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Kumar Shahani
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<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2> <p>Shahani was born on 7 December 1940, in <a href="/facts/Larkana/JcIceE52">Larkana</a>, <a href="/facts/Sindh/1cbCeMv8">Sindh</a> (now in Pakistan).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> After the <a href="/facts/Partition_of_India/c8xmUWfG">partition of India</a> in 1947, Shahani's family shifted to the city of Bombay (now <a href="/facts/Mumbai/BdoEc10R">Mumbai</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> He attended the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bombay/rtIJ59cc">University of Bombay</a> to obtain an undergraduate degree in political science and history, and studied advanced direction and screenplay writing at the <a href="/facts/Film_and_Television_Institute_of_India/a0NqxKkf">Film and Television Institute of India</a> in <a href="/facts/Pune/JT1cN1C1">Pune</a>, where he was a student of <a href="/facts/Ritwik_Ghatak/f1hnCQXx">Ritwik Ghatak</a>. He also studied with <a href="/facts/Damodar_Dharmananda_Kosambi/CwdtA5Jz">Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi</a>. On a French government scholarship,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> he moved to France to further his studies at the <a href="/facts/Institut_des_hautes_%25C3%25A9tudes_cin%25C3%25A9matographiques/6XB0rHoj">Institut des hautes études cinématographiques</a> (IDHEC) and assisted <a href="/facts/Robert_Bresson/pGHf8PsR">Robert Bresson</a> on <i><a href="/facts/A_Gentle_Woman/hUexbKB5">Une Femme Douce</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="career">Career</h2> <p>After returning to India, Shahani made his first feature film <i><a href="/facts/Maya_Darpan/fdXgy0hq">Maya Darpan</a></i> in 1972. He received funding twelve years later to make his next full-length feature film, <i><a href="/facts/Tarang_(film)/zvn6vzIa">Tarang</a></i>, in 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> His other landmark films included the 1989 film <i><a href="/facts/Khayal_Gatha/KJ4TUzK0">Khayal Gatha</a></i> and the 1990 film <i><a href="/facts/Kasba_(film)/mAu30tlX">Kasba</a></i>. He also made the short films <i>Rails for the World</i>, <i>Fire in the Belly</i>, <i>Our Universe</i> and <i>Var Var Vari</i>, the documentary <i>Bhavantarana</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Char_Adhyay/LbKGPV3z">Char Adhyay</a></i>. His films won the <a href="/facts/Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Film/4okY9Hz3">Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film</a> in 1972, 1990 and 1991. <i>Maya Darpan</i> won the <a href="/facts/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Hindi/j511h94L">National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi</a> in 1972. His films often appeared at the <a href="/facts/International_Film_Festival_Rotterdam/9n1V2la4">International Film Festival Rotterdam</a>. <i>Khayal Gatha</i> won the <a href="/facts/FIPRESCI_Prize/3DSUAmu3">FIPRESCI Prize</a> at Rotterdam in 1990. He received the <a href="/facts/Prince_Claus_Award/tAKemCoN">Prince Claus Award</a> in 1998.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>From 1976 to 1978, he held a Homi Bhabha Fellowship to study the epic tradition of the <i><a href="/facts/Mah%25C4%2581bh%25C4%2581rata/EKbN9XwS">Mahābhārata</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Buddhist/G0wsjrSl">Buddhist</a> iconography, <a href="/facts/Indian_classical_music/u74W31Gw">Indian classical music</a> and the <a href="/facts/Bhakti_movement/yASKGhTd">Bhakti movement</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Shahani was also involved with India's archiving and restoration initiative, the <a href="/facts/Film_Heritage_Foundation/X2Ep6JP0">Film Heritage Foundation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> He taught at the Film and Television Institute of India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> His book of 51 essays, <i>Kumar Shahani: The Shock of Desire and Other Essays</i>, was published by <a href="/facts/Tulika_Books/zvjQue6D">Tulika Books</a> in 2015. The essays were written over a 40-year period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="influences">Influences</h2><p> Shahani considered <a href="/facts/Roberto_Rossellini/YDomkYVU">Roberto Rossellini</a> and <a href="/facts/Robert_Bresson/pGHf8PsR">Robert Bresson</a> as major influences on his work and those from whom he learned the most. When comparing the two, he stated:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><blockquote><p>There is austerity in Bresson. But there is a possibility in cinema to have both: austerity and