, Keith; Barringer, Phillip (eds.). After the Science Wars: Science and the Study of Science. Routledge. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-134-61618-3. <a href="978-1-134-61618-3" target="_blank">978-1-134-61618-3</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Park, Robert L. (1 September 2005). "Chapter 9: Voodoo medicine in a scientific world". In Ashman, Keith; Barringer, Phillip (eds.). After the Science Wars: Science and the Study of Science. Routledge. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-134-61618-3. <a href="978-1-134-61618-3" target="_blank">978-1-134-61618-3</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Chopra, Deepak (19 June 2013). "Richard Dawkins Plays God: The Video (Updated)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 March 2018. <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/richard-dawkins-plays-god_b_3467484.html" target="_blank">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/richard-dawkins-plays-god_b_3467484.html</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Chopra, Deepak (19 June 2013). "Richard Dawkins Plays God: The Video (Updated)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 March 2018. <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/richard-dawkins-plays-god_b_3467484.html" target="_blank">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/richard-dawkins-plays-god_b_3467484.html</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">O'Neill, Ian (26 May 2011). "Does Quantum Theory Explain Consciousness?". Discovery News. Discovery Communications, LLC. Retrieved 11 August 2014. <a href="http://news.discovery.com/space/does-quantum-theory-explain-consciousness-110526.htm" target="_blank">http://news.discovery.com/space/does-quantum-theory-explain-consciousness-110526.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Dennett, Daniel (February 2017). From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0393242072. <a href="978-0393242072" target="_blank">978-0393242072</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Penrose, Roger. "Edge Conversation Chapter 14: Consciousness Involves Noncomputable Ingredients". Edge.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018. <a href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/roger_penrose-chapter-14-consciousness-involves-noncomputable-ingredients" target="_blank">https://www.edge.org/conversation/roger_penrose-chapter-14-consciousness-involves-noncomputable-ingredients</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Quantum mind open-in-new

Quantum mind