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Justin I
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<h2 id="early-career">Early career</h2> <p>Justin was a peasant and possibly a <a href="/facts/Swineherd/aJ3LdVFo">swineherd</a> by occupation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> from the region of Dardania, part of the <a href="/facts/Prefecture_of_Illyricum/Ra4fYf5j">Prefecture of Illyricum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> He was born in the <a href="/facts/Hamlet_(place)/tmS0fHpM">hamlet</a> Bederiana near <a href="/facts/Naissus/N96bKLAx">Naissus</a> (modern <a href="/facts/Ni%25C5%25A1/N96bKLAx">Niš</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> He was of <a href="/facts/Thraco-Roman/4A20pgva">Thraco-Roman</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Illyro-Roman/p8T0Egd9">Illyro-Roman</a> descent,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> spoke Latin and only rudimentary Greek. His sister Vigilantia (born c. 455) married Sabbatius and had two children: the future emperor <a href="/facts/Justinian_I/6wl5Ivh7">Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus</a> (born 483) and <a href="/facts/Vigilantia/J6HdP3vI">Vigilantia</a> (born c. 490). The younger Vigilantia married Dulcissimus (or Dulcidio) and had at least three children: the future emperor <a href="/facts/Justin_II/dMR5WIzL">Justin II</a> (born c. 520); the future general <a href="/facts/Marcellus_(brother_of_Justin_II)/TSSHmEPH">Marcellus</a>; and <a href="/facts/Praejecta/BXJvtCUh">Praejecta</a> (born c. 520), who married the senator Areobindus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>As a young man, he and two companions left Dardania in order to escape the poverty of the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Taking refuge in <a href="/facts/Constantinople/fLcY371n">Constantinople</a>, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, they possessed nothing more than the ragged clothes on their backs and a sack of bread among them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Illiterate at the time of his arrival there,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Justin joined the newly formed palace guard, the <i><a href="/facts/Excubitors/5CMkbPo7">excubitors</a></i>. He served in various positions, campaigning against the Isaurians and the <a href="/facts/Sasanian_Empire/JvbRevkA">Sassanian Persians</a> and was noticed for his bravery. Because of his ability he was successively appointed a <a href="/facts/Tribune/VgoaY9lR">tribune</a>, a <i><a href="/facts/Comes/VyJnvjpK">comes</a></i>, a <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Senate/oPVYLywt">senator</a> and, under the Emperor <a href="/facts/Anastasius_I_Dicorus/PV12nbkh">Anastasius I Dicorus</a>, the influential position of <i><a href="/facts/Comes_excubitorum/5CMkbPo7">comes excubitorum</a></i>, commander of the palace guard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> During this period he married <a href="/facts/Lupicina/yE7cFtYA">Lupicina</a>; no surviving children are recorded from this marriage. According to contemporary historian <a href="/facts/Procopius/6VCmWLTL">Procopius</a>, Lupicina was a <a href="/facts/Barbarian/k61mm4mC">barbarian</a> <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome/cPaafev8">slave</a> who had been Justin's <a href="/facts/Concubinage/Emm9rxG0">concubine</a> before their marriage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="succession">Succession</h2> <p>During the night of 8–9 July 518, Anastasius died and his <i><a href="/facts/Silentiarius/ShlNxTGx">silentarii</a></i>, a senior servant, summoned Justin and <a href="/facts/Celer_(magister_officiorum)/PlgD0TNl">Celer</a> to his deathbed. Celer was the <i><a href="/facts/Magister_officiorum/Q1b3fHBb">magister officiorum</a></i> (master of offices) and commander of the palace regiments of the <i><a href="/facts/Scholae_Palatinae/P5aaH49b">Scholae Palatinae</a></i>, a force of parade-ground display troops. By morning the event had been announced throughout the capital, Constantinople. The high officials, including <a href="/facts/John_of_Cappadocia/j1Umg2us">John of Cappadocia</a>, the recently appointed <a href="/facts/Patriarch_of_Constantinople/KtWbL8K8">patriarch of Constantinople</a>, were summoned to the <a href="/facts/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople/R6LQIU7R">Great Palace</a> for the election of a new emperor. Meanwhile, the people gathered in the <a href="/facts/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople/rjmTc1Yo">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a> and awaited the proclamation of the name of the new emperor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <p>Anastasius had died childless but had a host of known relatives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> This extensive family included several viable candidates for the throne.