Buttonhole

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<p>Buttonholes for fastening or closing clothing with buttons appeared first in Germany during the 13th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> They soon became widespread with the rise of snug-fitting garments in 13th- and 14th-century <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>.
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<h2 id="aspects-of-buttonholes">Aspects of buttonholes</h2>
<p>Buttonholes often have a <i>bar</i> of stitches at either side of them. This is a row of perpendicular hand or machine stitching to reinforce the raw edges of the fabric, and to prevent it from fraying.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p><p>Traditionally, men's clothing buttonholes are on the left side, and women's clothing buttonholes are on the right.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The lore of this 'opposite' sides buttoning is that the practice came into being as 'women of means' had chamber maids who dressed them.  So as not to confuse the poor chamber maids, the wealthy began having women's garments made with the buttons and holes 'switched'; the birth of the modern ladies' blouse. The chamber maids themselves, as did most all the common class, both male and female, actually wore 'shirts' with buttons and holes placed as on men's clothing.  There appears to be no concrete reference to prove or disprove this story, but its plausibility bears noting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>
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<h2 id="types-of-buttonholes">Types of buttonholes</h2>

<h3>Hand stitching</h3>
<ul><li>A plain buttonhole is one in which the raw (cut) edges of the <a href="/facts/Textile/PJrVeM5S">textile</a> are finished with <a href="/facts/Yarn/fhMTsWg2">thread</a> in very closely spaced <a href="/facts/Stitch_(textile_arts)/CW8NGaH4">stitches</a>, typically the <a href="/facts/Buttonhole_stitch/z6QLcYp6">buttonhole stitch</a>. When stitched by hand, a slit is made in the fabric first and the result is called a hand-worked buttonhole or worked buttonhole.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The buttonhole construction sometimes includes a technique called <i>stranding</i> where a flat piece of <a href="/facts/Gimp_(thread)/35UfIs9u">gimp</a> cord or thread is incorporated into the edges to act as a reinforcement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul>
<ul><li>A Milanese buttonhole: after the hole for the button is cut, a length of silk thread called a <i>gimp</i> is laid around the edges. A glossier buttonhole thread is then wrapped around the gimp and sewn through the cloth surrounding the buttonhole. It is used in <a href="/facts/Bespoke/uzNl0v5p">bespoke</a> menswear as a detail to embellish the jacket because it serves no purpose other than to hold lapel pins and <a href="/facts/Boutonni%25C3%25A8re/KNhhXhCv">flowers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul>
<h3>Machined stitching</h3>
<p><a href="/facts/Sewing_machine/dGsA53Tv">Sewing machines</a> offer various levels of automation to creating plain buttonholes.  When made by machine, the slit between the sides of the buttonhole is opened after the stitching is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>
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<ul><li>A machine-made buttonhole is usually sewn with two parallel rows of <a href="/facts/Sewing_machine/dGsA53Tv">machine sewing</a> in a narrow <a href="/facts/Zigzag_stitch/FKmIRtqv">zig-zag stitch</a>, with the ends finished in a bar tack created using a broader zig-zag stitch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> One of the first automatic buttonhole machines was invented by <a href="/facts/Henry_Alonzo_House/YtskMJCX">Henry Alonzo House</a> in 1862.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li>
<li>A bound buttonhole is one which has its raw edges encased by pieces of fabric or <a href="/facts/Trim_(sewing)/uHk1z8Bt">trim</a> instead of stitches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li>
<li>A keyhole buttonhole is a special case of a thread-finished buttonhole that has a round hole at the end of the buttonhole slit, reinforced with a fan-shaped array of stitches. Because a button-closed gap in a garment is normally under some stress, the button will tend to move towards the end of the buttonhole closest to the gap in the garment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> A keyhole at the end of the buttonhole closest to the gap accommodates the button's shank without distorting the fabric. Keyhole buttonholes are most often found on tailored <a href="/facts/Coat_(clothing)/VopMFUYf">coats and jackets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> This buttonhole is normally machine-made due to the difficulty of achieving it by hand working.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Buttonholer/GWCVEpM5">Buttonholer</a> – Sewing machine attachment</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Zipper/VsTewMof">Zipper</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Belt_(clothing)/WurjmUK1">Belt (clothing)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Boutonni%25C3%25A8re/KNhhXhCv">Boutonnière</a></li></ul>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Shaeffer, Claire B. (1981). <i>The Complete Book of Sewing Shortcuts</i>. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0806975644.</li>
<li>Shaeffer, Claire B. (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781561584970"><i>Couture Sewing Techniques</i></a>. The Taunton Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1561584970.</li>
<li>Singer (2005). "Machine-made Buttonholes". <i>The Complete Photo Guide to Sewing</i>. Creative Publishing International. pp. 138–139. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1589232267.</li>
