C++23

<h2 id="modern-hello-world-example">Modern "Hello, world" Example</h2>
After many library changes applied to the working draft, the new <a href="/facts/%2522Hello%2c_World!%2522_program/vLn0jLlL">"Hello, world" program</a> will be: <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/println">[1]</a>

import std;

int main() {
    std::println("Hello, world!");
}

<h2 id="features">Features</h2>
Changes that have been accepted into C++23 include:

<h3>Language</h3>
<ul><li>explicit this object parameter<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></li>
<li>if consteval<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a></li>
<li>multidimensional subscript operator<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></li>
<li>static call and subscript operators and static lambdas<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></li>
<li>simplifying implicit move<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li>
<li>auto(x) and auto{x}<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li>
<li>new preprocessor directives:
<ul><li>#elifdef and #elifndef<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></li>
<li>#warning<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></li></ul></li>
<li>extending the lifetime of some temporaries in range-based for loop<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></li>
<li>new standard attribute [[assume(expression)]]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li>
<li>class template argument deduction from inherited constructors<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a></li>
<li>labels at the end of the compound statement<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></li>
<li>alias declarations in init-statements<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></li>
<li>literal suffixes for std::size_t and the corresponding signed type<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></li>
<li>extended floating-point types with literals (conditionally supported)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></li>
<li>optional () from nullary <a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">lambda expressions</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></li>
<li>attributes on lambda expressions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></li>
<li>constexpr changes:
<ul><li>non-literal variables, labels, and gotos in constexpr functions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></li>
<li>allowing static and thread_local variables that are usable in constant expressions in constexpr functions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></li>
<li>constexpr function does not need its return type and parameter types to be literal type</li>
<li>it is now possible to write a constexpr function for which no invocation satisfies the requirements of a core constant expression<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></li></ul></li>
<li>narrowing contextual conversions to bool in static_assert and if constexpr<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></li>
<li>trimming whitespaces before line splicing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li>
<li>make declaration order layout mandated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></li>
<li>delimited escape sequences<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li>
<li>named universal character escapes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></li>
<li>text encoding changes:
<ul><li>support for UTF-8 as a portable source file encoding<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></li>
<li>consistent character literal encoding<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></li>
<li>character sets and encodings<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Library</h3>
<h4>Standard Library Module Support</h4>
<ul><li>standard library <a href="/facts/Precompiled_header/3UIdo5bt">modules</a> std and std.compat<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></li></ul>
<h4>Coroutine Library Support</h4>
<ul><li>synchronous coroutine std::generator for ranges<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></li></ul>
<h4>General Utilities Support</h4>
<ul><li>result type std::expected<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></li>
<li>monadic operations for std::optional<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> and std::expected<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></li>
<li>utility function std::to_underlying to get the underlying value of enum<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></li>
<li>move-only callable wrapper std::move_only_function<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li>
<li>std::forward_like<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></li>
<li>std::invoke_r<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></li>
<li>std::bind_back<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></li>
<li>std::byteswap<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></li>
<li>std::unreachable: a function to mark <a href="/facts/Unreachable_code/BNas1LeK">unreachable code</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></li>
<li>made std::tuple compatible with other tuple-like objects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li>
<li>std::basic_common_reference specialization for std::reference_wrapper yielding reference types<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></li>
<li>adding default arguments for std::pair's forwarding constructor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></li></ul>
<h4>Compile-time Support</h4>
<ul><li>constexpr support for:
<ul><li>std::type_info::operator==<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a></li>
<li>std::bitset<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></li>
<li>std::unique_ptr<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></li>
<li>for some <cmath> functions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></li>
<li>for integral overloads of std::to_chars and std::from_chars<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></li></ul></li>
<li>metaprogramming utilities:
<ul><li>type traits std::is_scoped_enum,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> std::is_implicit_lifetime,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> std::reference_constructs_from_temporary, and std::reference_converts_from_temporary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></li></ul></li>
<li>adding move-only types support for comparison concepts<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></li></ul>
<h4>Iterators, Ranges, and Algorithm Support</h4>
<ul><li>new range conversion function std::ranges::to<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></li>
<li>new constrained ranges algorithm:
<ul><li>std::ranges::starts_with</li>
<li>std::ranges::ends_with<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a></li>
<li>std::ranges::contains</li>
<li>std::ranges::contains_subrange<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a></li>
<li>std::ranges::find_last and other variants<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></li>
<li>rangified versions of iota, shift_left, and shift_right<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a></li>
<li>range fold algorithms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li></ul></li>
<li>new std::ranges::range_adaptor_closure, a helper for defining user-defined range adaptor closures<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a></li>
<li>new range adaptors:
<ul><li>std::views::zip and other variants</li>
<li>std::views::adjacent and other variants<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a></li>