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> His brother <a href="/facts/Paulus_(consul_496)/7WE6RTNP">Paulus</a> had served as <a href="/facts/Roman_consul/7Yh7yLJp">consul</a> in 496.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/John_Malalas/TLdXTllY">John Malalas</a>, the <i><a href="/facts/Praepositus_sacri_cubiculi/dF41Fbn4">praepositus sacri cubiculi</a></i> (grand chamberlain), <a href="/facts/Amantius_(praepositus)/NxXr6mvQ">Amantius</a>, had intended to have <a href="/facts/Theocritus_(comes_domesticorum)/Icu6sEL7">Theocritus</a>, commander of an elite guard unit, elected to the throne.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Theocritus and Amantius were relying on their control of a large military force and on buying the support of the other officials. Amantius was said to have given a substantial sum of money to Justin in order to buy his support. However, Justin controlled a smaller, but higher-quality group of soldiers, and used the money to buy support for himself. He was elected as the new emperor by the council and was proclaimed emperor in the Hippodrome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Justin's wife became empress under the name Euphemia. The name was probably chosen for reasons of respectability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> The original <a href="/facts/Euphemia/9e25LeyW">Euphemia</a> was a <a href="/facts/Christian_martyrs/m8axQ6ry">Christian martyr</a> during the <a href="/facts/Diocletianic_Persecution/ysQ8yY31">Diocletianic Persecution</a>. She was a local saint of <a href="/facts/Chalcedon/VSFMILUp">Chalcedon</a> and the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Chalcedon/asejSYdH">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451) had taken place in a cathedral <a href="/facts/Consecrated/M6mxxeLw">consecrated</a> in her name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The selection of this name was an early indication that Justin and Lupicina were fervent <a href="/facts/Chalcedonian_Christian/G6n07LAD">Chalcedonian Christians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Some of the population of the capital was supportive because of his strong <a href="/facts/Chalcedonian_Definition/w5CWsxxM">Chalcedonian</a> position on the fierce <a href="/facts/Christological/tnm8LUN2">Christological</a> debate of the time, in opposition to his predecessor's <a href="/facts/Miaphysite/MwdRPaXL">Miaphysite</a> leanings. </p> <h2 id="emperor">Emperor</h2> <p>Justin cemented his position by assassinating potential opponents, especially anti-Chalcedonian supporters of Anastasius. Both Amantius and Theocritus were executed nine days after the election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Early in his reign, he also dismissed a number of officials that served emperor Anastasius, including <a href="/facts/Marinus_(praetorian_prefect)/8ERv7XMV">Marinus</a>, the praetorian prefect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>In his time, Justin was viewed as an illiterate career soldier with little knowledge of statecraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> He surrounded himself with trusted advisors, the most prominent being his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius, whom he adopted as his son and invested with the name Iustinianus (Justinian).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Another was the <a href="/facts/Quaestor_sacri_palatii/boW7lG1S"><i>quaestor</i></a> Proclus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Foreign affairs</h3> <p>Justin endeavoured to cultivate client states on the borders of the Empire, and avoided any significant warfare until late in his reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>In 497 Anastasius had agreed with <a href="/facts/Theoderic_the_Great/7aNHJB6H">Theoderic</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ostrogoths/TNIcLIN5">Ostrogothic</a> king of Italy, that he would rule Italy as Anastasius' deputy. This preserved Italy as nominally a part of the Empire, and neutralised a potentially dangerous neighbour. The arrangement suited Theodoric, as the Ostrogoths were a small aristocratic minority in Italy and the blessing of Constantinople helped reconcile the majority of the population to their rule. The feelings of the majority of Italians towards the Empire were mixed, as Anastasius was a Miaphysite, while they were Chalcedonian. The Ostrogoths were Arians, and there was a tendency to consider both them and Miaphysites as different breeds of heretics. With a strongly Chalcedonian emperor on the throne and the Italian-based papacy formally healing the rift the situation became less stable. Initially relations were friendly. Theodoric's son-in-law <a href="/facts/Eutharic/aWYdzyRS">Eutharic</a> was appointed consul in Constantinople in 519 and confirmed as Theodoric's heir. Eutharic died in 522, by which time Justin's policies, possibly influenced by Justinian, had become more anti-Arian. In 526 Theodoric died, leaving Eutharic's ten-year-old son <a href="/facts/Athalaric/4SEggtTn">Athalaric</a> as heir to the throne.