ornamentation. In Bresson, there is mainly austerity even though he aspires to have spectacle. When I work along those lines, I want the ornamentation to stand out. The magic of that reality must appear and we ought to allow that to happen. The notion of ornamentation that we have in India, the <i><a href="/facts/Alankar/slWQ3lqS">alankar</a></i>, of how we play with it, that is something I like to retain in my work. And this is not there either in Rossellini's work or Bresson's in the works of Catholic filmmakers. When they move towards austerity, they really move towards it: Bresson in the tradition of <a href="/facts/St_Augustine/RJI1otNA">St Augustine</a> and Rossellini more in the manner of notational narratives.</p></blockquote><p> For his film <a href="/facts/Tarang_(film)/zvn6vzIa"><i>Tarang</i></a>, which dealt with labour issues, Shahani mentioned that he consciously tried to avoid 'repeating' or 'imitating' one of his favourite films: <a href="/facts/Sergei_Eisenstein/JvvaCgyA">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Battleship_Potemkin/cmaIlkPm">Battleship Potemkin</a></i>. Shahani stated:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><blockquote><p>[F]or <i>Tarang</i> for instance, I was shooting a strike sequence. It was an obvious point where one could have quoted Eisenstein. Most filmmakers in such a situation would do so, inadvertently and unconsciously. Even the most "bourgeois" filmmakers as it were, the most commercial ones, or their exact opposites, would all do that. That is why one should remember him, to remember what he did and not to repeat it. So I remembered him while I was shooting that sequence, constantly like a prayer. We can't help saying that Eisenstein did it such a way and let only him do like that. That is why I feel very happy with that particular sequence in <i>Tarang</i>. It doesn't have, in any sense, an imitation of Eisenstein.</p></blockquote> <p>Shahani was also influenced by <a href="/facts/Ritwik_Ghatak/f1hnCQXx">Ritwik Ghatak</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="death">Death</h2> <p>Shahani died in <a href="/facts/Kolkata/k0HVgEYm">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/facts/West_Bengal/0B5bxvbW">West Bengal</a> on 24 February 2024, at the age of 83.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> He was survived by his wife and daughters Uttara and Rewati and his partner Rimli Bhattacharya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="filmography">Filmography</h2> <p>Sources:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Film</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>1966</td><td><i>The Glass Pane</i></td><td>b/w, 35mm, 10 min. Graduation film. FTII.</td></tr><tr><td>1967</td><td><i>Manmad Passenger</i></td><td>b/w, 35mm, 15 min. Short film. FTII.</td></tr><tr><td>1967</td><td><i>A Certain Childhood</i></td><td>(English and Gujarati). b/w, 35mm, 22 min. Documentary for Directorate of Films, Gujarat, India.</td></tr><tr><td>1970</td><td><i>Rails for the World</i></td><td>35mm, 20 min. Technicolor, Documentary made for Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)</td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td><i>Object</i></td><td>16mm, 10 min. Kodachrome, Short film made in collaboration with the psychoanalyst Udayan Patel.</td></tr><tr><td>1972</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Maya_Darpan/fdXgy0hq">Maya Darpan</a></i></td><td>(Hindi) 35mm, 100 min. Feature. NFDC. Winner <a href="/facts/Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Movie/4okY9Hz3">Filmfare Award – Best Film (Critics)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a href="/facts/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Hindi/j511h94L">National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td><i>Fire in the Belly</i></td><td>(English). b/w, 35mm, Documentary made for Films Division, India.</td></tr><tr><td>1976</td><td><i>Our Universe</i></td><td>(English). b/w, 16mm, Educational film</td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td><i>A Memoir of the Future</i></td><td>(English). 35mm (incomplete). Film made on the work of British psychoanalyst <a href="/facts/Wilfred_Bion/Pk2kcbKB">W.R. Bion</a></td></tr><tr><td>1983</td><td><i>Rules of the Game</i></td><td>35mm, Documentary (censored but not released), made for <a href="/facts/Films_Division_of_India/X3Yxqp4B">Films Division</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Tarang_(film)/zvn6vzIa">Tarang</a></i></td><td>(Hindi). 