<li>std::views::join_with<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a></li>
<li>std::views::slide</li>
<li>std::views::chunk<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></li>
<li>std::views::chunk_by<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a></li>
<li>std::views::as_rvalue<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></li>
<li>std::views::as_const<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li>
<li>std::views::repeat<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></li>
<li>std::views::stride<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li>
<li>std::views::cartesian_product<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></li>
<li>std::views::enumerate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a></li></ul></li>
<li>rectifying constant iterators, sentinels, and ranges, that is, std::ranges::cbegin and other similar utilities returning constant iterators should be fully guaranteed even for shallow-const views (such as std::span)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li>
<li>ranges iterators as inputs to non-ranges algorithms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a></li>
<li>relaxing range adaptors to allow for move only types<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></li>
<li>making multi-param constructors of some views explicit<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a></li></ul>
<h4>Memory Management Support</h4>
<ul><li>std::out_ptr and std::inout_ptr for C interoperability<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></li>
<li>std::allocate_at_least and std::allocator::allocate_at_least<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a></li>
<li>explicit lifetime management function std::start_lifetime_as for implicit-lifetime types<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></li>
<li>disallowing user specialization of std::allocator_traits<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a></li></ul>
<h4>String and Text Processing Support</h4>
<ul><li>new member functions and changes in string types:
<ul><li>std::basic_string_view::contains and std::basic_string::contains<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a></li>
<li>disabling construction from nullptr for std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a></li>
<li>explicit range constructor for std::basic_string_view<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a></li>
<li>std::basic_string::resize_and_overwrite<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a></li>
<li>rvalue reference overload of std::basic_string::substr for efficient slicing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></li></ul></li>
<li>formatting ranges, tuples, escaped presentation of characters and strings, std::thread::id, and stacktraces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a></li></ul>
<h4>Diagnostic Support</h4>
<ul><li>stacktrace library<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a></li></ul>
<h4>I/O Support</h4>
<ul><li>formatted output functions std::print and std::println from new header <print><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a></li>
<li>spanstream library (std::span-based string stream) from new header <spanstream><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a></li>
<li>a support for exclusive mode in std::fstreams<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a></li>
<li>std::basic_ostream::operator<<(const volatile void*)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a></li></ul>
<h4>Containers Support</h4>
<ul><li>multidimensional-span std::mdspan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a></li>
<li>constructability and assignability of containers from other compatible ranges<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a></li>
<li>flat set and flat map container adapters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a></li>
<li>non-deduction context for allocators in container deduction guides<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a></li>
<li>heterogeneous erasure overloads for associative containers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a></li>
<li>allowing iterator pair construction in stack and queue<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a></li>
<li>requiring std::span and std::basic_string_view to be trivially copyable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a></li></ul>
<h4>C-Compatibility Support</h4>
<ul><li>new header <stdatomic.h><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a></li></ul>
<h3>Language defect reports</h3>
<ul><li>C++ identifier syntax using Unicode Standard Annex 31<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a></li>
<li>allowing duplicate attributes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a></li>
<li>changing scope of lambda trailing return type<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a></li>
<li>making overloaded comparison operators less breaking change<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a></li>
<li>undeprecating volatile compound assignments<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a></li>
<li>fixing the compatibility and portability of char8_t<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a></li>
<li>relaxing requirements on wchar_t to match existing practices<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a></li>
<li>allowing some pointers and references of this or unknown origin in constant expressions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a></li>
<li>introduction of immediate-escalating functions promoted to immediate functions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a></li>
<li>allowing static_assert(false) in uninstantiated template contexts</li></ul>
<h3>Library defect reports</h3>
<ul><li>changes in ranges library:
<ul><li>conditionally borrowed ranges<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a></li>
<li>repairing input range adaptors and std::counted_iterator<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a></li>
<li>relaxing the constraint on std::ranges::join_view<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a></li>
<li>renamed std::ranges::split_view to std::ranges::lazy_split_view and new split_view<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a></li>
<li>removed std::default_initializable constraint from concept std::ranges::view<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a></li>
<li>view with ownership and new std::ranges::owning_view<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a></li>
<li>fixed std::ranges::istream_view<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a></li></ul></li>
<li>changes in text formatting library:
<ul><li>std::basic_format_string<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a></li>
<li>compile-time format string checks</li>
<li>reducing binary code size of std::format_to<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a></li>
<li>fixing locale handling in chrono formatters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a></li>
<li>improving width estimation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> and fill character allowances of std::format<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a></li>
<li>use of forwarding references in format arguments to allow non-const-formattable types<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a></li></ul></li>
<li>fully constexpr std::variant and std::optional<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a></li>
<li>supporting types derived from std::variant in std::visit<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a></li></ul>
<h3>Removed features and deprecation</h3>
Removed features:

