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Breakthrough Listen
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>The project aims to discover signs of <a href="/facts/Extraterrestrial_life/arxCPFTQ">extraterrestrial civilizations</a> by searching stars and galaxies for <a href="/facts/Radio_wave/LzrVhgbn">radio signals</a> and <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a> transmissions. The search for radio signals is carried out on the Green Bank Telescope in the <a href="/facts/Northern_Hemisphere/EFwyqL25">Northern Hemisphere</a> and the Parkes Telescope in the <a href="/facts/Southern_Hemisphere/QfJ4z9L5">Southern Hemisphere</a>. The Green Bank Telescope is the world's largest steerable <a href="/facts/Radio_telescope/SxIXUowL">radio telescope</a>, and the Parkes Telescope is the second-largest steerable radio telescope in the Southern Hemisphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Together, the radio telescopes will cover ten times more sky than previous searches and scan the entire 1-to-10 GHz range, the so-called "quiet zone" in the spectrum where <a href="/facts/Radio_wave/LzrVhgbn">radio waves</a> are unobscured by cosmic sources or Earth's atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The radio telescopes are sensitive enough to detect "Earth-leakage" levels of radio transmission from stars within 5 <a href="/facts/Parsec/SwSsk57J">parsecs</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and can detect a transmitter of the same power as a common aircraft <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radar</a> from the 1,000 nearest stars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The Green Bank Telescope began operations in January 2016, and the Parkes Telescope from October 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Five_hundred_meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope/6ASExc9E">FAST</a> radiotelescope in China also joined forces in October 2016 with the Breakthrough Initiatives to launch a coordinated search, including the rapid sharing of promising new signals for additional observation and analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The search for optical <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a> transmissions is carried out by the <a href="/facts/Automated_Planet_Finder/JSaSw7qX">Automated Planet Finder</a> of <a href="/facts/Lick_Observatory/GjdK0880">Lick Observatory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The telescope has the sensitivity to detect a 100 watt laser from a star 25 <a href="/facts/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)/uu2o1hk2">trillion</a> miles (4.25 <a href="/facts/Light_year/IGc5NdQb">light years</a>) away.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="announcement">Announcement</h2> <p>Breakthrough Listen was announced to the public on July 20, 2015 (the anniversary of the <a href="/facts/Apollo_11/BdUKVnQP">Apollo 11</a> Moon landing) by Milner at London's <a href="/facts/Royal_Society/KI5yXCuV">Royal Society</a>. The event was flanked by scientists such as <a href="/facts/Frank_Drake/8vltNtpd">Frank Drake</a>, who is known for the <a href="/facts/Drake_equation/DkqjL3IB">Drake equation</a> that estimates the number of detectable alien civilizations, and <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_Marcy/PF4pmCks">Geoff Marcy</a>, an astronomer who has helped find hundreds of <a href="/facts/Exoplanet/zjfmqfUf">exoplanets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The announcement included an open letter co-signed by multiple scientists, including physicist <a href="/facts/Stephen_Hawking/b7dcce7n">Stephen Hawking</a>, expressing support for an intensified search for alien life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> During the public launch, Hawking said: </p> <blockquote><p>In an infinite Universe, there must be other life. There is no bigger question. It is time to commit to finding the answer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></p></blockquote> <h2 id="significance">Significance</h2> <p>The project is the most comprehensive <a href="/facts/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence/dh8h2HNn">search for alien communications</a> to date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> It is estimated that the project will generate as much data in one day as previous <a href="/facts/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence/dh8h2HNn">SETI</a> projects generated in one year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Compared to previous programs, the radio surveys cover 10 times more of the sky, at least 5 times more of the radio <a href="/facts/Spectrum/wPUjkpqI">spectrum</a>, and work 100 times faster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The optical laser survey is also the deepest and broadest search in history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Andrew_Siemion/fFIpeTVD">Andrew Siemion</a>, director of the <a href="/facts/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center/VBt4PFtx">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a>, describes that "We would typically get 24–36 hours on a telescope per year, but now we'll have thousands of hours per year on the best instruments...It's difficult to overstate how big this is. It's a revolution."