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Coal tar
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<h2 id="composition">Composition</h2> <p>Coal tar is produced through thermal destruction (<a href="/facts/Pyrolysis/h1cEegI7">pyrolysis</a>) of <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a>. Its composition varies with the process and type of coal used – <a href="/facts/Lignite/pGFaDtFa">lignite</a>, <a href="/facts/Bituminous_coal/ETUBa9ee">bituminous</a> or <a href="/facts/Anthracite/xYt8pIGe">anthracite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Coal tar is a mixture of approximately 10,000 chemicals, of which only about 50% have been identified.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] Most of the chemical compounds are <a href="/facts/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon/K52xSfNC">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon/K52xSfNC">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (4-rings: <a href="/facts/Chrysene/vnLxHKSE">chrysene</a>, <a href="/facts/Fluoranthene/X2ww5AvK">fluoranthene</a>, <a href="/facts/Pyrene/BubR2koF">pyrene</a>, <a href="/facts/Triphenylene/nXUhGdpp">triphenylene</a>, <a href="/facts/Naphthacene/sIrDNTRA">naphthacene</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzanthracene/IBFCWsqf">benzanthracene</a>, 5-rings: <a href="/facts/Picene/NG6WJ1RD">picene</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzo(a)pyrene/44vgzew5">benzo[a]pyrene</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzo(e)pyrene/xxnheR0z">benzo[e]pyrene</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzofluoranthene/dRGPSuLz">benzofluoranthenes</a>, <a href="/facts/Perylene/ffr6F7zJ">perylene</a>, 6-rings: <a href="/facts/Dibenzopyrenes/AK3qGjaI">dibenzopyrenes</a>, dibenzofluoranthenes, <a href="/facts/Benzoperylene/7YaYPJYr">benzoperylenes</a>, 7-rings: <a href="/facts/Coronene/3anj5fod">coronene</a>)</li> <li>methylated and polymethylated derivatives, mono- and polyhydroxylated derivatives, and <a href="/facts/Heterocyclic_compound/8oYSjJxY">heterocyclic compounds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Others: <a href="/facts/Benzene/Fguue7nr">benzene</a>, <a href="/facts/Toluene/Pzdt8dwD">toluene</a>, <a href="/facts/Xylene/BEGggD9s">xylenes</a>, <a href="/facts/Cumene/uNbTBzE3">cumenes</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzofuran/02NubrIR">coumarone</a>, <a href="/facts/Indene/ENoRaBy8">indene</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzofuran/02NubrIR">benzofuran</a>, <a href="/facts/Naphthalene/RU2sV8mN">naphthalene</a> and <a href="/facts/Methylnaphthalene/qnyeSdC6">methyl-naphthalenes</a>, <a href="/facts/Acenaphthene/pLYwD0nq">acenaphthene</a>, <a href="/facts/Fluorene/PQ1zgbEI">fluorene</a>, <a href="/facts/Phenol/ACJs5NIU">phenol</a>, <a href="/facts/Cresol/dQ1s1qMC">cresols</a>, <a href="/facts/Pyridine/X817hCch">pyridine</a>, <a href="/facts/Picoline/P8uYqqTR">picolines</a>, phenanthracene, <a href="/facts/Carbazole/pMkIYJFY">carbazole</a>, <a href="/facts/Quinoline/kJyUItFu">quinolines</a>, <a href="/facts/Fluoranthene/X2ww5AvK">fluoranthene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Many of these constituents are known carcinogens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>Derivatives</h3> <p>Various <a href="/facts/Phenols/xs1CtNTa">phenolic</a> coal tar derivatives have <a href="/facts/Analgesic/xLj4XBcq">analgesic</a> (pain-killer) properties. These included <a href="/facts/Acetanilide/sEcTq9pz">acetanilide</a>, <a href="/facts/Phenacetin/Ij00CRxt">phenacetin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Paracetamol/SNDfQWcf">paracetamol</a> aka <a href="/facts/Acetaminophen/SNDfQWcf">acetaminophen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Paracetamol may be the only coal-tar derived analgesic still in use today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Industrial <a href="/facts/Phenol/ACJs5NIU">phenol</a> is now usually synthesized from crude oil rather than coal tar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Coal tar derivatives are contra-indicated for people with the inherited red cell blood disorder <a href="/facts/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency/Pwv2KBB4">glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a> (G6PD deficiency), as they can cause oxidative stress leading to red blood cell breakdown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="mechanism-of-action">Mechanism of action</h2> <p>The exact mechanism of action is unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Coal tar is a complex mixture of <a href="/facts/Phenols/xs1CtNTa">phenols</a>, <a href="/facts/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon/K52xSfNC">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs), and <a href="/facts/Heterocyclic_compound/8oYSjJxY">heterocyclic compounds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>It