<ul><li>Garbage Collection Support and (strict) Pointer Safety<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> (meaning only relaxed pointer safety is to be relied upon<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a>). This minimal garbage collection support (and pointer safety, needed for it), was added to C++11 but no compilers have ever supported it so the support was removed in C++23.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> However, that doesn't mean many GC implementations haven't been used, and continue to be used with C++, such as <a href="/facts/Boehm_garbage_collector/d5hNm3zM">Boehm GC</a> (and it can also just be used for leak detection in leak detection, when in debug mode), and such GC is often implemented in C++, for other languages to use.</li>
<li>Mixed wide-string literal concatenation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a></li>
<li>Non-encodable wide character literals and multicharacter wide character literals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a></li></ul>
Deprecated features:

<ul><li>std::aligned_storage and std::aligned_union<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a></li>
<li>std::numeric_limits::has_denorm<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a></li></ul>
Reverted deprecated features:

<ul><li>Use of comma operator in subscript expressions was no longer deprecated but the semantics has been changed to support overloadable n-adic operator[].</li>
<li>C headers (The corresponding <*.h> headers for compatibility with C)</li></ul>
<h2 id="published-as-technical-specifications">Published as Technical Specifications</h2>
<ul><li>Concurrency TS v2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="compiler-support">Compiler support</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Clang/MH7cjC67">Clang</a> progressively added partial C++23 support from 2021 in version 13 through to version 18 in 2024, available through the option -std=c++23.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GCC</a> added partial, experimental C++23 support in 2021 in version 11 through the option -std=c++2b or -std=c++23 It also has an option to enable GNU extensions in addition to the experimental C++23 support, -std=gnu++2b.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="history">History</h2>
In the absence of face-to-face WG21 meetings, the following changes were applied after several virtual WG21 meetings, where they were approved by straw polls.

<h3>November 2020</h3>
The following were added after the virtual WG21 meeting of 9 November 2020, where they were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a>

<ul><li>Literal suffixes for std::<a href="/facts/Size_t/49S2hMa1">size_t</a> and the corresponding signed type</li>
<li>A member function contains for std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view, to check whether or not the string contains a given substring or character</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Stacktrace/EupTJx5z">stacktrace</a> library (<stacktrace>), based on <a href="/facts/Boost_(C%252B%252B_libraries)/vGLGG51A">Boost</a>.Stacktrace</li>
<li>A type trait std::is_scoped_enum</li>
<li>The header <stdatomic.h>, for interoperability with <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> atomics</li></ul>
<h3>February 2021</h3>
After the virtual WG21 meeting of 22 February 2021, following features are added where they were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a>

<ul><li>Removing unnecessary empty parameter list () from <a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">lambda expressions</a>.</li>
<li>Repairing input range adaptors and counted_iterator.</li>
<li>Relax the requirements for time_point::clock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a></li>
<li>std::visit for classes that are derived from std::variant.</li>
<li>Locks lock lockables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a></li>
<li>Conditionally borrowed ranges.</li>
<li>std::to_underlying.</li></ul>
<h3>June 2021</h3>
After the summer 2021 ISO C++ standards plenary virtual meeting of June 2021, new features and defect reports were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a>

<ul><li>Consteval if (if consteval).</li>
<li>Narrowing contextual conversions to bool.</li>
<li>Allowing duplicate attributes.</li>
<li>std::span-based string-stream (<spanstream>).</li>
<li>std::out_ptr() and std::inout_ptr().</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Constexpr/fI3YCoKQ">constexpr</a> for std::optional, std::variant, and std::type_info::operator==.</li>
<li>Iterators pair constructors for std::stack (<a href="/facts/Stack_(abstract_data_type)/bj7l94v1">stack</a>) and std::queue (<a href="/facts/Queue_(abstract_data_type)/hVPjPXus">queue</a>).</li>
<li>Few changes of the ranges library:
<ul><li>Generalized starts_with and ends_with for arbitrary ranges.</li>
<li>Renamed split_view to lazy_split_view and new split_view.</li>
<li>Relaxing the constraint on join_view.</li>
<li>Removing default_initializable constraint from concept view.</li>
<li>Range constructor for std::basic_string_view.</li></ul></li>
<li>Prohibiting std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view construction from <a href="/facts/Nullptr/fI3YCoKQ">nullptr</a>.</li>
<li>std::invoke_r.</li>
<li>Improvements on std::format.</li>
<li>Adding default arguments for std::pair's forwarding constructor.</li></ul>
<h3>October 2021</h3>
After the autumn 2021 ISO C++ standards plenary virtual meeting of October 2021, new features and defect reports were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>

<ul><li>Non-literal variables, labels, and gotos in constexpr functions, but still ill-formed to evaluate them at compile-time.</li>
<li>Explicit <a href="/facts/This_(computer_programming)/DYW7Snl3">this</a> object parameter.</li>
<li>Changes on character sets and encodings.</li>
<li>New preprocessors: #elifdef and #elifndef. Both directives were added to <a href="/facts/C23_(C_standard_revision)/1VvQNwSb">C23</a> (C language update) and <a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GCC</a> 12.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a></li>
<li>Allowing alias declarations in init-statement.</li>
<li>Overloading multidimensional subscript operator (e.g. arr[1, 2]).</li>
<li>Decay copy in language: auto(x) or auto{x}.</li>
<li>Changes in text formatting library:
<ul><li>Fixing locale handling in chrono formatters.</li>
<li>Use of forwarding references in format arguments to allow std::generator-like types.</li></ul></li>
<li>Addition of type alias std::pmr::stacktrace which is equivalent to std::basic_stacktrace<std::pmr::polymorphic_allocator>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a></li>
<li>Changes in ranges library:
<ul><li>Refined definition of a view.</li>
<li>Replacing function template std::ranges::istream_view with alias templates std::ranges::istream_view, std::ranges::wistream_view, and customization point object std::views::istream.</li>
<li>zip range adaptor family:
<ul><li>zip_view</li>
<li>zip_transform_view</li>
<li>adjacent_view (and std::views::pairwise being equivalent to std::views::adjacent<2>)</li>
<li>adjacent_transform_view (and std::views::pairwise_transform being equivalent to std::views::adjacent_transform<2>)</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>std::move_only_function.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Monad_(functional_programming)/kYazRoF1">Monadic</a> operations for std::optional.</li>
<li>Member function template std::basic_string::resize_and_overwrite.</li>
<li>Printing <a href="/facts/Volatile_(computer_programming)/GLgsSNDB">volatile</a> pointers (volatile T*).</li>
<li>std::byteswap.</li>
<li>Heterogeneous erasure overloads for associative containers.</li>
<li>Every specialization of std::span and std::basic_string_view is trivially copyable.</li>
<li>Adding conditional noexcept specifications to std::exchange.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a></li>
<li>Revamped specification and use of integer-class types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a></li>
<li>Clarify <a href="/facts/C_header/fg3KEG4V">C headers</a>. "The headers are not useful in code that is only required to be valid C++. Therefore, the C headers should be provided by the C++ standard library as a fully-supported, not deprecated part, but they should also be discouraged for use in code that is not polyglot interoperability code. [..] This proposal makes the C headers no longer deprecated, so there is no formal threat of future removal. The effective discouragement to use the C headers in pure C++ code is now spelled out explicitly as normative discouragement."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a></li></ul>
<h3>February 2022</h3>
After the virtual WG21 meeting of 7 February 2022, the following features are added where they were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a>