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <p>A number of initiatives in respect of neighbouring states were founded on religious motives, and were usually developed by Justinian as he assumed more power towards the end of Justin's reign. <a href="/facts/Kaleb_of_Axum/QbwDLbvP">Kaleb I</a> of <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Aksum/oUqHznzK">Aksum</a> was probably encouraged to aggressively enlarge his empire by Justin. Contemporary chronicler John Malalas reported that Byzantine merchants were robbed and killed by the Jewish king of the south Arabian kingdom of <a href="/facts/Himyar/1KqLhca0">Himyar</a>, causing Kaleb to claim, "You have acted badly because you have killed merchants of the Christian Romans, which is a loss both to myself and my kingdom."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Himyar was a client state of the Sassanian Persians, perennial enemies of the Byzantines. After Kaleb invaded Himyar around 523, Justin saw what is now Yemen pass from Sassanian control to the rule of an allied Christian state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>A number of small states on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and of Sassanian Persia were constant areas of contention between the two powers. The Georgian <a href="/facts/Sasanian_Iberia/MtCtHmqA">Principality of Iberia</a> was in the Sassanian sphere of influence, but was Christian. Iberian bishops were sent to <a href="/facts/Antioch/Evq0VtjE">Antioch</a> in the Byzantine Empire to be <a href="/facts/Consecrate/M6mxxeLw">consecrated</a>. <a href="/facts/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia/SYxefv8z">Vakhtang I of Iberia</a> was encouraged into war with the Sassanians. A "fervent Christian", his religious policies were "part and parcel of his larger strategic aims".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> After a lengthy struggle he was defeated and Iberia subjugated as a Sassanian province in 522.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Lazica/d3grcD5C">Lazica</a> was another border state; it was Christian, but in the Sassanid sphere. Its king, <a href="/facts/Tzath_I_of_Lazica/JR4w6ded">Tzath</a>, wished to weaken Sassanid influence. In 521 or 522, he went to Constantinople to receive the insignia and royal robes of kingship from Justin's hand and to make his submission. He was also <a href="/facts/Baptized/wEY6gtGA">baptized</a> as a <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christian</a> and married a Byzantine noblewoman, Valeriana. After having been confirmed in his kingdom by the Byzantine emperor, he returned to Lazica. Shortly after Justin's death, the Sassanids attempted to forcibly regain control, but were beaten off with assistance from Justin's successor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>In 524, the Sassanid emperor <a href="/facts/Kavadh_I/j9WpTmHQ">Kavadh I</a> approached Justin asking that he formally adopt his youngest son, <a href="/facts/Khosrow_I/bcd99whX">Khosrow</a>, in order to secure his succession over his elder, but less favoured, brothers. Justin was agreeable, but, aware that, being childless himself, an adopted Persian son would have a claim on the Byzantine throne, offered adoption according to barbarian custom. The Persians were insulted and broke off all negotiations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> In 526, the Byzantines raided Persian Armenia at Justinian's initiative. Justinian was increasingly taking control of policy from his aging uncle. The raiding parties were led by two of Justinian's up-and-coming military protégees, <a href="/facts/Sittas/v0osM85X">Sittas</a> and <a href="/facts/Belisarius/s1VQA5wV">Belisarius</a>. The raids achieved little, other than to make a statement of intent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h3>Religion</h3> <p>Justin's reign is noteworthy for the resolution of the <a href="/facts/Acacian_schism/HXts0gvX">Acacian schism</a> between the eastern and western branches of the Christian church. On ascending the throne Justin invited <a href="/facts/Pope_Hormisdas/sGLl8786">Pope Hormisdas</a> to Constantinople for negotiations. Justinian sent a similar, but separate, invitation; said to have been closer to a summons. Hormisdas promptly despatched a delegation to Constantinople with instructions to state the orthodox position rather than to negotiate. Carrying out a policy developed by his nephew Justinian, the future emperor, Justin endorsed Rome's view on the question of the dual nature of Christ. On 28 March 519, in the cathedral of Constantinople in the presence of a great throng of people, a reluctant <a href="/facts/John_of_Cappadocia/j1Umg2us">Patriarch John II</a> accepted the formula of Pope Hormisdas and the end of the schism was concluded in a solemn ceremony.