is a <a href="/facts/Keratolytic/hEtMwHCa">keratolytic</a> agent, which reduces the growth rate of skin cells and softens the skin's <a href="/facts/Keratin/tBh0bY47">keratin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <h3>Medicinal</h3> <p>Coal tar is on the <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization%2527s_List_of_Essential_Medicines/6kmu81Xm">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a <a href="/facts/Health_system/LpM7ISXR">health system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Coal tar is generally available as a <a href="/facts/Generic_medication/IF6AXDVX">generic medication</a> and <a href="/facts/Over_the_counter/QI3FcgRf">over the counter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>Coal tar is used in medicated <a href="/facts/Shampoo/ww9bFmT2">shampoo</a>, <a href="/facts/Wrights_Coal_Tar_Soap/WDbjyvM5">soap</a> and <a href="/facts/Ointment/alFfLndS">ointment</a>. It demonstrates <a href="/facts/Antifungal/WEk5nS2B">antifungal</a>, <a href="/facts/Anti-inflammatory/W27poSUd">anti-inflammatory</a>, <a href="/facts/Antipruritic/U9AAQd07">anti-itch</a>, and <a href="/facts/Antiparasitic/pbd16HMn">antiparasitic</a> properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> It may be applied topically as a treatment for <a href="/facts/Dandruff/JnKQHFzM">dandruff</a> and <a href="/facts/Psoriasis/WW1k1LsH">psoriasis</a>, and to kill and repel <a href="/facts/Head_lice/lsJqBtrB">head lice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> It may be used in combination with <a href="/facts/Ultraviolet_light_therapy/hNu5fvXe">ultraviolet light therapy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Coal tar may be used in two forms: crude coal tar (<a href="/facts/Latin_language/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>: <i>pix carbonis</i>) or a coal tar solution (<a href="/facts/Latin_language/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>: <i>liquor picis carbonis, LPC</i>) also known as liquor carbonis detergens (LCD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Named brands include Denorex, Balnetar, Psoriasin, Tegrin, T/Gel, and Neutar. When used in the extemporaneous preparation of topical medications, it is supplied in the form of coal tar topical solution <a href="/facts/United_States_Pharmacopeia/CyYDYG8m">USP</a>, which consists of a <a href="/facts/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)/FfIuxa7T">20% w/v</a> solution of coal tar in <a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">alcohol</a>, with an additional 5% w/v of <a href="/facts/Polysorbate_80/An1dVFSs">polysorbate 80</a> USP; this must then be diluted in an ointment base, such as <a href="/facts/Petrolatum/DWtxuV2g">petrolatum</a>. </p> <h3>Construction</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Sealcoat/H7Tga5To">Sealcoat</a></p> <p>Coal tar was a component of the first sealed roads. In its original development by <a href="/facts/Edgar_Purnell_Hooley/TYGRBxGm">Edgar Purnell Hooley</a>, <a href="/facts/Tarmacadam/J8PNmfl1">tarmac</a> was tar covered with granite chips. Later the filler used was industrial <a href="/facts/Slag/LD3qEAlV">slag</a>. Today, petroleum derived binders and sealers are more commonly used. These sealers are used to extend the life and reduce maintenance cost associated with <a href="/facts/Asphalt_concrete/TTp7fXA6">asphalt</a> pavements, primarily in asphalt road paving, car parks and walkways. </p><p>Coal tar is incorporated into some parking-lot <a href="/facts/Sealcoat/H7Tga5To">sealcoat</a> products used to protect the structural integrity of the underlying pavement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Sealcoat products that are coal-tar based typically contain 20 to 35 percent coal-tar pitch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Research<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> shows it is used throughout the <a href="/facts/United_States_of_America/P0sCdLe5">United States of America</a>, however several areas have banned its use in sealcoat products,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> including the District of Columbia; the city of Austin, Texas; Dane County, Wisconsin; the state of Washington; and several municipalities in Minnesota and others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h3>Industry</h3> <p>In modern times, coal tar is mostly traded as fuel and an application for tar, such as roofing. The total value of the trade in coal tar is around US$20 billion each year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>As a fuel.</li></ul> <ul><li>In the manufacture of paints, synthetic dyes (notably <a href="/facts/Tartrazine/mTEyYKu8">tartrazine</a>/Yellow #5), and photographic materials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>For heating or to fire <a href="/facts/Boilers/uPqTq0I6">boilers</a>. Like most heavy oils, it must be heated before it will flow easily.