<ul><li>Allowed attributes on the function call operator of a lambda</li>
<li>std::expected</li>
<li>constexpr for cmath and cstdlib</li>
<li>Function to mark <a href="/facts/Unreachable_code/BNas1LeK">unreachable code</a></li>
<li>ranges::to</li>
<li>A type trait to detect reference binding to temporary</li>
<li>Making std::unique_ptr constexpr</li>
<li>Pipe support for user-defined range adaptors</li>
<li>ranges::iota, ranges::shift_left and ranges::shift_right</li>
<li>views::join_with</li>
<li>Windowing range adaptors: views::chunk and views::slide</li>
<li>views::chunk_by</li></ul>
<h3>July 2022</h3>
After the virtual WG21 meeting of 25 July 2022, the following features and defect reports are added where they were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>

<ul><li>Made rewriting equality in expressions less of a breaking change.</li>
<li>Reverted the deprecation of bitwise assignment to volatile variables.</li>
<li>Added the #warning preprocessor directive.</li>
<li>Removed non-encodable wide <a href="/facts/Character_literal/YqQm8mvm">character literals</a> and multicharacter wide character literals.</li>
<li>Allowed <a href="/facts/Label_(computer_science)/DT6KU8R5">labels</a> to appear at the end of compound statements.</li>
<li>Added <a href="/facts/Escape_sequence/r7lISrrw">escape sequences</a> delimited with curly braces for octal and hexadecimal numbers and universal character names.</li>
<li>Allowed constexpr functions to never be constant expressions.</li>
<li>Simplified some implicit move rules from <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B20/hwpB1Vzp">C++20</a> and allowed implicit move when returning an rvalue reference.</li>
<li>Add a way to specify <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">unicode</a> characters by name. For example, U'\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON}' // Equivalent to U'\u0100'</li>
<li>Allowed <a href="/facts/Operators_in_C_and_C%252B%252B/6sAAkUBM">operator()</a> and lambdas to be <a href="/facts/Static_(keyword)/3VJd9c1e">static</a>.</li>
<li>Allowed the <a href="/facts/This_(computer_programming)/DYW7Snl3">this</a> <a href="/facts/Pointer_(computer_science)/fPoNzy9b">pointer</a> and <a href="/facts/Reference_(C%252B%252B)/x0JKew2U">references</a> of unknown origin to appear in constant expressions.</li>
<li>Allowed implementations to define extended <a href="/facts/Floating-point/eIckahxe">floating-point</a> types in addition to the three standard floating-point types. Added the type aliases std::float16_t, std::float32_t, std::float64_t, std::float128_t, <a href="/facts/Bfloat16_floating-point_format/wo1Q6IJY">std::bfloat16_t</a> for these extended types accessible through the header <stdfloat>, their corresponding literal suffixes f16 f32 f64 f128 bf16or F16 F32 F64 F128 BF16 and added overloads to various standard library functions that take floats as arguments.</li>
<li>Added the [[assume(expression)]] attribute which allows the compiler to assume the provided expression is true to allow optimizations.</li>
<li>Made support for <a href="/facts/UTF-8/xlaVHSyf">UTF-8</a> source files mandatory, providing a portable encoding for source files.</li>
<li>Allowed arrays of char and unsigned char to be initialized with UTF-8 <a href="/facts/String_literal/Fj41vtVm">string literals</a>.</li>
<li>Removed the requirement that <a href="/facts/Wchar_t/V0AYCYR2">wchar_t</a> can encode all characters of the extended character set, in effect allowing UTF-16 to be used for wide string literals.</li>
<li>Added std::mdspan, a multidimensional array view analogous to std::span.</li>
<li>flat_map and flat_set were added to the standard library.</li>
<li>Added the std::print and std::println functions for printing formatted text to <a href="/facts/Stdout/r92M7Wd4">stdout</a>.</li>
<li>Provide the named modules std and std.compat for importing the standard library.</li>
<li>Added support for exclusive mode fstreams, analogous to the "x" flag in <a href="/facts/Fopen/m5n82Fqz">fopen</a>.</li>
<li>Allowed std::format to handle ranges, tuples, and other containers.</li>
<li>Added std::forward_like.</li>
<li>Made std::string::substr use <a href="/facts/Move_semantics/fI3YCoKQ">move semantics</a>.</li>
<li>Added std::generator which implements a coroutine generator that models std::ranges::input_range</li>
<li>views::cartesian_product, views::repeat, views::stride, views::as_const, views::as_rvalue.</li>
<li>Added new algorithms: ranges::find_last, ranges::contains, and ranges fold algorithms.</li>
<li>Made std::tuple compatible with other tuple-like objects.</li>
<li>Explicit lifetime management for implicit-lifetime types.</li>
<li>Made std::bitset and integral overloads of std::to_chars and std::from_chars constexpr-compatible.</li>
<li>Adding move-only types support for comparison concepts.</li>
<li>Ranges iterators as inputs to non-ranges algorithms.</li>
<li>Relaxing range adaptors to allow for move-only types.</li></ul>
<h3>November 2022</h3>
After the hybrid WG21 meeting of 7 November 2022, the following features and defect reports are added where they were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a>