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>For the first three years of his reign Justin persecuted the Miaphysites, even serving soldiers. Thereafter he adopted a more pragmatic approach. In 523 Justin issued a strict edict against <a href="/facts/Arianism/c51Mv6Rk">Arianism</a>. Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, was an Arian himself, as were most Ostrogoths. He despatched <a href="/facts/Pope_John_I/2yEpzKnB">Pope John I</a>, Pope Hormisdas' successor, to Constantinople with firm instructions to obtain a policy reversal. John received an exceptionally warm welcome; the population of Constantinople applauded him, Justin laid on celebrations, prostrated himself at the Pope's feet and insisted on being re-crowned by the Pope's hands. John did not succeed in having the edict overturned, it seems that he did not press the matter. On his return to Italy an enraged Theodoric had him flung into prison, where he shortly died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>Again encouraged by Justinian, Justin increasingly expressed his position as emperor as a religious one. He claimed that "we have been elected to the empire by favour of the indivisible <a href="/facts/Trinity/2eElg705">Trinity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Edicts were endorsed with "We continuously commit ourselves to all plans and actions in the name of Jesus Christ".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> In either 519 or 522 Justin abandoned the tradition of depicting pagan symbols on the reverse of his coins and seals. "During the reign, the characteristic identifying the reverse female figure as Victory, a high girdle below the breasts, was substituted by a tunic, therefore identifying the figure as an angel."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> This was a very public and widespread restatement of the Empire as a Christian state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Later years</h3> <p>The later years of the reign of Justin were marked by increased tension with the Empire's neighbours, especially the Ostrogoths, and the Sassanids. In 526 Antioch was destroyed by <a href="/facts/526_Antioch_earthquake/LNb0E6HI">an earthquake</a> with an estimated 250,000 deaths. Justin arranged for sufficient money to be sent to the city for both immediate relief and to start reconstruction. The rebuilding of the Great Church and many other buildings was overseen by <a href="/facts/Ephraim_of_Antioch/nC3t6rNj">Ephraim</a>, the <i><a href="/facts/Comes_Orientis/M1yfatIo">comes Orientis</a></i>, whose efforts saw him replace Euphrasius as the <a href="/facts/Chalcedonian/G6n07LAD">Chalcedonian</a> patriarch of Antioch. Many of the buildings erected after the earthquake were destroyed by another major earthquake in November 528, although there were far fewer casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Procopius_of_Caesarea/6VCmWLTL">Procopius of Caesarea</a>'s Byzantine historia indicate that Justin I's mental faculties had begun to <a href="/facts/Dementia/T0MRDE9I">decline</a> in his old age, going as far as to write "the Emperor, as an idiot and advanced in age, caused the laugh of the environment, and was also accused of delays in decisions and inability for his duties."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="justinian">Justinian</h2> <p>During his uncle's reign Justinian successively occupied the positions of <i><a href="/facts/Scholae_Palatinae/P5aaH49b">candidatus</a></i>, patrician, a consul (in 521), and then a general. In 525, Justin passed a new law that effectively allowed a member of the senatorial class to marry reformed actresses, paving the way for Justinian to marry <a href="/facts/Theodora_(6th_century)/PU95DQYp">Theodora</a>, a former <a href="/facts/Mime_artist/yNExW9my">mime</a> actress. In 525, Justin elevated Justinian as <a href="/facts/Caesar_(title)/75YBKUXu"><i>caesar</i></a>. Justin's health began to decline and he formally named Justinian as co-emperor and, on 1 April 527, as his successor. On 1 August Justin died and was succeeded by <a href="/facts/Justinian/6wl5Ivh7">Justinian</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Cilicia/2pgAF15D">Cilician</a> city of <a href="/facts/Anazarbus/1yEBMNPp">Caesarea</a> was renamed Justinopolis in 525, in honour of Justin I. The name persisted until the 12th century when <a href="/facts/Thoros_I%2c_Prince_of_Armenia/laV8Ks1t">Thoros I</a>, king of <a href="/facts/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia/gFPNErLo">Armenian Cilicia</a>, made it his capital and renamed it <a href="/facts/Anazarbus/1yEBMNPp">Anazarbus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Byzantine Empire portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Byzantine_emperors/zofQz7f7">List of Byzantine emperors</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <ul><li>Binns, John (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pChoU6Ux2gYC&pg=PA11"><i>Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine, 314–631</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-826934-2.