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Orange oil
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<h2 id="composition">Composition</h2> <p>The compounds inside an orange oil vary with each different oil extraction. Composition varies as a result of regional and seasonal changes as well as the method used for extraction. Several hundred compounds have been identified with <a href="/facts/Gas_chromatograph/kwLY8vt1">gas chromatograph</a>-<a href="/facts/Mass_spectrometry/RH5WBHJ2">mass spectrometry</a>. Most of the substances in the oil belong to the <a href="/facts/Terpene/hDD4zF6P">terpene</a> group with <a href="/facts/Limonene/8qBaxvyv">limonene</a> being the dominant one. Long chain <a href="/facts/Aliphatic_compound/9usN3neo">aliphatic</a> hydrocarbon alcohols and <a href="/facts/Aldehyde/xSIRkW03">aldehydes</a> like <a href="/facts/1-octanol/pWEETXd5">1-octanol</a> and <a href="/facts/Octanal/CVugjVjW">octanal</a> are second important group of substances. The presence of <a href="/facts/Sinensetin/jJHbUo8o">sinensetin</a>, a <a href="/facts/Flavone/5Anj1LGD">flavone</a>, explains the orange color.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Compound</th><th>Italian Orange Oil<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Concentration [%]</th><th>Valencia orange oil<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Concentration [%]</th><th>Valencia orange oil<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Concentration [%]</th><th>Valencia orange oil<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Concentration [%]</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Limonene/8qBaxvyv">Limonene</a></td><td>93.67</td><td>91.4</td><td>95.17</td><td>97.0</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%25CE%2591-Pinene/l9Epte63">α-Pinene</a></td><td>0.65</td><td>1.4</td><td>0.42</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sabinene/HcAgKBL7">Sabinene</a> and <a href="/facts/%25CE%2592-Pinene/3JDpzqP9">β-Pinene</a></td><td>1.00</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.24</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Myrcene/Y2tR3rlN">Myrcene</a></td><td>2.09</td><td>4.3</td><td>1.86</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Octanal/CVugjVjW">Octanal</a></td><td>0.41</td><td>–</td><td>-</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Linalool/abBM1jXB">Linalool</a></td><td>0.31</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.3</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carene/lHeX1kvN">δ-3-Carene</a></td><td>0.31</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Decanal/kbJGmxkF">Decanal</a></td><td>0.27</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.28</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <h3>Insect control</h3> <p>Orange oil, particularly its primary component <a href="/facts/D-limonene/8qBaxvyv">d-limonene</a>, is registered with the <a href="/facts/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency/ghI985SI">EPA</a> as an active ingredient in products for the extermination of drywood termites, <a href="/facts/Formosan_subterranean_termite/HufUHaBd">Formosan termites</a>, and other structural pests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> It is a common alternative to traditional fumigation methods due to its lower toxicity and the convenience of local chemical injections. Orange oil treatments can be used for termite control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Research also indicates that the d-limonene in orange oil can be useful in exterminating drywood termites (<i><a href="/facts/Incisitermes/hVBVbw0U">Incisitermes</a></i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Orange oil is used as a <a href="/facts/Green_pesticide/XWCwBShW">green pesticide</a> for <a href="/facts/Biological_pest_control/khkjgaQw">biological pest control</a>, as it is effective against <a href="/facts/Ant/Gml7kzWT">ants</a> and other insects by disrupting their scent-<a href="/facts/Pheromone/ymEDICw3">pheromone</a> trails or dissolving their <a href="/facts/Exoskeleton/Wlmru4GW">exoskeletons</a>, thereby preventing infestations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Domestic cleaning agent</h3> <p>Due to its high <a href="/facts/Limonene/8qBaxvyv">limonene</a> content, orange oil is commonly used in cleaning products as a natural <a href="/facts/Solvent/LoMPMz8S">solvent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> It is also added to <a href="/facts/Wood_finishing/JraBr8US">furniture polishes</a> to impart a fresh, citrus aroma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="hazards">Hazards</h2> <p>As a main component of orange oil, limonene can dissolve skin oils, potentially causing irritation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> This is especially a concern with long-term industrial exposure, such as during the preparation of paints or degreasing