<ul><li>Allowed operator[] to be static.</li>
<li>Allowed static and <a href="/facts/Thread-local_storage/BPDI8VDU">thread_local</a> variables to appear in constexpr functions if they are usable in constant expressions.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Consteval/fLMDHkAG">consteval</a> propagates upwards, that is, certain existing constexpr functions become consteval functions when those functions can already only be invoked during compile time.</li>
<li>Extended the lifetime of temporaries that appear in the for-range-initializer of a range-based for loop to cover the entire loop.</li>
<li>Reverted the deprecation of (all, not just bitwise) <a href="/facts/Compound_assignment/Iu1lCYFP">compound assignment</a> to volatile variables.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Monad_(functional_programming)/kYazRoF1">Monadic</a> functions for std::expected.</li>
<li>Synchronize the output of std::print with the underlying stream if the native Unicode API is used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a></li></ul>
<h3>February 2023</h3>
After the final hybrid WG21 meeting of 6-11 February 2023, the following features and defect reports are added where they were approved by straw polls:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a>

<ul><li>Referencing the Unicode Standard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a></li>
<li>Stashing stashing iterators for proper flattening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a></li>
<li>views::enumerate</li>
<li>making multi-param constructors of views explicit</li>
<li>relaxing ranges just a smidge</li>
<li>escaping improvements in std::format</li>
<li>improving std::format's width estimation</li>
<li>std::format fill character allowances</li>
<li>formatting thread::id and stacktrace</li>
<li>A type trait std::is_implicit_lifetime</li>
<li>std::common_reference_t of std::reference_wrapper should be a reference type</li>
<li>disallowing user specialization of std::allocator_traits</li>
<li>std::pmr::generator</li>
<li>deprecating std::numeric_limits::has_denorm</li>
<li>std::barrier's phase completion guarantees</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support/23">Compiler support for C++23 features</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"ISO/IEC 14882:2024 Programming languages — C++". iso.org. <a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/83626.html" target="_blank">https://www.iso.org/standard/83626.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++" (PDF). Open Standards. ISO/IEC. 2023-05-10. Archived (PDF) from the original on Feb 16, 2024. <a href="https://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2023/n4950.pdf" target="_blank">https://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2023/n4950.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"N4951 Editors' Report: Programming Languages - C++". Open Standards. 2023-05-10. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/n4951.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/n4951.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Dusíková, Hana (2019-11-06). "N4817: 2020 Prague Meeting Invitation and Information" (PDF). Open Standards. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2020-02-13. <a href="http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2019/n4817.pdf" target="_blank">http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2019/n4817.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Voutilainen, Ville (2019-11-25). "To boldly suggest an overall plan for C++23". Open Standards. Archived from the original on 2019-12-24. Retrieved 2020-02-13. <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2019/p0592r4.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2019/p0592r4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Lelbach, Bryce Adelstein; Winters, Titus; Fracassi, Fabio; Baker, Billy; Liber, Nevin; Bastien, JF; Stone, David; Ballo, Botond; Keane, Erich; Honermann, Tom (2020-04-20). "P2145R0: Evolving C++ Remotely". Open Standards. Archived from the original on Feb 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2145r0.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2145r0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Sutter, Herb (29 July 2020). "Business Plan and Convener's Report: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 (C++)" (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" target="_blank">/wiki/Herb_Sutter</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Upcoming Meetings, Past Meetings : Standard C++". isocpp.org. <a href="https://isocpp.org/std/meetings-and-participation/upcoming-meetings" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/std/meetings-and-participation/upcoming-meetings</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Sutter, Herb (29 July 2020). "Business Plan and Convener's Report: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 (C++)" (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" target="_blank">/wiki/Herb_Sutter</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Upcoming Meetings, Past Meetings : Standard C++". isocpp.org. <a href="https://isocpp.org/std/meetings-and-participation/upcoming-meetings" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/std/meetings-and-participation/upcoming-meetings</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Upcoming Meetings, Past Meetings : Standard C++". isocpp.org. <a href="https://isocpp.org/std/meetings-and-participation/upcoming-meetings" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/std/meetings-and-participation/upcoming-meetings</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"C++23 "Pandemic Edition" is complete (Trip report: Winter ISO C++ standards meeting, Issaquah, WA, USA)". herbsutter.com. 13 February 2023. <a href="https://herbsutter.com/2023/02/13/c23-pandemic-edition-is-complete-trip-report-winter-iso-c-standards-meeting-issaquah-wa-usa/" target="_blank">https://herbsutter.com/2023/02/13/c23-pandemic-edition-is-complete-trip-report-winter-iso-c-standards-meeting-issaquah-wa-usa/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Gašper Ažman; Sy Brand; Ben Deane; Barry Revzin (2021-07-12). "Deducing this". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0847r7.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0847r7.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Barry Revzin; Richard Smith; Andrew Sutton; Daveed Vandevoorde (2021-03-22). "if consteval". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1938r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1938r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Mark Hoemmen; Daisy Hollman; Corentin Jabot; Isabella Muerte; Christian Trott (2021-09-14). "Multidimensional subscript operator" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2128r6.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2128r6.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"static operator()". 2022-04-08. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1169r4.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1169r4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"static operator[]" (PDF). 2022-11-11. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2589r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2589r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Simpler implicit move". 2022-03-23. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2266r3.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2266r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Zhihao Yuan (2021-07-12). "auto(x): decay-copy in the language". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0849r8.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0849r8.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Melanie Blower (2021-04-30). "Add support for preprocessing directives elifdef and elifndef" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2334r1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2334r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Aaron Ballman (2022-01-13). "Support for #warning" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2437r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2437r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Wording for P2644R1 Fix for Range-based for Loop". 2022-11-11. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2718r0.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2718r0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Portable assumptions" (PDF). 2022-04-22. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1774r8.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1774r8.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Timur Doumler (2022-05-20). "Wording for class template argument deduction from inherited constructors" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2582r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2582r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Labels at the end of compound statements (C compatibility)" (PDF). 2022-01-13. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2324r2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2324r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Jens Maurer (2021-04-13). "Extend init-statement to allow alias-declaration". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2360r0.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2360r0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">JeanHeyd Meneide; Rein Halbersma (2019-11-24). "Literal Suffix for (signed) size_t". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p0330r8.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p0330r8.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Extended floating-point types and standard names". 