35mm, Cinemascope, Feature produced by NFDC. <a href="/facts/National_Film_Award_%25E2%2580%2593_Special_Mention_(feature_film)/aBAdfLpT">National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Certificate)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td><i>Var Var Vari</i></td><td>(Hindi). b/w, 35mm, 29 min, produced by the Film & Television Institute of India</td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td><i>A Ship Aground</i></td><td>(English). 16mm, Short film.</td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Khayal_Gatha/KJ4TUzK0">Khayal Gatha</a></i></td><td>(Hindi) 35 mm Winner <a href="/facts/Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Movie/4okY9Hz3">Filmfare Award – Best Film (Critics)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a>Winner <a href="/facts/FIPRESCI_Prize/3DSUAmu3">FIPRESCI Prize</a> – <a href="/facts/Rotterdam_International_Film_Festival/9n1V2la4">Rotterdam International Film Festival</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Kasba_(film)/mAu30tlX">Kasba</a></i></td><td>(Hindi) 35 mm, produced by NFDC. Winner <a href="/facts/Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Movie/4okY9Hz3">Filmfare Award – Best Film (Critics)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td><i>Bhavantarana</i></td><td>(Oriya) film about Guru <a href="/facts/Kelucharan_Mahapatra/JQNTPeAo">Kelucharan Mahapatra</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> <a href="/facts/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Biographical_Film/xwacHHKB">National Film Award for Best Biographical Film</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Char_Adhyay/LbKGPV3z">Char Adhyay</a></i></td><td>(Hindi and Bengali) film based on Rabindranath Tagore's novel<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> produced by NFDC</td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td><i>Bamboo Flute/Biraha bhariyo ghar angan kone</i></td><td>(Hindi and Tamil) film produced by the Ministry of External Affairs</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td><i>As the Crow Flies</i></td><td>Film based on the artist <a href="/facts/Akbar_Padamsee/Id1cMGlj">Akbar Padamsee</a></td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td><i>Chhapakhana</i></td><td>(Bengali) short film made at <a href="/facts/Satyajit_Ray_Film_and_Television_Institute/FYRVe5aV">Satyajit Ray Film & Television Institute</a></td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td><i>Priye Charushile</i></td><td>(Oriya and Italian), feature documentary, completed but unreleased</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <p>Source:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>National Award (1972, 1984, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Movie/4okY9Hz3">Filmfare Critics Awards – Best Film</a> (1972, 1990, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rotterdam_International_Film_Festival/9n1V2la4">The International Film Festival of Rotterdam</a> – <a href="/facts/FIPRESCI/3DSUAmu3">FIPRESCI</a> Award (1990)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Prince_Claus_Award/tAKemCoN">Prince Claus Award</a> (1998)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kumar-Shahani-Shock-Desire-Essays/dp/9382381619">Kumar Shahani – The Shock of Desire and Other Essays ed. Ashish Rajadhyakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=807302">Laleen Jayamanne The Epic Cinema of Kumar Shahani </a></li> <li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-oTx7soYmj0C">Jacques Kermabon & Kumar Shahani Cinema and Television: Fifty Years of Reflection in France </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787511/">Kumar Shahani</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.indianauteur.com/july_auteur_1.php">The museum as a refuge for film: the case for Kumar Shahini's epic cinema at Indian Auteur </a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Vajpeyi, Udayan (1 March 2024). "Death of a master filmmaker: Kumar Shahani (7 December 1940–24 February 2024)". National Herald. Retrieved 22 September 2024. <a href="https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/death-of-a-master-filmmaker-udayan-vajpeyis-tribute-to-kumar-shahani" target="_blank">https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/death-of-a-master-filmmaker-udayan-vajpeyis-tribute-to-kumar-shahani</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ashish Rajadhyaksha (January 1986). "Dossier on Kumar Shahani". Framework N 30.31. academia.edu. Retrieved 3 May 2014. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/2292735" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/2292735</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Acclaimed filmmaker Kumar Shahani passes away at 83 from age-related ailments in Kolkata". Deccan Herald. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/acclaimed-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-at-83-from-age-related-ailments-in-kolkata-2909678" target="_blank">https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/acclaimed-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-at-83-from-age-related-ailments-in-kolkata-2909678</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Winds From the East. "Interview With Kumar Shahani", Retrieved on 17 June 2014. <a href="http://windsfromtheeast.blogspot.com/2009/04/kumar-shahani-portrait.html" target="_blank">http://windsfromtheeast.blogspot.com/2009/04/kumar-shahani-portrait.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Filmmaker Kumar Shahani passes away at 83". www.onmanorama.com. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <a href="https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html" target="_blank">https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ghosh, Avijit (26 February 2024). "Kumar Shahani, master of arthouse cinema, passes away". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 March 2024. Director Kumar Shahani ... passed away at a Kolkata hospital late Saturday night. He was 83... <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kumar-shahani-master-of-arthouse-cinema-passes-away/articleshow/107991397.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kumar-shahani-master-of-arthouse-cinema-passes-away/articleshow/107991397.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Filmmaker Kumar Shahani passes away at 83". www.onmanorama.com. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <a href="https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html" target="_blank">https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Filmmaker Kumar Shahani passes away at 83". www.onmanorama.com. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <a href="https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html" target="_blank">https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Homi Bhabha Fellowships Council. "Mr. Kumar Shahani" Archived 3 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 2 March 2009. <a href="http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/~hbfc/cv/MR_KUMAR_SHAHANI.html" target="_blank">http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/~hbfc/cv/MR_KUMAR_SHAHANI.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ramachandran, Naman (25 February 2024). "Kumar Shahani, Pioneer of India's Parallel Cinema Movement, Dies at 83". Variety. <a href="https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kumar-shahani-dead-of-india-parallel-cinema-movement-1235921948/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kumar-shahani-dead-of-india-parallel-cinema-movement-1235921948/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Winds From the East. "Interview With Kumar Shahani", Retrieved on 17 June 2014. <a href="http://windsfromtheeast.blogspot.com/2009/04/kumar-shahani-portrait.html" target="_blank">http://windsfromtheeast.blogspot.com/2009/04/kumar-shahani-portrait.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Upperstall.com Profile. "Kumar Shahani Upperstall Profile", Retrieved on 2 March 2009. <a href="http://www.upperstall.com/people/kumar-shahani" target="_blank">http://www.upperstall.com/people/kumar-shahani</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Filmmaker Kumar Shahani passes away at 83". www.onmanorama.com. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <a href="https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html" target="_blank">https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/25/ace-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-maya-darpan-tarang.amp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Acclaimed filmmaker Kumar Shahani passes away at 83 from age-related ailments in Kolkata". Deccan Herald. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/acclaimed-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-at-83-from-age-related-ailments-in-kolkata-2909678" target="_blank">https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/acclaimed-filmmaker-kumar-shahani-passes-away-at-83-from-age-related-ailments-in-kolkata-2909678</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Ramachandran, Naman (25 February 2024). "Kumar Shahani, Pioneer of India's Parallel Cinema Movement, Dies at 83". Variety. <a href="https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kumar-shahani-dead-of-india-parallel-cinema-movement-1235921948/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kumar-shahani-dead-of-india-parallel-cinema-movement-1235921948/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Maya Darpan and Tarang director Kumar Shahani passes away". The Indian Express. 26 February 2024. 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