</li> <li>Bowersock, G. W.; Grabar, Oleg (1999). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe"><i>Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-51173-6.</li> <li>Browning, Robert (2003). <i>Justinian and Theodora</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-59333-053-8.</li> <li>Cameron, Averil (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA63">"Chapter III: Justin I and Justinian"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-32591-2.</li> <li>Chapman, H. John (1971). <i>Studies on the Early Papacy</i>. Ann Arbor: Kennikat Press, <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8046-1139-8.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alison_E._Cooley/ggGWJ05h">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-84026-2.</li> <li>Croke, Brian (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ep6U-meRt00C&q=Paulus"><i>Count Marcellinus and his chronicle</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-815001-5.</li> <li>Evans, James Allan Stewart (1996). <i>The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-23726-0.</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. 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Oxford; Malden MA.: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4051-0857-7.</li> <li>Mócsy, András (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ&q=Justinian+Thracian+stock&pg=PA350"><i>Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-317-75425-1.</li> <li>Ostrogorsky, George (1957). <i>History of the Byzantine State</i>. Translated by Hussey, Joan. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2221721">2221721</a>.</li> <li>Procopius (1927). <i>The Secret History of Procopius</i>. Translated by Atwater, Richard. Chicago: P. Covici. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2528665">2528665</a>.</li> <li>Russu, Ion I. (1976). <i>Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium</i> (in Romanian). Vol. veacurile III-VII. Bucharest: Editura Academiei R. S. România. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181135507">181135507</a>.</li> <li>Smith, William; Anthon, Charles (1895). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dicBAAAAQAAJ"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology</i></a>. New York: Harper. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11360298">11360298</a>.</li> <li>Vasiliev, A. A. (1950). <i>Justin the First</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/310492065">310492065</a>.</li> <li><i>Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle</i>, 2006</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iustinus I. <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "Justin I.". <ul><li><a href="/facts/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis/yJYq7mbn">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325143527/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm">Evans, James Allan, "Justin I (518–527 A.D.)"</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Gibbon/D3r8xdXp">Gibbon, Edward</a>, <i><a href="/facts/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire/tPWxPtdk">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000123052607/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-4/chap4.html">vol. 4, chapter xl</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044211/Justin-I">Justin I</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Joannes Zonaras (c. 1140), Epitome, XIV 5. <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" target="_blank">/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cameron 2000, p. 63. - Cameron, Averil (2000). "Chapter III: Justin I and Justinian". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32591-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA63" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA63</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Binns 1996. - Binns, John (1996). Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine, 314–631. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826934-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pChoU6Ux2gYC&pg=PA11" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pChoU6Ux2gYC&pg=PA11</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Cameron 2000, p. 63. - Cameron, Averil (2000). "Chapter III: Justin I and Justinian". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32591-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA63" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA63</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Browning 2003, p. 23. - Browning, Robert (2003). Justinian and Theodora. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-59333-053-8. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Mócsy 2014, p. 350. - Mócsy, András (2014). Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. 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