2022-04-22. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1467r9.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1467r9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Alex Christensen; JF Bastien (2020-12-11). "P1102R2: Down with ()!". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p1102r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p1102r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Attributes on Lambda-Expressions" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2173r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2173r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Ville Voutilainen (2021-07-12). "Non-literal variables (and labels and gotos) in constexpr functions". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2242r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2242r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Permitting static constexpr variables in constexpr functions". 2022-11-07. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2647r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2647r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Relaxing some constexpr restrictions". 2022-01-27. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2448r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2448r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Andrzej Krzemieński (2021-04-12). "Narrowing contextual conversions to bool". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1401r5.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1401r5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Corentin Jabot (2021-04-13). "Trimming whitespaces before line splicing" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2223r2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2223r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Pal Balog (2021-04-02). "Make declaration order layout mandated" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1847r4.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1847r4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Delimited escape sequences" (PDF). 2022-02-25. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2290r3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2290r3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Named universal character escapes". 2022-03-25. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2071r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2071r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Support for UTF-8 as a portable source file encoding" (PDF). 2022-07-01. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2295r6.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2295r6.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Corentin Jabot (2021-09-14). "Consistent character literal encoding" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2316r2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2316r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Jens Maurer (2021-09-21). "Character sets and encodings". <a href="https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P2314R4.html" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P2314R4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Standard Library Modules std and std.compat" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2465r3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2465r3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"(std::generator: Synchronous Coroutine Generator for Ranges)" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2502r2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2502r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Vicente Botet; JF Bastien; Jonathan Wakely (2022-01-07). "std::expected". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p0323r12.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p0323r12.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Sy Brand (2021-04-27). "Monadic operations for std::optional". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0798r6.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0798r6.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Jeff Garland (2022-09-28). "P2505R5 Monadic Functions for std::expected". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2505r5.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2505r5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">JeanHeyd Meneide (2021-01-22). "std::to_underlying for enumerations". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1682r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1682r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Matt Calabrese; Ryan McDougall (2021-07-09). "move_only_function". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0288r9.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0288r9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Gašper Ažman (2022-05-13). "std::forward_like" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2445r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2445r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Zhihao Yuan (2020-04-29). "invoke_r". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2136r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2136r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Barry Revzin (2021-12-17). "Pipe support for user-defined range adaptors". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2387r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2387r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Isabella Muerte; Corentin Jabot (2021-09-17). "Byteswapping for fun&&nuf". <a href="https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P1272R4.html" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P1272R4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Melissa Mears; Jens Maurer (2021-10-15). "Function to mark unreachable code" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0627r6.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0627r6.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Corentin Jabot (2022-07-15). "Compatibility between tuple, pair and tuple-like objects" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2165r4.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2165r4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Hui Xie; S. Levent Yilmaz; Tim Song (2023-02-07). "common_reference_t of reference_wrapper Should Be a Reference Type". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2655r3.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2655r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"Wording for P2644R1 Fix for Range-based for Loop". 2022-11-11. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2718r0.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2718r0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Peter Dimov (2021-05-01). "Making std::type_info::operator== constexpr". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1328r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1328r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Daniil Goncharov (2022-06-25). "A more constexpr bitset" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2417r2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2417r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Andreas Fertig (2021-11-06). "Making std::unique_ptr constexpr" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2273r3.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2273r3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Edward J. Rosten; Oliver J. Rosten (2021-11-12). "constexpr for <cmath> and <cstdlib>" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0533r9.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0533r9.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Daniil Goncharov; Alexander Karaev (2021-09-18). "Add Constexpr Modifiers to Functions to_chars and from_chars for Integral Types in <charconv> Header" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2291r3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2291r3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Juan Alday (2020-10-12). "A proposal for a type trait to detect scoped enumerations" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p1048r1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p1048r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Timur Doumler; Vittorio Romeo (2022-11-11). "A trait for implicit lifetime types" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2674r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2674r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Tim Song (2021-10-13). "A type trait to detect reference binding to temporary". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2255r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2255r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Justin Bassett (2022-07-02). "Move-only types for equality_comparable_with, totally_ordered_with, and three_way_comparable_with" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2404r3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2404r3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Corentin Jabot; Eric Niebler; Casey Carter (2022-01-21). "Conversions from ranges to containers" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1206r7.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1206r7.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Christopher Di Bella (2021-02-19). "starts_with and ends_with". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1659r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1659r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Christopher Di Bella (2021-04-16). "std::ranges::contains". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2302r4.