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="targets">Targets</h2> <p>As of April 2016, the targets for the radio search with the Green Bank Radio Telescope in the Northern Hemisphere include the following:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>All 43 stars within 5 <a href="/facts/Parsec/SwSsk57J">parsec</a>, or 16.3 <a href="/facts/Light-years/IGc5NdQb">light-years</a>, or 1.03 million <a href="/facts/Astronomical_units/gjsbu5xU">astronomical units</a>, or 1.545×1014 kilometres</li> <li>1000 stars of all <a href="/facts/Stellar_classification/dYrIuK9H">spectral-types</a> within 50 pc, or 163 ly, or 10.3 million au, or 1.545×1015 km</li> <li>One million nearby stars</li> <li>Center regions of at least 100 nearby galaxies, including <a href="/facts/Spiral_galaxy/hRT2dtxJ">spiral galaxies</a>, <a href="/facts/Elliptical_galaxies/1PUchrj1">elliptical galaxies</a>, <a href="/facts/Dwarf_galaxy/TKS7W9tA">dwarf galaxies</a> and <a href="/facts/Irregular_galaxy/P95rRpYR">irregular galaxies</a></li> <li>Exotic stars: 20 <a href="/facts/White_dwarf/gIYlTtrC">white dwarfs</a>, 20 <a href="/facts/Neutron_star/4enfoxBA">neutron stars</a>, 20 <a href="/facts/Black_hole/1r2lmkcF">black holes</a></li></ul> <p>The Parkes Radio Telescope will cover similar targets in the Southern Hemisphere from 1–4 GHz, and also the galactic plane and center.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>The targets for the <a href="/facts/Automated_Planet_Finder/JSaSw7qX">Automated Planet Finder</a> will closely match those of the Green Bank radio search, with small adjustments due to the telescope's much smaller field of view.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>While the telescopes are observing, the current targets of the Green Bank Radio Telescope and the <a href="/facts/Automated_Planet_Finder/JSaSw7qX">Automated Planet Finder</a> can be viewed live at the Berkeley Seti Research Center. </p><p>In January 2017, the project published its initial targets, which are the 60 nearest stars and a further 1649 stars which are the closest representatives of each spectral type.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The initial targets also include 123 galaxies which cover all morphological types of galaxies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>In October 2019 it was announced that Breakthrough Listen will collaborate with scientists from NASA's <a href="/facts/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite/IxEjYsYd">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a> (TESS) team. Over a thousand new planets found by TESS will be scanned for technosignatures. The search will use Listen's primary facilities (Green Bank and Parkes Telescopes, <a href="/facts/MeerKAT/2fEdCFbA">MeerKAT</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Automated_Planet_Finder/JSaSw7qX">Automated Planet Finder</a>) as well as partner facilities (including <a href="/facts/VERITAS/8qfzhS3K">VERITAS</a>, <a href="/facts/NenuFAR/NlBBC3ug">NenuFAR</a>, <a href="/facts/Five-hundred-meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope/6ASExc9E">FAST</a>, the <a href="/facts/Murchison_Widefield_Array/5PBxJmVT">Murchison Widefield Array</a>, <a href="/facts/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)/NlBBC3ug">LOFAR</a> stations in Ireland and Sweden, <a href="/facts/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory/gfKbHgwr">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a>, <a href="/facts/MERLIN/HMBHsp6A">e-MERLIN</a>, <a href="/facts/W._M._Keck_Observatory/4yhJmNde">Keck Observatory</a>, <a href="/facts/Sardinia_Radio_Telescope/IswJRklI">Sardinia Radio Telescope</a>, along with the <a href="/facts/Allen_Telescope_Array/EkclakGa">Allen Telescope Array</a>). In addition to targeting of TESS planets with Listen facilities, the TESS lightcurves themselves will be searched for anomalies, for example caused by <a href="/facts/Dyson_sphere/1xLU6xd3">megastructures</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="breakthrough-listen-exotica-catalog">Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog</h2> <p>Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog is a list of 700 targets that were chosen "to include "one of everything" in the observed Universe – ranging from comets to galaxies, from mundane objects to the most rare and violent celestial phenomena".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>There are four types of targets in the catalog:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <ol><li>"Prototypes: a list containing at least one example of every known kind of celestial object (apart from those too transient to present realistic observation targets). Planets and moons, stars at every point of their life cycle, galaxies big and small, serene star clusters and blazing quasars, and more are all included in the list."</li> <li>"Superlatives: objects with the most extreme properties. These include examples like the hottest planet, stars with unusually high or low metal content, the most distant quasar and fastest-spinning pulsar, and the densest galaxy."</li> <li>"Anomalies: enigmatic targets whose behavior is currently not satisfactorily explained. For instance, the famous "<a href="/facts/Tabby%2527s_Star/AgbWCgam">Tabby's Star</a>" with its bizarre dimming behavior; <a href="/facts/%25CA%25BBOumuamua/80k8yRzE">ʻOumuamua</a> – the interstellar object that passed near Earth in 2017; unexplained optical pulses that last mere nanoseconds; and stars with excess infrared radiation that could conceivably be explained as waste heat from alien megastructures."</li> <li>A control sample of sources not expected to produce positive results.