processes. Limonene in orange oil is also <a href="/facts/Flammable/1QexTQ4T">flammable</a>, and can be an irritant if ingested, inhaled, or if it comes into contact with the eyes. Some individuals may also experience <a href="/facts/Allergic_reaction/dYAVosh8">allergic reactions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Neroli/0MAJHMko">Neroli</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Petitgrain/6qHaS5PH">Petitgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Orange_oil_tires/77FYxXTA">Orange oil tires</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000309111235/http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/the_effect.html">The Effect of Citrus Oils on Fruit Flies</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Dominic W. S. Wong (1989). Mechanism and theory in food chemistry. Springer. p. 253. ISBN 0-442-20753-0. <a href="0-442-20753-0" target="_blank">0-442-20753-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>K. Bauer, D. Garbe, and H. Surburg, "Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials", 4th Ed, Wiley VCH, 2001, ISBN 3-527-30364-2. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Steinke, K., Jose, E., Sicker, D., Siehl, H.-U., Zeller, K.-P. and Berger, S. (2013), Sinensetin. Chemie in unserer Zeit, 47: 158–163. doi:10.1002/ciuz.201300627 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>A. Verzera; A. Trozzi; G. Dugo; G. Di Bella; A. Cotroneo (2004). "Biological lemon and sweet orange essential oil composition". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 19 (6): 544–548. doi:10.1002/ffj.1348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Pino, J.; Sánchez, M.; Sánchez, R.; Roncal, E. (1992). "Chemical composition of orange oil concentrates". Food/Nahrung. 36 (6): 539–542. doi:10.1002/food.19920360604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>J. D. Vora; R. F. Matthews; P. G. Crandall; R. Cook (1983). "Preparation and Chemical Composition of Orange Oil Concentrates". Journal of Food Science. 48 (4): 1197–1199. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb09190.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>R. L. Colman; E. D. Lund; M. G. Moshonas (1969). "Composition of Orange Essence Oil". Journal of Food Science. 34 (6): 610–611. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1969.tb12102.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mashek, Bill (February 2008). "Orange Oil for Drywood Termites: Magic or Marketing Madness?" (PDF). The IPM Practitioner: Monitoring the Field of Pest Management. Jan/Feb 2008: 3 – via Bio Integral Resource Center (BIRC). <a href="https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Mashek, Bill (February 2008). "Orange Oil for Drywood Termites: Magic or Marketing Madness?" (PDF). The IPM Practitioner: Monitoring the Field of Pest Management. Jan/Feb 2008: 3 – via Bio Integral Resource Center (BIRC). <a href="https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Mashek, Bill (February 2008). "Orange Oil for Drywood Termites: Magic or Marketing Madness?" (PDF). The IPM Practitioner: Monitoring the Field of Pest Management. Jan/Feb 2008: 3 – via Bio Integral Resource Center (BIRC). <a href="https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mashek, Bill (February 2008). "Orange Oil for Drywood Termites: Magic or Marketing Madness?" (PDF). The IPM Practitioner: Monitoring the Field of Pest Management. Jan/Feb 2008: 3 – via Bio Integral Resource Center (BIRC). <a href="https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Mashek, Bill (February 2008). "Orange Oil for Drywood Termites: Magic or Marketing Madness?" (PDF). The IPM Practitioner: Monitoring the Field of Pest Management. Jan/Feb 2008: 3 – via Bio Integral Resource Center (BIRC). <a href="https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.birc.org/JanFeb2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Limonene". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 11 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024. <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene" target="_blank">https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Limonene". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 11 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024. <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene" target="_blank">https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Limonene". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 11 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024. <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene" target="_blank">https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Limonene". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 11 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024. <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene" target="_blank">https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>