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2302r4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Zach Laine (2022-06-17). "find_last" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1223r5.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1223r5.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Tim Song (2021-12-05). "ranges::iota, ranges::shift_left, and ranges::shift_right". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2440r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2440r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Barry Revzin (2022-04-22). "ranges::fold". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2322r6.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2322r6.html</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Barry Revzin (2021-12-17). "Pipe support for user-defined range adaptors". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2387r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2387r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Tim Song (2021-06-11). "zip". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2321r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2321r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Barry Revzin (2022-01-28). "views::join_with". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2441r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2441r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Tim Song (2021-12-05). "Windowing range adaptors: views::chunk and views::slide". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2442r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2442r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Tim Song (2021-11-19). "views::chunk_by". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2443r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2443r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Barry Revzin (2022-02-14). "views::as_rvalue". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2446r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2446r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Barry Revzin (2022-06-17). "cbegin should always return a constant iterator". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2278r4.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2278r4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Michał Dominiak (2022-07-13). "views::repeat". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2474r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2474r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Christopher Di Bella; Tim Song (2022-07-08). "stride_view". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1899r3.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1899r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Sy Brand; Michał Dominiak (2022-07-13). "views::cartesian_product". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2374r4.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2374r4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Corentin Jabot (2022-12-07). "views::enumerate" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2164r9.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2164r9.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Barry Revzin (2022-06-17). "cbegin should always return a constant iterator". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2278r4.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2278r4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">David Olsen (2022-04-22). "Ranges iterators as inputs to non-Ranges algorithms". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2408r5.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2408r5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Michał Dominiak (2022-07-13). "Relaxing range adaptors to allow for move only types". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2494r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2494r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Ville Voutilainen (2022-11-12). "Making multi-param constructors of views explicit". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2711r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2711r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">JeanHeyd Meneide; Todor Buyukliev; Isabella Muerte (2021-04-15). "out_ptr - a scalable output pointer abstraction". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1132r7.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1132r7.html</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Jonathan Wakely; Chris Kennelly (2021-01-22). "Providing size feedback in the Allocator interface". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0401r6.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0401r6.html</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Timur Doumler; Richard Smith (2022-07-15). "Explicit lifetime management" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2590r2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2590r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Pablo Halpern (2023-02-08). "Disallow User Specialization of allocator_traits". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2652r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2652r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Wim Leflere; Paul Fee (2020-06-13). "string contains function". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p1679r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p1679r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Yuriy Chernyshov (2020-09-06). "A Proposal to Prohibit std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view construction from nullptr". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2166r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2166r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Corentin Jabot (2021-03-17). "Range constructor forstd::string_view 2: Constrain Harder" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1989r2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1989r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Chris Kennelly; Mark Zeren (2021-09-14). "basic_string::resize_and_overwrite". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1072r10.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1072r10.html</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">"std::string::substr() &&". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2438r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2438r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">"Formatting Ranges". 16 May 2022. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2286r8.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2286r8.html</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Barry Revzin (2022-07-15). "Improve default container formatting". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2585r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2585r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Corentin Jabot; Victor Zverovich (2023-02-09). "Formatting thread::id and stacktrace" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2693r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2693r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Alexey Gorgurov; Antony Polukhin (2020-09-16). "A Proposal to add stacktrace library". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p0881r7.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p0881r7.html</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">"Formatted output". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2093r14.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2093r14.html</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Peter Sommerlad (2021-02-26). "A strstream replacement using span<charT> as buffer" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0448r4.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0448r4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">"Support exclusive mode for fstreams". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2467r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2467r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Bryce Adelstein Lelbach (2021-09-25). "Printing volatile Pointers". <a href="https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P1147R1.html" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P1147R1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">"MDSPAN". 13 July 2022. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p0009r18.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p0009r18.html</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">"index_type & size_type in mdspan" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2599r2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2599r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">"mdspan: rename pointer and contiguous". 15 June 2022. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2604r0.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2604r0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">"Add the missing empty to mdspan". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2613r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2613r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Corentin Jabot; Eric Niebler; Casey Carter (2022-01-21). "Conversions from ranges to containers" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1206r7.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1206r7.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">"A Standard flat_map" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p0429r9.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p0429r9.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">"A Standard flat_set" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1222r4.