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>As a source of <a href="/facts/Carbon_black/xmPdCHFp">carbon black</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>As a binder in manufacturing <a href="/facts/Graphite/sSf3KMXr">graphite</a>; a considerable portion of the materials in "green blocks" is coke oven volatiles (COV). During the baking process of the green blocks as a part of commercial graphite production, most of the coal tar binders are vaporised and are generally burned in an incinerator to prevent release into the atmosphere, as COV and coal tar can be injurious to health.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>As a main component of the electrode paste used in electric <a href="/facts/Arc_furnace/GgYK6Nz1">arc furnaces</a>. Coal tar pitch act as the binder for solid filler that can be either coke or calcined anthracite, forming electrode paste, also widely known as Söderberg electrode paste.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>As a feed stock for higher-value fractions, such as <a href="/facts/Naphtha/DpzLNMey">naphtha</a>, <a href="/facts/Creosote/5UKsm5V9">creosote</a> and <a href="/facts/Pitch_(resin)/GpdKnQMa">pitch</a>. In the <a href="/facts/Coal_gas/ekdg4VuE">coal gas</a> era, companies <a href="/facts/Distill/plDvUMxn">distilled</a> coal tar to separate these out, leading to the discovery of many industrial chemicals.</li></ul> Some British companies included:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/facts/Bonnington_Chemical_Works/c0W2vgsI">Bonnington Chemical Works</a></li> <li>British Tar Products</li> <li>Lancashire Tar Distillers</li> <li>Midland Tar Distillers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Newton%2c_Chambers_%2526_Company/hI2GgJRP">Newton, Chambers & Company</a> (owners of Izal brand disinfectant)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Samuel_Sadler/J3oljJ3C">Sadlers Chemicals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="safety">Safety</h2> <p>Side effects of coal tar products include skin irritation, sun sensitivity, <a href="/facts/Allergic_reactions/dYAVosh8">allergic reactions</a>, and skin discoloration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> It is unclear if use during <a href="/facts/Pregnancy/vEKYGpep">pregnancy</a> is safe for the baby and use during <a href="/facts/Breastfeeding/cdWXyYDX">breastfeeding</a> is not typically recommended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>According to the <a href="/facts/National_Psoriasis_Foundation/eVI41XKy">National Psoriasis Foundation</a>, coal tar is a valuable, safe and inexpensive treatment option for millions of people with <a href="/facts/Psoriasis/WW1k1LsH">psoriasis</a> and other scalp or skin conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> According to the <a href="/facts/FDA/fMfdaRAa">FDA</a>, coal tar concentrations between 0.5% and 5% are considered safe<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> and effective for psoriasis. </p> <h3>Cancer</h3> <p>Long-term, consistent exposure to coal tar likely increases the risk of non-melanoma <a href="/facts/Skin_cancer/r9BWEX7W">skin cancers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> Evidence is inconclusive whether medical coal tar, which does not remain on the skin for the long periods seen in occupational <a href="/facts/Exposure_assessment/WmnqSNdn">exposure</a>, causes cancer, because there is insufficient data to make a judgment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> While coal tar consistently causes cancer in cohorts of workers with chronic occupational exposure, animal models, and mechanistic studies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> the data on short-term use as medicine in humans has so far failed to show any consistently significant increase in rates of cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p><p>Coal tar contains many <a href="/facts/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons/K52xSfNC">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, and it is believed that their metabolites bind to DNA, damaging it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> The PAHs found in coal tar and air pollution induce <a href="/facts/Immunosenescence/lo1PQA2Q">immunosenescence</a> and cytotoxicity in epidermal cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> It's possible that the skin can repair itself from this damage after short-term exposure to PAHs but not after long-term exposure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Long-term skin exposure to these compounds can produce "<a href="/facts/Tar_warts/feXKJrGA">tar warts</a>", which can progress to <a href="/facts/Squamous_cell_carcinoma/AkoAvh1P">squamous cell carcinoma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p><p>Coal tar was one of the first chemical