</li></ol> <h2 id="data-processing">Data processing</h2> <p>Analyzing radio observations for possible signals requires intensive data analysis to cover all of the possible signal types. To carry out an in-depth search, the data recorder at the Green Bank telescope has been significantly upgraded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The system records 6 GHz of bandwidth at 24GB of data per second, making it among the highest data rate recording systems in radio astronomy, and there is a plan to double its capabilities in the near future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Once this data has been recorded, it is analysed for signals using a computing cluster with 64 <a href="/facts/GeForce_10_series/rEQwmDqC">GTX 1080</a> <a href="/facts/Graphics_processing_unit/PTK1RQVp">GPUs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The raw data is reduced to a lower resolution to allow long-term storage, but even this reduced data totals approximately 1 <a href="/facts/Petabyte/BNHUp9Qq">petabyte</a> per year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>All data generated from Breakthrough Listen project will be open to the public.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The data is uploaded on the initiative's <a href="http://www.breakthroughinitiatives.org/OpenDataSearch">Open Data Archive</a>, where any user can download it for software analysis. Breakthrough Initiatives are developing <a href="/facts/Open_source_software/HzTaB8E9">open source software</a> to assist users in understanding and analyzing the data, which are available on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a> under UCBerkeleySETI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>The data is also processed by the <a href="/facts/SETI%40home/y8w7Euex">SETI@home</a> (<a href="/facts/BOINC/RPaqqojG">BOINC</a>) volunteer computer network, with the first batch of data being made available to SETI@home in April 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="funding">Funding</h2> <p>The project is funded with $100 million from <a href="/facts/Yuri_Milner/Pt4GLsKr">Yuri Milner</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> One third of this funding will be used to purchase telescope time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> So far, the project has signed contracts for around 20 percent of the time on the Green Bank Telescope for the next five years, and 25 percent of the time on the Parkes Telescope.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Another third will be used for the development of new equipment to receive and process potential signals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> and the final third will be used to hire astronomy staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="project-leadership">Project leadership</h2> <p>Among the projects leaders are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Frank_Drake/8vltNtpd">Frank Drake</a>, chairman emeritus, SETI Institute; professor emeritus of astronomy and astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz; founding director, National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center; former Goldwin Smith Professor of Astronomy, Cornell University.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ann_Druyan/uHEtokDC">Ann Druyan</a>, creative director of the <a href="/facts/Voyager_Golden_Record/tH3VD4qK">Voyager Interstellar Message</a>, NASA Voyager; co-founder and CEO, Cosmos Studios; Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning writer and producer.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Martin_Rees/aaIpNneA">Martin Rees</a>, Astronomer Royal, Fellow of Trinity College; emeritus professor of cosmology and astrophysics, University of Cambridge.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_Siemion/fFIpeTVD">Andrew Siemion</a>, director, <a href="/facts/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center/VBt4PFtx">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dan_Werthimer/gKmkerv9">Dan Werthimer</a>, co-founder and chief scientist of the SETI@home project; director of SERENDIP; principal investigator for CASPER.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pete_Worden/o7NMaU1n">Pete Worden</a>, chairman, Breakthrough Prize Foundation.</li></ul> <h2 id="results">Results</h2> <ul><li>In April 2017, the project released its first set of results, covering the observations of 692 nearby stars at frequencies from 1.1–1.9 GHz (the <a href="/facts/L_band/6l9P26IP">L-band</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> These observations included 11 events which passed the threshold for significance, but it was concluded that they were all consistent with radio frequency interference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> A summary of the observations and the raw data relating to them has been published online.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The project plans to continue publishing updated results approximately every 6 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li></ul> <p>The project has begun at lower frequencies as these have a lower frequency range which is easier to record and process, and plans eventually to observe in a wide range of frequencies from 1.15 GHz to 93 GHz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>On August 30, 2017, Breakthrough Listen said it picked a series of 15 radio bursts coming from a dwarf galaxy about 3 billion light years away.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Breakthrough Listen researchers said the possibility of the source being extraterrestrial life cannot yet be ruled out.