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p1222r4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Arthur O'Dwyer; Mike Spertus (2021-03-14). "Stop overconstraining allocators in container deduction guides". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1518r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1518r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Konstantin Boyarinov; Sergey Vinogradov; Ruslan Arutyunyan (2020-12-15). "Heterogeneous erasure overloads for associative containers". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2077r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2077r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Corentin Jabot (2021-03-05). "Iterators pair constructors for stack and queue" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1425r4.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1425r4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Nevin Liber (2021-03-19). "Require span & basic_string_view to be TriviallyCopyable" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2251r1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2251r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Hans-J. Boehm (2020-10-23). "P0943R6: Support C atomics in C++". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p0943r6.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p0943r6.html</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Steve Downey; Zach Laine; Tom Honermann; Peter Bindels; Jens Maurer (2021-04-12). "C++ Identifier Syntax using Unicode Standard Annex 31". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1949r7.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1949r7.html</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Erich Keane (2020-07-02). "Allow Duplicate Attributes" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2156r1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2156r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Barry Revzin (2021-09-14). "Change scope of lambda trailing-return-type". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2036r3.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2036r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">"The Equality Operator You Are Looking For". 2022-01-13. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2468r2.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2468r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">"De-deprecating volatile compound operations" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2327r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2327r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">"Core Language Working Group NB comment resolutions for the November, 2022 meeting : 2654. Un-deprecation of compound volatile assignments". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2710r0.html#2654" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2710r0.html#2654</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">"char8_t Compatibility and Portability Fix". 2022-06-17. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2513r3.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2513r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">"Relax requirements on wchar_t to match existing practices" (PDF). 2022-07-15. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2460r2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2460r2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">"Using unknown pointers and references in constant expressions". 8 April 2022. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2280r4.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2280r4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">"consteval needs to propagate up". 2022-11-11. <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2564r3.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2564r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Barry Revzin (2020-02-19). "Conditionally borrowed ranges". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2017r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2017r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Tim Song (2021-01-12). "Repairing input range adaptors and counted_iterator". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2259r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2259r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Tim Song (2021-05-06). "join_view should join all views of ranges". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2328r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2328r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Barry Revzin (2021-03-05). "Superior String Splitting". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2210r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2210r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Barry Revzin (2021-05-14). "Views should not be required to be default constructible". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2325r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2325r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Barry Revzin; Tim Song (2021-08-15). "What is a view?". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2415r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2415r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Nicolai Josuttis (2021-09-24). "Fix istream_view" (PDF). <a href="https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P2432R1.pdf" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P2432R1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Barry Revzin (2022-01-18). "Expose std::basic-format-string<charT, Args...>". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2508r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/p2508r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Victor Zverovich (2021-02-05). "std::format improvements". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2216r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2216r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Victor Zverovich; Corentin Jabot (2021-09-11). "Fixing locale handling in chrono formatters". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2372r3.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2372r3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Corentin Jabot (2022-12-02). "format's width estimation is too approximate and not forward compatible" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2675r1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2675r1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Tom Honermann (2023-02-08). "std::format() fill character allowances". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2572r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2572r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Victor Zverovich (2021-09-24). "Add support for std::generator-like types to std::format". <a href="https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P2418R2.html" target="_blank">https://isocpp.org/files/papers/P2418R2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Barry Revzin (2021-02-11). "Missing constexpr in std::optional and std::variant". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2231r1.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2231r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Barry Revzin (2020-10-30). "Inheriting from std::variant". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2162r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2162r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">"std::pointer_safety - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com. Retrieved 2024-12-09. <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/gc/pointer_safety" target="_blank">https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/gc/pointer_safety</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">"[basic.stc.dynamic.safety]". timsong-cpp.github.io. Retrieved 2024-12-09. <a href="https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4868/basic.stc.dynamic.safety#4" target="_blank">https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4868/basic.stc.dynamic.safety#4</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">JF Bastien; Alisdair Meredith (2021-04-16). "Removing Garbage Collection Support". <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2186r2.html" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2186r2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Jens Maurer (2021-04-12). "Mixed string literal concatenation". <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2201r1.html" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2201r1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">"Remove non-encodable wide character literals and multicharacter wide character literals" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2362r3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2362r3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">CJ Johnson (2021-11-22). "Deprecate std::aligned_storage and std::aligned_union" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1413r3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1413r3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:148">"Programming Languages — Technical specification for C++ extensions for concurrency 2" (PDF). <a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/n4956.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/n4956.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:155">Ranns, Nina (2021-06-07). "WG21 2021-06 Virtual Meeting Minutes of Meeting" (PDF). <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/n4891.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/n4891.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

C++23 open-in-new

C++23