<li>Whitlock, Mary C.; Phillips, Harriet M. (October 1922). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ec2AQAAIAAJ"><i>Clothing Club Manual (Circular No. 264)</i></a>. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Agricultural College and Experiment Station.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Buttonholes at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Shaeffer 2007, pp. 91–93. - Shaeffer, Claire B. (2007). Couture Sewing Techniques. The Taunton Press. ISBN 978-1561584970. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781561584970" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781561584970</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Boyana, Ivanova (30 March 2018). "The lapel buttonhole - purpose, history and usage". Be Global Fashion Network. Fashion.bg Ltd. Retrieved 1 April 2019. <a href="https://made-to-measure-suits.bgfashion.net/article/15323/44/The-lapel-buttonhole-purpose-history-and-usage" target="_blank">https://made-to-measure-suits.bgfashion.net/article/15323/44/The-lapel-buttonhole-purpose-history-and-usage</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>White, Lynn (Autumn 1962). "The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities and Consequences". Technology and Culture. 3 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press and the Society for the History of Technology: 486–500. doi:10.2307/3100999. JSTOR 3100999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Singer 2005, pp. 138–9. - Singer (2005). "Machine-made Buttonholes". The Complete Photo Guide to Sewing. Creative Publishing International. pp. 138–139. ISBN 1589232267. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Shaeffer 1981, p. 144. - Shaeffer, Claire B. (1981). The Complete Book of Sewing Shortcuts. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. ISBN 0806975644. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Finney, Lauren (13 July 2016). "Here's why men's and women's shirts button on the opposite sides". Today. NBC Universal. Retrieved 1 April 2019. <a href="https://www.today.com/style/here-s-why-men-s-women-s-shirts-button-opposite-t100380" target="_blank">https://www.today.com/style/here-s-why-men-s-women-s-shirts-button-opposite-t100380</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Turk, Victoria (25 March 2016). "Right for Men, Left for Women: Why Are Gendered Buttons Still a Thing?". Motherboard. Vice Media LLC. Retrieved 1 April 2019. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/right-for-men-left-for-women-why-are-gendered-buttons-still-a-thing/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/right-for-men-left-for-women-why-are-gendered-buttons-still-a-thing/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Whitlock & Phillips 1922, pp. 22–26. - Whitlock, Mary C.; Phillips, Harriet M. (October 1922). Clothing Club Manual (Circular No. 264). Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Agricultural College and Experiment Station. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ec2AQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7ec2AQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Shaeffer 2007, p. 89. - Shaeffer, Claire B. (2007). Couture Sewing Techniques. The Taunton Press. ISBN 978-1561584970. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781561584970" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781561584970</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Zottolo, Peter (19 July 2017). "The Milanese Buttonhole: Beautifully Unnecessary". The Styleforum Journal. Retrieved 4 September 2017. <a href="http://journal.styleforum.net/the-milanese-buttonhole-beautifully-unnecessary/" target="_blank">http://journal.styleforum.net/the-milanese-buttonhole-beautifully-unnecessary/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>Singer 2005, p. 139. - Singer (2005). "Machine-made Buttonholes". The Complete Photo Guide to Sewing. Creative Publishing International. pp. 138–139. ISBN 1589232267. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:12"><p>Singer 2005, p. 138. - Singer (2005). "Machine-made Buttonholes". The Complete Photo Guide to Sewing. Creative Publishing International. pp. 138–139. ISBN 1589232267. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:13"><p>Gregory, Martin (March 2012). "The House Brothers and their contribution to the sewing machine". ISMACS News. No. 106. International Sewing Machine Collectors Society. Retrieved 1 April 2019. <a href="http://ismacs.net/wheelerandwilson/the-house-brothers.html" target="_blank">http://ismacs.net/wheelerandwilson/the-house-brothers.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:14"><p>Shaeffer 1981, pp. 144–152. - Shaeffer, Claire B. (1981). The Complete Book of Sewing Shortcuts. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. ISBN 0806975644. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:15"><p>Whitlock & Phillips 1922, pp. 26–28. - Whitlock, Mary C.; Phillips, Harriet M. (October 1922). Clothing Club Manual (Circular No. 264). Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Agricultural College and Experiment Station. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ec2AQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7ec2AQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:16"><p>Whitlock & Phillips 1922, p. 23. - Whitlock, Mary C.; Phillips, Harriet M. (October 1922). Clothing Club Manual (Circular No. 264). Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Agricultural College and Experiment Station. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ec2AQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7ec2AQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:17"><p>Singer 2005, p. 138. - Singer (2005). "Machine-made Buttonholes". The Complete Photo Guide to Sewing. Creative Publishing International. pp. 138–139. ISBN 1589232267. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Buttonhole open-in-new

Buttonhole