[<i>needs update</i>] The radio emissions were detected by the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia. The source is <a href="/facts/Fast_radio_burst/ynz5gw2b">FRB</a> <a href="/facts/Fast_radio_burst/ynz5gw2b">121102</a> which was already known but the activity was vastly different in the latest findings.</li> <li>In December 2017, Breakthrough Listen observed <a href="/facts/%25CA%25BBOumuamua/80k8yRzE">ʻOumuamua</a>, an <a href="/facts/Interstellar_object/qo0Rr0Q7">interstellar</a> <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">asteroid</a> with an unusually elongated shape, for any signs of radio emissions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Over eight hours of observing over a range of frequencies from 1.1–11.6 GHz, no emissions were detected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>In December 2018, a search for laser light emissions from <a href="/facts/KIC_8462852/AgbWCgam">Boyajian's Star</a> was carried out using the Automated Planet Finder, which is sensitive enough to detect a 24 MW laser at this distance. Although a number of candidates were identified, further analysis showed that they are coming from the Earth and not from the star.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li>In January 2020, a preliminary results for the nearby (<150 parsecs away) stars were announced, with no positive detections of artificial transmitters comparable to the terrestrial <a href="/facts/Arecibo_Observatory/tkdpNdll">Arecibo Observatory</a> in the 3.95-8.00 GHz band. Also, it was concluded that at least 8% of 252 nearby stars in a zone allowing <a href="/facts/Variable_star/Ac8mp2gy">detection of Earth by occultation method</a> do not have the <a href="/facts/Duty_cycle/B2tbtXTh">100%-duty</a> (artificial) transmitters of the sort sought by the survey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>In December 2020, it was reported that in April and May 2019, a narrowband signal at 982.002 MHz was intercepted that showed shifts in its frequency consistent with the movement of a planet. No modulation was detected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> The signal appears to have originated from the direction of <a href="/facts/Proxima_Centauri/6vSeytbA">Proxima Centauri</a>. It has been given the name Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1 (<a href="/facts/BLC1/hDpKe4bz">BLC1</a>). As of December 2020, the researchers were still working to rule out terrestrial interference, which they considered the most likely cause. One researcher called it "on par" with the <a href="/facts/Wow!_signal/MNCRYGna">Wow! signal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a>[<i>needs update</i>]</li> <li>In May 2022, Breakthrough Listen conducted the first targeted search for the Wow! Signal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> It was its first collaboration between the <a href="/facts/Green_Bank_Telescope/ycEvR9Em">Green Bank Telescope</a> and the SETI Institute's <a href="/facts/Allen_Telescope_Array/EkclakGa">Allen Telescope Array</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> The observations lasted 1 hour from Greenbank, 35 minutes from ATA, and 10 minutes simultaneously.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> No technosignature candidates were found.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Astronomy portal</li><li>Biology portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Communication_with_extraterrestrial_intelligence/SR1FUWxU">Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Detecting_Earth_from_distant_stars/o6JCctxa">Detecting Earth from distant stars</a> – Detecting Earth as an exoplanetPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs/LLu2LmXq">List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs</a> within 20 light years</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science/U1sslMvJ">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ohio_State_University_Radio_Observatory/DmB1W97R">Ohio State University Radio Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Open_data/h9695bNE">Open data</a>, <a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence/dh8h2HNn">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SETI_Institute/WLsMEGJm">SETI Institute</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/initiative/1">Breakthrough Listen</a>, Breakthrough Initiatives website</li> <li><a href="https://seti.berkeley.edu">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a>, Berkeley SETI Research Center website</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Merali, Zeeya (20 July 2015). "Search for extraterrestrial intelligence gets a $100-million boost. Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announces most comprehensive hunt for alien life". Nature. 523 (7561). Nature News: 392–3. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..392M. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18016. PMID 26201576. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2015.18016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2015.18016</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Rundle, Michael (20 July 2015). "$100m Breakthrough Listen is 'largest ever' search for alien civilisations". Wired. Retrieved 20 July 2015. <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-07/20/breakthrough-listen-project" target="_blank">https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-07/20/breakthrough-listen-project</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Chethan Kumar (August 31, 2017). "Breakthrough detects 15 radio bursts from dwarf galaxy; might be from 'alien' spacecraft". 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