substances proven to cause cancer from occupational exposure, during research in 1775 on the cause of <a href="/facts/Chimney_sweeps%2527_carcinoma/jJ7ee1es">chimney sweeps' carcinoma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> Modern studies have shown that working with coal tar pitch, such as during the paving of roads or when working on roofs, increases the risk of cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer/Pb8KPyTz">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> lists coal tars as <a href="/facts/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogens/EY8MuDwQ">Group 1</a> <a href="/facts/Carcinogen/soH8Y9CE">carcinogens</a>, meaning they directly cause cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services lists coal tars as known human carcinogens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p><p>In response to public health concerns regarding the carcinogenicity of PAHs some municipalities, such as the city of Milwaukee, have banned the use of common coal tar-based road and driveway sealants citing concerns of elevated PAH content in groundwater.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other</h3> <p>Coal tar causes <a href="/facts/Sun_poisoning/xa2TCgo8">increased sensitivity to sunlight</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> so skin treated with topical coal tar preparations should be protected from sunlight. </p><p>The residue from the <a href="/facts/Distillation/plDvUMxn">distillation</a> of high-temperature coal tar, primarily a complex mixture of three or more membered condensed ring <a href="/facts/Aromatic_hydrocarbon/3EXq8Tgf">aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, was listed on 13 January 2010 as a <a href="/facts/Substance_of_very_high_concern/SPylhVqo">substance of very high concern</a> by the <a href="/facts/European_Chemicals_Agency/5UVljucv">European Chemicals Agency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h3>Regulation</h3> <p>Exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles can occur in the workplace by breathing, skin contact, or eye contact. The <a href="/facts/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration/dCGbW5Ax">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the <a href="/facts/Permissible_exposure_limit/IrQeETWy">permissible exposure limit</a>) to 0.2 mg/m3 <a href="/facts/Benzene/Fguue7nr">benzene</a>-soluble fraction over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/facts/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health/5WjdDNMN">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/facts/Recommended_exposure_limit/nexWYeNv">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 0.1 mg/m3 <a href="/facts/Cyclohexane/FDAW5j8v">cyclohexane</a>-extractable fraction over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 80 mg/m3, coal tar pitch volatiles are <a href="/facts/IDLH/ektUbSdQ">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p><p>When used as a medication in the United States, coal tar preparations are considered <a href="/facts/Over-the-counter_drug/QI3FcgRf">over-the-counter drug</a> pharmaceuticals and are subject to regulation by the <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Coal_oil/5BDFVn6I">Coal oil</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wood_tar/E4tVbqyq">Wood tar</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>coal tar</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/coaltarpitchvolatiles/index.html">"Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles"</a>. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</li> <li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0145.html">"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</li> <li>Engelhaupt E (19 November 2008). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes803118b">"Parking lots create sticky pollution problem"</a>. <i>Environmental Science and Technology</i>. 43 (1): 3. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EnST...43....3E">2009EnST...43....3E</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes803118b">10.1021/es803118b</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Georg_Lunge/HIskJx9V">Lunge G</a> (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coal-Tar">"Coal-Tar" </a>. In <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm H</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–599.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Background and Environmental Exposures to Creosote in the United States" (PDF). cdc.gov. September 2002. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. <a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp85-c2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp85-c2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Vallee Y (1998). Gas Phase Reactions in Organic Synthesis. CRC Press. p. 107. 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